iosr-JMCE   Volume-1 ~ Issue-2

ABSTRACT: The Crises of energy has been increased over the years due to increasing world population and expansion of global industries especially for food and basic requirements. Most of the energy is consumed in power generation, industries & factories, transportation, and community sectors. Moreover, in order to fulfill our demand we are mostly dependent on energy, taken from fossil oil, gas and coal. In developing countries like India, more than 70% of the population lives in the rural areas where more than 85% of the energy being consumed comes from non-conventional sources, the major one being fuel wood. The increasing cost of conventional fuel in urban areas necessitates the exploration of other energy sources. Solar energy provides an alternate source of energy in rural and urban India as a substitute for fossil fuels. We can get the solar energy from sun; the sun is a major source of solar energy. In Gujarat the fossil resources are limited, and they impose a high burden on the environment therefore looking at the ecological and economical perspectives, solar energy is an important source of energy for the state. Thus as effective Solar energy is strategic the review highlights the various Solar energy scenarios that can facilitate the vision of a cleaner environment and to effectively deal with the energy crises problems.
Keywords: - Solar energy, Energy crisis

[1] Report of Gujarat Energy Development Agency ,Gujarat ,India
[2] Newspaper(Gujarat samachar,The Times of India etc.)
[3] www.google.com
[4] Non-conventional Energy Sources by G.D.Rai ( khanna Publications)
[5] journals and various reports

Abstract : This paper present energy audit process on water treatment plant located at Lalpur, Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh. This plant has established in 1986 and supplying 97 MLD (million liters per day) water to Jabalpur City. Generally Water treatment plants are highly energy and cost intensive. To achieve effective and efficient energy management scheme, energy audit analysis was employed on water treatment plant.This paper Provides customers with recommendations which will increase the comfort, health, safety and prolong the durability of the property. Before appointing Energy Auditor conduct our own visual walkthrough and make a list, so when we bring in an auditor we are prepared. Become more aware! , check savings calculations by determining whether more savings have been identified than are actually achievable. Some analysts use the average cost of electricity to calculate energy savings.
Keywords: - Water treatment plant, energy audit, energy saving, cost analysis, Overall Equipment Effectiveness.

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Abstract -- This study intends to highlight how some of the latest design technology can be used to accurately analyze daylight in our buildings today. Architecture and Engineering firms are using Building Information Modeling (BIM) software to model their design projects three-dimensionally these days. Some of the popular modeling software platforms for Architecture are, Autodesk's Revit Architecture, Autodesk Ecotect Analysis and Green Building Studio. Using BIM allows the user to export the model into analysis tools for daylight and energy analysis. Revit Architecture is used for BIM models, allowing the user to export to daylight analysis tools like Ecotect and 3d Studio Max Design. As the use of BIM in projects becomes more popular, the opportunities to seamlessly integrate daylight analysis into the design process become more abundant and more convenient. It is found that using this technology, both the owner and designer can be more confident of what the outcome will be before the building is even constructed. This has the potential to save money from design changes and energy costs as well as material changes and retrofitting that is common from older methods of daylight control. In the end it can improve the aesthetics of the building, improve visual comfort and reduce the overall electrical lighting usage within the building. Keywords: Sustainability, Building Information Modeling (BIM), Architectural designs, and Importance of Energy Efficiency

