iosr-JMCE   Volume-1 ~ Issue-5

Abstract: A laboratory experiment entitled "Flow Characteristics of Semi Circular Contraction Critical Flow Flumes for Low Discharges under Different Submergence Conditions" was conducted in a hydraulic flume with motorized bed slope alteration facility at the Hydraulics laboratory, College of Agricultural Engineering, Bapatla, India to study the effect of percentage of contraction and submergence on flow characteristics like critical depth, location of critical depth, accuracy of measurement and total quantity of material used etc. The experiment consisted of three different contractions (20%, 40% and 60%) tested with three different discharges (10 ls-1, 14 ls-1 and 18 ls-1) and four submergence levels (60%, 70%, 80% and 90%). Dimensional analyses were performed and end depth, throat width and discharge relationships were arrived. The discharges arrived conventionally based on critical depth and through equations derived through dimensional analysis were compared and presented. The deviation of discharge under free flow conditions depicted from Eq. a and Eq. b are within the range of ± 5% of actual discharge for all flumes. A single measurement of end depth in semi circular contraction critical flow flumes can be used for discharge computation in open channels, if the submergence conditions are below 80% in general. Semi circular contraction critical flow flumes can be used for discharge measurement in open channels with best accuracy of ± 5% equations developed.

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Abstract: Increasing demand in energy facilitated the need of clean energy such as wind energy.In thisproject modal analysis has been used to determine the natural frequencies and the mode shapesof frame and impeller of vertical axis wind turbine with impeller. FEA consists of a computer model of a material. Analyzed for specific results. FEA uses a complex system of points called nodes which make a grid called a mesh. Nodes are assigned at a certain density throughout the material depending on the anticipated stress levels of a particular area. Regions which will receive large amounts of stress usually have a higher node density than those which experience little or no stress. Points of interest may consist of: fracture point of previously tested material, fillets, corners, complex detail, and high stress areas. The mesh acts like a spider web in that from each node, there extends a mesh element to each of the adjacent nodes. This web of vectors is what carries the material properties to the object, creating many elements. The natural frequencies originating from the FE-modelingand the modal analysis, respectively, are observed. Comparing the mode shapesgood agreement has been demonstrated for the dominating deflectiondirection. For the non-dominating deflection directions, the qualitative featuresof measured and computed modes shapes are in good agreement.
Key words: Free vibration, Finite Element Method, Frame, Impeller.

[1]. Applied Modal Analysis of Wind Turbine Blades by HenrikBroen Pedersen, Ole Jesper Dahl KristensenRisø National Laboratory, Roskilde (Risø-R-1388(EN) DenmarkFebruary 2003
[2]. D. J. Ewins: Modal Testing: Theory, Practice and Application
[3]. Forward curved centrifugal TABLOCK Blower Wheels( for dimension of impeller)
[4]. kjnAluminiumProfile & Accessories. [cited 2010 September 18]; Available from: http://www.aluminium-profile.co.uk.
[5]. C.F.Beards, Engineering Vibration Analysis with Application to Control Systems.

Abstract : Transverse roadway strips (TRS) are a common approach used by the local authorities in Malaysia for the purpose of road safety on rural roadway. However, there were complaints made by residents about the excessive noise pollution produced by TRS. The objective of this study was to evaluate the external noise produced by the application of TRS, to evaluate and to anticipate the annoyance response due to installation of TRS. The investigations were carried out through the changes of noise level indices, estimation of the annoyance response using the traffic noise index (TNI) and anticipation of resisident response anoyance. Measurements of the external noise level produced by the TRS were taken for two hours at two location with and without TRS. Results showed that TRS increased the equivalent noise level, LAeq1hour, L101hour and L901hour by as much as 14 dB(A), 16 dB(A) and 9 dB(A) respectively. TNI values also increased as much by as 42% and exceeded the suggested value for planning purposes of 74 dB (A) for 3% annoyance from the social surveys. This investigation shows that TRS noise has a very strong impact on the community and this was the reason behind the complaints made by people living in study area.
Keywords: Noise pollution, Traffic noise, traffic noise index, Transverse rumble strips, traffic safety,

