iosr-JMCE   Volume-2 ~ Issue-1

Abstract: Since hot melts are "No-Water" compounds, they take very less time to attain peak bonding strength. These compounds penetrate into the bonding surfaces prior to cooling. So if the surface is roughened before applying hot melt, it is better able to adhere itself to the surface. Hot melts should be used with polystyrene or polyethylene substrates. The vinyl acrylate is one of the best adhesives for polyurethane. Also in case of polystyrene, vinyl acrylate leads to the formation of a metallic bond with the young's modulus in the range of GPa (quite abnormal for a non metallic substance like polystyrene). To test the strength of the joints, UTM was used. It revealed the data concerning the bonding strength of various adhesives. X-ray diffraction and FTIR revealed the structures of these adhesives.
Keywords: Hot melt adhesive-vinyl acetate-vinyl acrylate-set time-lap joint-butt joint

[1] Petrie, E.M., "Adhesion in Extrusion and Co-extrusion Processes", Omnexus4AdhesivesandSealants, July 2008.
[2] Socrates, George, Infrared and Ramen Characteristic Group Frequencies, Wiley, Chichester, 2001.
[3] Hot melt applications - Ethylene Copolymers Center. SpecialChem4Adhesives. Retrieved on 2010-02-08.
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[5] Fritz Klatte and Adolf Rollett, "Plastic composition and process of producing it," U.S. Patent 1,241,738 (filed: July 3, 1914; issued: Oct. 2, 1917), an abstract of which appears in the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry (London), vol. 36, page 1185 (1917).
[6] Handbook of adhesives and sealants By Edward M. Petrie, McGraw-Hill, 2007 ISBN 0-07-147916-3.
[7] Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) Copolymers (>50% Ethylene) Market Study Report - European Adhesives Industry. Chemquest.com. Retrieved on 2010-02-08.

Abstract: A few research works have been carried out for the past two decades, so I took research in advanced side. The basic investigation under dynamic loads starts with the estimation of the natural frequencies of the structure or system under consideration. This is an important parameter under dynamic analysis. Hence a detailed study has been carried out on the influence of un-reinforced masonry infill (masonry infill) on fundamental natural frequency of Reinforced Concrete (RC) frames. Masonry infill though considered as non-structural element largely effect the strength, stiffness and ductility of the framed structure during the application of lateral loads such as wind and earthquake loads. Experimental and numerical studies are carried out on 2D and 3D RC frames under different configurations of masonry infill in addition to bare frames. The RC frames are designed and detailed as per the relevant Indian standard codes. A simple numerical method has been formulated to obtain the natural frequencies of RC frames with masonry infill in the FE analysis. Tri-axial shake table is used for the determination of natural frequencies experimentally. These results are compared with the empirical formulae given in national and international codes for finding the natural frequencies. This research program is a part of the project sanctioned by Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India and investigation on 2D frames is carried out at Central Power Research Institute, Bengaluru and at Adhiyamaan College of Engineering, Hosur, focusing on the Response evaluation of RC frames under dynamic loading. This dissertation report consists of design and construction of RC frames, numerical formulation, FE analysis, Shake table tests and comparison of national and international codes.
Keywords: RC frames, Natural frequency, Masonry infill, Shake table

[1] Alidad Hashemi & Khalid Mosalam (2006), "Shake table experiment on reinforced concrete structure containing masonry infill wall", Earthquake engineering and structure dynamic, Vol 35; 1827-1852
[2] Diptesh Das and C.V. Murty (2004), "Brick masonry infills in seismic design of RC frame buildings: Part 2-Behaviour, The Indian Concrete Journals, 31-38
[3] Drydale R.G, Hamid A.A and Baker L.R, (1994), "Masonry structures-Behaviour and Design", Prentice Hall, Englewood cliffs, New Jersey, USA
[4] FEMA 273, (1997), NEHRP guidelines for the seismic rehabilition of builbings, Applied Technology Council, USA
[5] Han-Seon Lee and Sung-Woo Woo (2002), "Effect of Masonry infills on seismic Performance of a 3-Storey RC Frame with Non Seismic Detailing", Earthquake engineering and structural dynamics, Vol 31, 353-378
[6] Hendry.A.W, (1998), Structural Masonry, 2nd edition, Macmillan Press, UK
[7] Kasim Armagan Korkmaz, Fuat Demir and Mustafa Sivri (2007), "Eartquake Assessment of R/C Structures with Masonry Infill Walls", International Journal of Science & Technology, volume 2, 155-164.
[8] Kaushik, H.B., Durgesh C. Rai and Sudhir K. Jain (2006), "Code Approaches to Seismic Design of Masonry-Infilled Reinforced Concrete Frames: A State-of-the-Art Review", Earthquake Spectra, Vol 22, No. 4, November 2006, 961-983.
[9] Klinger R.E, Rubiano N.R and Bhashandy S.C (1997), "Evaluation and analytical Verification of shaking table data from infilled frames", The Masonry Society Journal, The Masonry Society, USA; 15(2), 33-41
[10] Paulay T and Priestley, M.J.N (1992), "Seismic Design of Concrete and Masonry Buildings", John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, USAPerumal Pillai.E.B and Govindan.P (1994), "Structural response of brick infill in R.C. frames", International Journal of Structures, Vol. 14, No.2, 83-102