[1] Autodesk Revit white paper
[2] SOLAR 2010: BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM) & SUSTAINABILITY – Using Design Technolgy for Daylight Modeling. (Prepared by: Ben Ridderbos, LEED AP, Vikram Sami, LEED AP, Lord, Aeck & Sargent Architecture 1201 Peachtree Street NE Suite 300, Atlanta, GA 30361 bridderbos@lasarchitect.com)
[3] Smart Market Report, (prepared by: Harvey M. Bernstein F. ASCE, LEED AP, Stephen A. Jones, Michele A Russo, LEED AP)
[4] BIM for LEED, By Erin Rae Hoffer, AIA, LEED AP
[5] Poh Lam & Yeang, 2009; Azhar & Brown, 2009.
[6] ANALYSIS OF THE DIFFERENCES IN ENERGY SIMULATION RESULTS BETWEEN BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM)-BASED SIMULATION METHOD AND THE DETAILED SIMULATION METHOD, by: Seongchan Kim & Jeon-Han W00
[7] Building Information Modeling and sustainability, prepared by: John Doyle)
[8] Streamlining Energy Analysis of Existing Buildings with Rapid Energy Modeling, (prepared by: Autodesk)
[9] BIM and Green Building Studio (1-2-3 Revit Tutorial) prepared by: Rick Rundell, AIA)
[10] Autodesk®Revit®Architecture, Design without compromise. (prepared by: Autodesk)
[11] Using Autodesk Ecotect Analysis and Building Information Modeling, Autodesk® Ecotect® Analysis 2010, Revit® Architecture 2010 software)& (Using ECOTECT for Exterior Qualitative Solar Analysis, by: Diego Ibarra, Harvard Graduate School of Design)
[12]- Autodesk Ecitect Analysis, Visualize Sustainable Design, (prepared by: Autodesk)

Abstract: Stainless steel 304 is a class of iron based materials which has certain resistance to rusting and to corrosion in some environments. Due to its properties, it is the most widely used material in the engineering applications. Most of stainless steel welding to this date is done by fusion welding. This survey revealed that very little amount of work has been done with few exceptions only mechanical properties have been characterized.

1. Zhu X.H, Chao Y.J, (2004) Numerical simulation of transient temperature and residual stresses in Friction stir welding of 304L stainless steel. J Mater Process Technol 46:263-272.
2. Seung Hwan C, Yutaka S, Hiroyuki Kokawa, Kazutaka Okamoto, Satoshi Hirano (2003) J Scripta Materialia 49:1175-1180.
3. Reynolds A.P, Wei Tang, Gnaupel-Herold T, Prask H (2003) Structure, properties, and residual stress of 304 L stainless steel, friction stir welds. J Scripta Materialia 48:1289-1294.
4. Kokawa H, Hirano S (2005) Microstructures in friction stir welding of 304 austenitic stainless steel. 56:234-236.
5. Meran C, Kovan V, Alptekin A (2007) Friction Stir Welding of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel. 38:123-124.
6. Pandey S, Grewal G et al. (2003) "FSW: a recent trend in welding" in national workshop on welding technology in India – Present status and future trends, SLIET, Punjab, pp 91-97.
7. Khan Zaheer, Pandey Sunil, Prasad Rajesh, Prasanna L (2009) "Friction Stir Welding of Mild Steel".

Abstract : The aspect of safety is taken on low priority basis during the execution of projects in Pakistan. Metropolitan cities of Pakistan are well developed by mega projects but safety of labors within construction is not encountered. This predominantly associated with the loss of lives with the decreasing mortality and social value. Negligence of safety standards correspond to the severe and serious injuries. Keeping in view the gravity of issue, the focusing parameter is the use of modernized equipments during construction. As per the statistics, personal safety of deputed workers is less than 40%. The system will be more susceptible by provoking the deployment of policy regulations and awareness programs with implementation procedures governed by functionary bodies. The ultimate goal of research study entices with the sorting of expert labor with their signified requirements. The key controlling features resemble with the locale of labor law, safety development programs and instrumental knowledge.
Keywords - Safety, Construction, Policy, Equipment, Labor

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[10] Scott W. Kramer, Ph.D. and Jack R. Byrd (Department of Building Science, Auburn University) – (Comparative Study of Construction Safety. OSHA in the United States versus EASHW in the European Union 2007) pp. 10 (Proceedings published by: RICS 12 Great George Street, London SW1P 3AD United Kingdom.

