iosr-JMCE   Volume-1 ~ Issue-1

ABSTRACT: With the growing trend of population Pakistan is gradually enlisting in the top ten countries with the major share of its city Karachi and financial hub of Pakistan. It is becoming the largest city of Asia. From the past decades, Unemployment, Illiteracy, lack of medical facilities are the highlighted problems of Pakistan and normally people prefer to migrate Karachi as per the fulfillment of their needs and requirements. As per the statistics, from the migrated people, 15% to 20% are associated with the construction and labor works. They pretend to do work in the open construction sites due to high level of illiteracy having a language, cultural and social behavior in city. The whole family is entirely based on that particular labor and they are willing to do extra work in order to get extra beneficial money. In some cases, children of the labors also engaged with that work on daily wages. Due to high impact of cultural behavior, the labors have a little knowledge of construction safety and this ultimately correspond to the onsite accidents. The thematic idea is purely based with the formulation of policy for the life saving of mankind with respect to construction industry. Various types of labors are interviewed accordingly in order to get the clear picture of site accidents with the respective measure which is the ultimate goal of this research paper.
Keywords: - Accidents, Construction, Karachi, Labors, Safety Policy

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Abstract : Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a special case of multicarrier transmission where a single DataStream is transmitted over a number of lower rate subcarriers. In July 1998, the IEEE standardization group decided to select OFDM as the basis for their new 5-GHz standard aiming a range of data stream from 6 up to 54 Mbps. This new standard is the first one to use OFDM in packet-based communications. In wireless communication, concept of parallel transmission of symbols is used to achieve high throughput and better transmission quality. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is one of the techniques for parallel transmission. The idea of OFDM is to split the total transmission bandwidth into a number of orthogonal subcarriers in order to transmit the symbols using these subcarriers in parallel. In this paper we will discuss the basics of OFDM techniques , role of OFDM in this era, its benefits and losses and also some of its application.
Keywords: - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM) ,BER , ISI, PAPR , DVB, DAB

[1] G. Hill, M. Faulkner, and J. Singh, "Reducing the peak-to-average power ratio in OFDM by cyclically shifting partial transmit sequences," Electronics Letters, vol. 36, pp. 560-561, Mar 16 2000.
[2] Theory of Frequency Division Multiplexing: http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/ph/p/id/269
[3] Acosta, Guillermo. "OFDM Simulation Using MATLAB" 2000
[4] Litwin, Louis and Pugel, Michael. "The Principles of OFDM" 2001
[5] Tran, L.C. and Mertins, A. "Quasi-Orthogonal Space-Time-Frequency Codes in MB-OFDM UWB" 2007
[6] Understanding an OFDM transmission: http://www.dsplog.com/2008/02/03/understanding-an-ofdm-transmission/
[7] Minimum frequency spacing for having orthogonal sinusoidals http://www.dsplog.com/2007/12/31/minimum-frequencyspacing- for-having-orthogonal-sinusoidal
[8] G. Fay, "Wireless Data Networking," International Journal of Network Management, 8 March 1992, pp. 8-17.
[9] ETSI, "Radio Broadcast Systems: Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) to mobile, portable and fixed receivers," ETSI final draft ETS 300 401, Nov 1994.

Abstract -- Fibre composites are being used in various applications from aerospace, military, marine boats and submarine to renewable energy generation. Higher energy demands across the developed and growing world for the usage and replacement of conventional materials with polymer composite materials for engineering applications which is always questioned by the end user, unless the research oriented reliable supporting certification is made available. The reinforcement materials are highly hygroscopic, the matrix material provides protection to the reinforcement. Since the edges of parts made of composite materials are exposed to environment, water molecules travels along the reinforcement and cause damage to the interfacial bonding, further the performance of the composite laminate gets effected. In this scenario, the investigation related to this aspect requires quantitative assessment which is carried out with accelerated simulation of the real time situation to provide a scope to characterization of Glass fibre reinforced polymer composite (GFRP) laminates subjected to variable water conditions. This investigation is to study the combined effect of related parameters, moisture salt and temperature. The test results reveal that strength degradation by moisture absorption and temperature effect over the lifecycle of GFRP composite exposed to water and temperature for a long period.
Keywords: Glass fibre reinforced polymer composite (GFRP), Resin transfer moulding (RTM), Hygrothermal ageing, retention ratio, flexural modulus.