Abstract: The electronic industry is the world's largest and fastest growing manufacturing industry in the world. Discarded electronic and electrical equipment with all of their peripherals at the end of life is termed e-waste. The quantity of c-waste generated in developed countries equals 1% of total solid waste on an average and is expected to grow to 2% by 2011 and is one of the fastest growing waste streams.E-waste consists of ferrous and non ferrous metals, plastic, glass, ceramics, rubber etc. E-waste is valuable source for secondary raw material but harmful if treated and discarded improperly as it contains many toxic components such as lead, cadmium, mercury, polychiorinated biphenlys etc. The presence of lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, selenium and hexavalent chromium and flame retardants beyond threshold quantities in e-waste classifies them as hazardous wastes.
Keywords : E-waste, composition, recycle potential, control techniques.

[1] Bandhopadhyay, A. (2010) "Electronic Waste Management: Indian Practices and Guidelines" International Journal of Energy and Environment 1(5) pp. 193-807
[2] Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal – Document accessed in 10/2010
[3] Sathish Sinha (2006) E-waste Time to Act Now –Toxic Alert, accessed in 10/2010
[4] Radha Gopalan, 2002, A Study on the Indian IT Sector from nautilus.org
[5] Scraping the Hi-tech Myth – Computer Waste in India, 2003, Toxics Link
[6] Indian Institutes of Materials Management/Publications
[7] Environmentally Sound options for E-WASTES Management. By: *Ramachandra T.V..,*Saira Varghesek. Published By: Envis Journal of Human Settlements, March 2009.
[8] Global E-Waste Management & Services (GEMs), Hyderabad.
[9] National Environment Agency of Singapore (NEA). March 1998. Hazardous Waste (Control of Export, Import and Transit) Regulations.

Abstract: The variation of sintered aluminium iron composites with respect to parameters of load, density ratio, aspect ratio and percentage of iron are analyzed. The material properties analyzed are axial stress, axial strain, hoop stress, hoop strain, Poisson's ratio and hydrostatic stress. Symbolic regression equations were generated to accurately predict the effect of parameters on the material properties. The limitations of conventional parametric equation fitting were overcome with the use of symbolic multivariate regression fitting. To achieve this objective, the novel approach of Genetic Programming has been used. The data sets have been taken from the Hydraulic Testing Machine using the sintered component. Data for aspect ratios of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.00; density ratios from 0.8-0.96 and % of iron from 0-8 have been included to find the effect of each parameter on the material properties. The predicted values using Genetic Programming coincided well with the experimental results. The results indicate the efficacy of GP to predict the effect of multiple input parameters on material properties. Further GP can be extended to predict the effect of variation of input parameters on the properties of any composite. The computational model developed will be used to predict the material properties for various iron composition by simple substitution without conducting experiments.
Keywords: GP-Genetic Programming, Al-Fe composite, P/M-Powder Metallurgy, computational model

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[9] H. Kurtaran, B. Ozcelik and T. Erzurumlu, Warpage optimization of a bus ceiling lamp base using neural network model and genetic algorithm, Journal of materials processing technology, 169(2), 2005, pp.314-319.
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Abstract: Construction project implementation in India is still facing challenges. The main hurdles are failure to solve project specific problems. Generally projects taken up for implementation will never complete, in time or complete at a later stage leaving cost and time overrun. Researchers are trying to find out the reasons why projects could not complete in time. An exhaustive Literature review has been conducted. The research problem is identified and derived from the literature study.