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Abstract: This paper describes the study of coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of as-cast and heat treated Aluminium 7075/ SiCp composites. The content of silicon carbide particulates is used as 5wt% to prepare the castings. These composites were subjected to different aging durations. The stir casting technique is used to prepare the castings. Castings were machined in accordance with ASTM standards followed by heat treatment process. All the castings were aged to different periods of 1hr, 3hr, 5hr at an aging temperature of 175 oC. Coefficient of thermal expansion tests were performed in both as-cast and heat treated conditions. In each case the coefficient of thermal expansion values were found to increase with increase in aging durations. Solution heat treatment at 530 oC followed by artificial aging at 175 oC found to increase in dimension change of every specimen tested. The coefficient of thermal expansion curves exhibited some residual strains, which were decreased with the increase in aging durations.
Keywords: Alloys, Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), Heat treatment

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Abstract : Pump cavitation is the formation and subsequent collapse or implosion of vapor bubbles in a pump. It occurs when the absolute pressure on the liquid falls below the liquid's vapor pressure. When the vapor bubbles collapse with high enough frequency, it sounds like marbles and rocks are moving through the pump. If the vapor bubbles collapse with high enough energy, they can remove metal from the internal casing wall, and leave indent marks appearing like blows from a large ball pein hammer. Inadequate NPSH available (NPSHa) is a root cause for cavitation in the pump. Insufficient NPSH leads to lower liquid pressure in the pump and if pressure in the eye of the impeller falls below the vapor pressure of the fluid, then cavitation can begin by formation of vapor bubbles. Design, operation and refurbishment of centrifugal pumps are strongly related to cavitation flow phenomena, which may occur in either the rotating runner-impeller or the stationary parts of the centrifugal pumps. The numerical simulation (ANSYS CFX software Release 13) is used to study the cavitation in centrifugal pump. The computational grid was generated by CFX-Turbo grid with H-Grid through the blade and flow passage. The flow simulation is executed in the rotation frame of reference. Standard (k-ε) model is used for the turbulence. Turbulent wall treatment; the volume of fluid model is selected for cavitation model. Upwind difference is used for solution scheme. Numerical results will be compared with experimental data in terms of head and NPSH.
Keywords: ANSYS CFX software Release 13, Cavitation Hysteresis, CFD, Inception, NPSH, Radial Flow Pump, Turbulence Model (k-ε)

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Abstract : This study investigated the size effect phenomenon for plain-concrete and concrete inclusion with 10% sawdust ash (SDA) as partial replacement of cement. A geometrically similar plain-concrete and sawdust ash-concrete cylinder of different sizes were cast. Compressive strength was evaluated at the age of 28 and 90 days. Bažant size effect law was used to investigate the possible existence of size effect. Results from the test showed the existence of size effect in both plain-concrete and sawdust ash-concrete and followed closely the size effect law proposed by Bažant. The size effect was observed to be more for sawdust ash-concrete as compare to concrete with pure cement. Further, the size effect of sawdust ash-concrete is more pronounce at the age of 28 days as compared to 90 days strength.
Keywords: Sawdust ash, Concrete, Strength, Size effect, Bažant.

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Abstract: Northern coastal lakes in the Nile Delta of Egypt have an ecosystem of distinctive nature. While customary acknowledged as environmentally rich water bodies, these lakes are alleviating the non-favorable polluting effect of development activities before reaching the Mediterranean Sea. Moreover, climate change challenges are adding more important role to coastal lakes to act as natural adaptive measure that effectively buffer potential sea level rise or any unprecedented events. Therefore, efforts are needed to maintain sustainable system for coastal lakes in face of continuously altering conditions.
Key words: Lake Burullus, Water Salinity, Climate Change, Coastal Lake.

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[9]. Elshinnawy, I. A. and Abayazid, H. O. (2011). Vulnerability Assessment of Climate Change impact on GroundWater Salinity in the Nile Delta Coastal Region-Egypt. Conference on Coastal Engineering Practice: Engineering Sustainable Coastal Development. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). San Diego, California. Pdg. 422-435.
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Abstract: Climate change phenomenon brought major uncertainty and stresses to environmental resources. In particular, the coastal ecosystems are customarily considered one of the most complex systems to sustain, experiencing continuous fluctuation and changes by nature, and climate change will only add to this complexity. That fact underscores the necessity of finding effective adaptive methodology governing the coastal system vulnerability while facing climate change impact. This paper argues that sustainability of coastal zones must employ an adaptive policy that incorporates multi-disciplinary regulatory mechanism along with community inputs for better decision support. Through a case study application in a coastal zone North-Eastern of the Nile Delta of Egypt, the hypothesis of having a multi-disciplinary adaptation plan cutting across major sectors, while applying an interactive framework that ensure involvement of communities and stakeholders all along the planning process, proved to lead to strengthened resilience of coastal developments facing climate change impact.
Keywords: coastal system; climate change; sustainability; adaptive policy

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