Abstract: Mathematical modeling with computer application is becoming more and more popular in study, development of setup, maintenance of induction heating process. It can be used to explain, demonstrate and predict the process performance of induction hardening system. Different methods used to solve the field problems. In this paper, an effective Taguchi methodology has been utilized for selection of optimum process parameters of induction hardening of EN8 D steel. Various parameters such as power and heating time have been explored by experimentation. An orthogonal array, L9 , analysis variance of ANOVA are applied study the performance characteristic of induction hardening process. Hardness has been considered as performance characteristic. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of response variable shows a significant influence of process variables i.e. power and heating time. The experimental results shows that the predicted mathematical models suggested could describe the performance characteristics within the limits of the factors being investigated .The results of regression equations have been verified by confirmation tests. Also microstructure analysis is done for justification of hardening work. Keywords: ANOVA, induction hardening, mathematical model, micro structure , orthogonal array, Taguchi methodology .

[1] Amit kohli and Hari Singh , " Optimization of process parameters in induction hardening using surface response method‟‟ Indian Academy sciences ,sadhana Vol 36 –Part 2, 2010 P 87-91
[2] Bala Murugan Gopalsamy , Biswanath Mondal and sukamal ghosh , "Taguchi method and ANOVA : An approach for process parameters optimization of hard machining while machining hardened steel'' Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Vol 68 , August 2009 , p 686-695.
[3] Douglas C. Montgomery, Wiley India, Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi ''Design and analysis of experiments "‟ 2009 ,P3-13,19,392-400
[4] Keith M. Bower M.S. MINITAB Inc. " ANOVA by MINITAB‟‟ Scientific Computing and Instrumentation , Feb.2000
[5] M .N .Das , N. C. Giri, New Age international (p) Ltd. Publisher , New Delhi ''Design and Analysis of experiments'' 1999,P 13-15
[6] M. Kaladhar, K.V.Subbaiah, Ch.Srinivasa Rao, And k.narayana Rao, "Application of Taguchi approach and Utility Concept in solving the Multi-objective Problem when turning AISI 202 Austenitic Stainless Steel‟‟ Journal of Engg . Science and Technology , 2011 ,p 55-61
[7] R. Kolleck (3)a,*, R. Veit a, M. Merklein b, J. Lechler b, M. Geiger (1)b "Investigation on induction heating for hot stamping of boron alloyed steels ‟‟ 2009
[8] Resit Unal, Edwin B.Dean , " Taguchi approach to design optimization for quality and cost : An overview‟‟ Annual Conference of the international Society of parametric Analysts, 1991 p 1-9
[9] Robert Crydermana, Nima Shamsaeib, Ali Fatemib, "Effects of continuous cast section size on torsion cook deformation and fatigue of induction hardened 1050 steel shafts ‟‟ 2010
[10] S. Kamaruddin, Zahid A. Khan and S. H. Foong, December " Application of Taguchi method in the optimization of injection moulding parameters for manufacturing products from plastic blend". IACSIT International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol.2, No.6, 2010 , p 574-580.
[11] Software MINITAB release 14
[12] Timothy James Stich, Julie K., " The Application of Artificial Neural. Networks to Monitoring and Control of an Induction Hardening Process. ‟‟ Journal of Industrial Technology, 16(1):1-11(2000).
[13] Y. Totik, R. Sadeler, H. Altun and M. Gavgali. " The effects of Induction Hardening on Wear Properties of AISI 4140 Steel in dry sliding conditions ‟‟, Materials & Design 24(1):25-30(2003).
[14] http://www.camo.com/rt/Resources/design_of_experiment/html