[1] Abeysekera, V, McLean C, Akintoye, A (2001) "Project success and relationships from a stakeholderperspectivea pilot study". Association of Researchers in Construction Management Vol.1 PP.485-494.
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[7] Bhargava1Panagiotis Ch. Anastasopoulos, Samuel Labi,Kumares C. Sinha, Hong and Fred L. Mannering,[2010] "Three-Stage Least-Squares Analysis of Time and Cost Overruns in Construction Contracts" Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol.136 (11) PP 1207-1218.
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Abstract: In petroleum production system, reservoir pressure is considered to be main source of hydrocarbon production from reservoir to the surface. With passage of producing time; fluids can only be lifted at the economic rates from subsurface to the surface by some secondary recovery method which sweeps remaining oil from the reservoir to improve its overall recovery. Waterflooding is the dominant fluid injection technique and is frequently applied worldwide secondary recovery process, which involves water injection in the oil formation under high pressure through an injection well to enhance oil recovery of the well(s) of interest. Selection of optimum number of wells and their optimum location is a whip hand to plan and implement a successful waterflooding operation on a depleted reservoir to prevent the wastage of substantial capital investment. This involves efficacious and judicious selection of waterflooding pattern to augment the reserves. This study emphasizes on importance and effect of efficiently selecting an optimum waterflood pattern for primary production depleted reservoir "W" by simulating its performance for regular 5-spot & 9-spot patterns to acquire, best technical & economic match for subject reservoir for a particular injectivity, reservoir areal heterogeneity, direction of formation fractures, existing production wells and their spacing etc. Where different opportunities involving a particular measurement or calculation are involved, there is no substitute for thinking out the best solution to the problem. The mistakes should be made on paper where an eraser can remove them, not in the field where someone must live with it.

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Abstract: Due to rapid industrialisation, population of Chandrapur city of Maharashtra state of India is increasing day by day, hence increasing the solid waste generation. Around 0.25 kg /person/day solid waste is generated and around 80 ton wastes are dumped in dumping site daily. Collection and transportation is one of the important functional components of solid waste management. Thus, to keep city clean and environmentally healthy, the management of solid waste has now becoming an important issue. Geo-informatics is proposed to determine the minimum cost/distance efficient collection paths for transporting the solid wastes to the dumping site. This uses information on population density, waste generation capacity, road network, storage bins and collection vehicles etc.
Keywords: Geo-informatics, ancillary data, GPS, network database, Municipal Corporation.

[1] Ghose M.K. , Dikshit A.K. and Sharma S.K , " A GIS based transportation model for solid waste disposal –A case study on Asansol municipality", Journal of Waste Management New York , Volume 26, Issue 11, 2006, pp. 1287-1293
[2] Joshi P. K. , Kumar M. and Agrawal D. , "Geospatial Network Analysis For Path Optimization In Solid Waste Management – A casestudyOfHaridwar", journal of the Indian Society of Remote sensing ,Vol.32,no.4,2004, pp.387-392 .
[3] Raey M.EL , Y.Found and P.Gal, "Optimization of municipal solid waste management in Port Said – Egypt", waste management, volume 26, issue 5, 2006 , pp. 535-545 .
[4] Ramachandra T.V. and Shruthi Bachamanda, "Environmental audit ofmunicipal solid waste management", International Journal Of Environmental Technology and Management, vol 7, no. 314, 2007, pp. 369-391.
[5] Sehnaz Sener, Erhan Sener, and Remzin Karaguzel, "Solid waste disposal site selection with GIS and AHP methodology: a case study in Senirkent- Uluborlu(Isparta)Basin, Turkey ", Enviro Monit Assess, 2011; pp.533-554
[6] Shaikh M Ahmed, Hassan Muhammad, Ake Sivertun , "Solid waste management planning using GIS and Remote Sensing Technologies". Case study Aurangadabad city
[7] Siddique Masood Ahsan, Syed Mohmmad Rashid. Luban siddiqui and Shahzad Ali Ansari , "Municipal Solid Waste Management in Moradabad city, India. ", Journal of the Indian Society of Remote sensing, 25 june 2011
[8] Tavares G.Z, Zsigraiova, V.Semiao, M.G.Carvalho, "Optimization of MSW collection routes for minimum fuel consumption using3DGISmodelling"Journalof Waste management, vol .29, 2009, pp. 1176-1185
[9] Visvanathan C. and Trankler J. ,"Municipal Solid Waste Management in Asia – A Comparative Analysis ",Workshop on SustainableLandfillmanagement,3-5 December ,2003; Chennai, India, pp. 3-15.