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Abstract: This work is aimed at the active vibration control of a flexible structures using piezoelectric material. A simple supported plate structure, which is supported at two opposite ends, is taken as the flexible structure with piezoelectric materials as sensors and actuators. Sensors and actuators, which are square in shapes, are embedded to the parent structure. The active controller was designed to control first three modes of vibration of plate. First, the analysis for the transient vibrations in a simple supported plate structure was performed which was followed by the analysis of the same simple supported plate structure when embedded upon with a pair of sensor and actuator. The plate was discretised into several small rectangular elements (6X6, 7X7… 11X11) of identical size in order to assign the different locations to sensors and actuators, which were assumed to be of the exact shape of the discretized plate elements. Further a LQR controller is applied for attenuating the global structural vibration. Settling time for each different location of piezoelectric patch location was observed which was then followed by an interpretation for the optimal location for piezoelectric patch for maximizing the vibration control. The model designed for study was duly verified with the results from past literature and an agreement between the both was observed.
Keywords -Active Vibration Control, Plate, Vibration Control, Smart Structure, LQR, POF

[1] Lam K. Y. et al., 1997, "A finite-element model for piezoelectric composite laminates", Smart Mater. Struct. , 6: 583–591.
[2] Pai P. F. et al., 1998, "Structural vibration control using PZT patches and non-linear phenomena",Journal of Sound and Vibration, 215(2): 273-296.
[3] Balamurugan V. and Narayanan S., 2001, "Shell finite element for smart piezoelectric composite plate/shell structures and its application to the study of active vibration control", Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, 37:713-738.
[4] Li Y. et al., 2001, "Simultaneous optimization of piezoelectric actuator placement and feedback for vibration suppression", PII: S0094-5765(01)00185-0.
[5] Tylikowski A., 2001, "Control of circular plate vibrations via piezoelectric actuators shunted with a capacitive circuit", thin-Walled Structures, 39: 83–94.
[6] Mukherjee A. et al., 2002, "Active vibration control of piezolaminated stiffened plates", Composite Structures, 55: 435–443.
[7] Yaman Y. et al., 2002, "Active vibration control of a smart plate", ICAS2002 CONGRESS.
[8] Caruso G. et al., 2003, "Active vibration control of an elastic plate using multiple piezoelectric sensors and actuators", Simulation Modeling Practice and Theory, 11: 403–419.
[9] Li Y.Y. et al., 2003, "Modeling and vibration control of a plate coupled with piezoelectric material", Composite Structures, 62: 155–162.
[10] Narayanan S. and Balamurugan V., 2003, "Finite element modeling of piezolaminated smart structures for active vibration control with distributed sensors and actuators", Journal of Sound and Vibration, 262: 529–562.

Abstract : Leaving the waste materials to the environment directly can cause environmental problem. Hence the reuse of waste material has been emphasized. Waste can be used to produce new products or can be used as admixtures so that natural resources are used more efficiently and the environment is protected from waste deposits. Marble stone industry generates both solid waste and stone slurry. Whereas solid waste results from the rejects at the mine sites or at the processing units, stone slurry is a semi liquid substance consisting of particles originating from the sawing and the polishing processes and water used to cool and lubricate the sawing and polishing machines. Stone slurry generated during processing corresponds to around 40% of the final product from stone industry. This is relevant because the stone industry presents an annual output of 68 million tones of processed products. Therefore the scientific and industrial community must commit towards more sustainable practices. There are several reuse and recycling solutions for this industrial by-product, both at an experimental phase and in practical applications. These industrial wastes are dumped in the nearby land and the natural fertility of the soil is spoiled. The physical, chemical and mechanical properties of the waste are analyzed. In this project our main objective is to study the influence of partial replacement of cement with marble powder, and to compare it with the compressive strength of ordinary M30 concrete. We are also trying to find the percentage of marble powder & silica fume replaced in concrete that makes the strength of the concrete maximum. Now a day's marble powder has become a pollutant. So, by partially replacing cement with marble powder, we are proposing a method that can be of great use in reducing pollution to a great extent. In this investigation a series of compression tests were conducted on 150mm, cube and 150mm x 300mm, cylindrical specimens using a modified test method that gave the complete compressive strength, using silica fume of constant 8% with and without marble powder of volume fractions 0, 8, 12, & 16% on Ordinary Portland cement concrete.
Keywords - Ordinary Portland cement, Marble powder, Silica fume, Compressive strength.