Abstract: The present paper investigates cellulose degrading bacteria present in kitchen waste for highest cellulase activity at optimum temperature and pH. Sample was collected from domestic kitchen waste and bacterial strains were isolated using nutrient agar media. Enrichment technique was used for isolating CDB (cellulose degrading bacteria) strains. The objective of research was to utilize effective bacteria for degrading complex polymer cellulose into simpler sugars like glucose under optimum working conditions. Out of 21 isolated bacterial strains, only four were having effective cellulose degrading bacteria. These four isolates were screened for qualitative estimation through Congo red dilution assay and quantitatively tested by DNS method (Miller, 1959). The optimum pH and temperature for most potent isolate was recorded as 7.1 and 35ºC respectively. It was concluded that these findings were in accordance with previous results. These optimum working conditions were recommended for biomass utilization.
Keywords: Kitchen waste, Cellulose degrading bacteria, optimization, solid waste

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Abstract: Bridge Cranes or Gantry Cranes are an essential element in the day to day activities of a manufacturing plant. The most common operation of a gantry crane is point to point transportation of payload. The use of cables for hoisting and support of payload can lead to natural swaying. This natural sway is detrimental to safe and efficient operation. Swinging degrades the speed, accuracy, and safety of transport operations. It lowers the speed of transport operations because the payload swing must die out before the payload can be safely lowered into position. The swing makes it difficult to perform alignment, fine positioning, or other accuracy driven tasks. Swing also causes safety problems because of the potential for collisions with objects or people. Under certain conditions, the problem gets more complicated when the payloads creates a double pendulum effect. This report develops a technique for improving the control of two mode double pendulum crane called input shaping. Input shaping is a control strategy that uses a series of impulses to modify the reference command to suppress unwanted vibration in a system. This report presents a method for optimizing a robust input shaper called Specified insensitivity input shapers using the knowledge of amplitude contributions of each mode to the overall response.
Keywords – Command Shaping, Input Shaping, Gantry Cranes, Sway Control

[1] Manning, R., Clement, J., Kim, D., and Singhose, W., 2010, "Dynamics and Control of Bridge Cranes Transporting Distributed-Mass Payloads," ASME J. Dyn. Syst., Meas., Control, 132, p. 014505
[2] Singhose, W., Kim, D., and Kenison, M., 2008, "Input Shaping Control of Double- Pendulum Bridge Crane Oscillations," ASME J. Dyn. Syst., Meas., Control, 130, p. 03450
[3] Blackburn, David, "Command Shaping for Vibration Reduction in Nonlinear Cabled Systems" in Mechanical Engineering Atlanta, GA: Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006
[4] Manning, Raymond, "Improving the control of two-mode flexible systems with input shaping" in Mechanical Engineering Atlanta, GA: Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008
[5] Vaughan, Joshua, "Dynamics and Control of Mobile Cranes" in Mechanical Engineering Atlanta GA: Georgia Institute of Technology
[6] Singer, N. C., and Seering, W. P., 1990, "Preshaping Command Inputs to Reduce System Vibration," ASME J. Dyn. Syst., Meas., Control, 112, pp. 76–82. [7] Chul-Goo Kang, 2011, "Performance Measure of Residual Vibration Control" ASME J. Dyn. Syst., Meas., Control, 133, p 044501 [8] Singer, Neil, 1988, "Residual Vibration Reduction in computer controlled machines", MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.

Abstract: The life of bearing is closely related to its loads which are affected by the eccentric unbalances of rotational components in the structure system of the bearing. However, since the bearing structure in some of the machinery is complicated, the exact load calculations and the life prediction for this kind of bearing are difficult. The load and life calculation for the bearing are developed with considering the magnitude of eccentric unbalances. The influences of unbalances on the loads and life of the bearing are studied. The calculation and analysis results show that the radial loads on rolling element of the bearing fluctuate significantly under the actions of the unbalances of different parts of machines and the bearing life reduces regularly with the eccentric unbalances changing. In this article, I have focused not on machines that are "supposed" to vibrate as part of normal operation, but on those that should not vibrate: electric motors, rotary pumps and compressors, and fans and blowers. In these devices, smoother operation is generally better, and a machine running with zero vibration is the ideal.
Keywords: permissible residual unbalance; eccentricity ,maru, urr, pump bearing

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