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[10] M. F. Nuruddin, Sobia Qazi, N. Shafiq, A. Kusbiantoro, "Compressive Strength & Microstructure of Polymeric Concrete Incorporating Fly Ash & Silica Fume. Canadian Journal on Civil Engineering Vol.1, No.1, February 2010.

Abstract: Atomization of liquids is a complicated process. It is common in many industries such as automotive, manufacturing (spray drying) and mineral processing. This kind of simplex injector finds its use in combustor. The need to minimize the combustor length usually leads to a spray angle of around 90o. The experimental investigations of simplex injector for spray cone angle at different injection pressure ranging from 0.5bar to 3bar in an increment of 0.5bar. The results are then compared with different injector dimensions of 1mm, 1.5mm and 2.5mm and different fuels such as kerosene, bio diesel from cotton seed oil. The discharge coefficient and the spray cone angle were evaluated experimentally and compared with the theory used to design the injector. The spray cone angle was measured with the Shadow graphic Technique.
Keywords: Injector, Spray cone angle, Shadow graphic Technique, Combustor, Different fuels

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Abstract: Design of Pavement is based on the premise that minimum specified structural quality will be achieved for each layer of material in the pavement system. Each layer of road must resist shearing. It should avoid excessive deflections that cause fatigue cracking within the layer or in overlying layers, and prevent excessive permanent deformation through densification. As the quality of a soil layer is increased, the ability of that layer for load distribution over a greater area is generally increased so that a reduction in the required thickness of the soil and surface layers may be permitted. The most common improvements of different layers are achieved through stabilization include better soil gradation, reduction of plasticity index or swelling potential, and increases in durability and strength. In wet weather, stabilization may also be used for construction operations to provide a working platform. This study focuses on the subsequent construction aspects of treating soils with lime.
Keywords: Lime, Maximum Dry Density, Optimum Moisture Content, Stabilization, Unconfined Compressive Strength.

[1] DALLAS N. LITTLE, et.al. Cementitious Stabilization A2J01: Committee on Cementitious Stabilization Chairman: Roger K. Seals, Louisiana State University
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[3] Chou, L., 1987 – "Lime Stabilization: Reactions, Properties, Design, and Construction" State of the Art Report 5, TRB, National Research Council, Washington D.C
[4] Carlsten, P. and Ekstrom, J., 1995. "Lime and lime/cement columns" SwedishGeotechnical Society Report 4:95E
[5] Jesse Jacobson 2002. Thesis on "Factors Affecting Strength Gain in Lime-Cement Columns and Development of a Laboratory Testing Procedure".
[6] Sankar Bhattacharja and Javed I. Bhatty, Research and Development Bulletin RD125, "Comparative Performance of Portland Cement and Lime Stabilization of Moderate to High Plasticity Clay Soils, PCA R&D Serial No. 2435.

Abstract: Composite materials are in use for retrofitting of civil engineering structures. Due to its wide applications it has received significant attention of engineers and researchers worldwide. Composite materials have many advantages over conventional steel reinforcement which includes high specific strength to weight ratio, non corrosive, tailorability, ease of application, etc. Limited understanding of structural behaviour and information available on design criteria of composite materials is a major obstacle in infusion of this technology. In order to understand the behaviour of concrete columns wrapped with composite and to predict the behaviour of such strengthened columns in a better way, the mechanism of stress-strain distribution and development of the same in composite wraps........

Keywords: Concrete; Column; Finite Element; GFRP.

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