iosr-JMCE   Volume-2 ~ Issue-3

Abstract: Atomic force microscope (AFM) is successfully utilized to image a broad range of thin film specimens because it can image nonconductive and soft material. Since the invention of the AFM, a lot of progress has been made in imaging thin films. Operation at low temperatures brings the benefits of low thermal drift and low thermal noise, which are required for high-resolution measurements. Due to all these benefits cryogenic AFM was developed. The system operates at liquid nitrogen temperatures, and aims to reduce the main intrinsic resolution reducing effects of AFM imaging by freezing samples and imaging them at sub zero temperatures. Further studies on biomolecules and the effects of sub zero temperatures, especially of ice formation on biomolecules structure need to be carried out before this system is routinely used for molecular imaging. The surface morphology of the thin films of In2O3,ITO and PCMO were studied by Atomic Force Microscopy. AFM showed good surface morphology with decreasing RMS area roughness and Line roughness for all above three materials.
Keywords: Atomic Force Microscope, Vacuum Chamber, LN2 Reservoir, Thin Film

[1] Arantxa Vilalta-Clemente "Principles of Atomic Principles Force Microscopy" ,Physics of Advanced Materials Winter School ,2008, PP.1-10
[2] Binnig, G.; Quate, C. F.; Gerber, Ch., Phys. Rev. Lett. ,1986,PP.56, 930.
[3] Xiaogang Liu,and Hua Zhang., "Scanning Probe Microscopy-Based Nanofabrication for Emerging Applications", 2007
[4] C. Debuschewitz, F. M¨unstermann, V. Kunej, and E. Scheer "A Compact and Versatile Scanning Tunnelling Microscope with High Energy Resolution for Use in a 3He Cryostat" Journal of Low Temperature Physics, Vol. 147, Nos. 3/4, May 2007 ,PP.525-535
[5] D. Erts, A. Lõhmus, R. Lõhmus, H. Olin "Instrumentation of STM and AFM combined with transmission electron microscope" Third International Conference on Non-Contact Atomic Force Microscopy, July 16–19, 2000, Hamburg, Germany PP.S71-S74
[6] Alexandra Radenovic´, "A low-temperature ultrahigh vacuum atomic force microscope for biological applications", Review Of Scientific Instruments Volume 74 ,2002,,PP.1022-1025
[7] Ian James Turner, "AFM investigations of critical interactions in the Bacillus primosome and Cryogenic AFM a new tool for structural biology", Thesis submitted to The University of Nottingham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy,2005, PP.136-153
[8] Changyi Li "Cryogenic Atomic Force Microscope For Characterization Of Nanostructures"Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland,2005, PP.1-49
[9] Keiichi Nakamoto, C. B. Mooney and Masashi Iwatsuki "Development of low-temperature and high vacuum atomic force microscope with freeze–fracture function"Review Of Scientific Instruments Volume 72-2, 2001 ,PP.1445-1448
[10] N. Wintjes, M. Lange, D. van Vörden, H. Karacuban, D. Utzat, and R. Möllera _ "Very compact design for a low-temperature tuning fork atomic force Microscope American Vacuum Society", 2010, PP.C4E21- C4E24

Abstract: The analytical design of the hybrid composite predicts its tensile properties at different fiber orientation using classical lamination theory. The critical volume fraction of the high elongation fiberyields 0.39 which defines the composite of minimum strength. The high elongation fiber (PET) contributes more in raising the hybrid composite strengthwhile the low elongation fiber (Kenaf) increases the composite modulus more inthe longitudinal direction. Six layers hybrid composite laminates were analyzed. The stacking sequence used was symmetric angle ply (00, 450, 900) with an overall thickness of 12mm .The thermal expansion coefficient of the laminate increases more than that of the individual ply. The overall analytical results confirm that thehybrid composite tensile properties haveincreased significantly as compared to single fiber reinforced composite.
Key Words: Composite, Hybrid, Laminate, Ply,Matrix, fiber, Tensile, Strength

[1] G. H. Fan, L. Geng, Z. H. Lai, G. S. Wang " preparation of hybrid composite based on BaPb03 + Al18B4033/606 1 Al system", Journals of Alloys and Compounds Volume 482, Issue 1-2, PP:512-516, 2009.
[2] A. Panigrahi, S. R. Mallick " characterization of hybrid FRP composite with hydrothermal exposure under varied ambient conditions" Department of metallurgical and materials engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, PP: 8-10, 2008
[3] JEC, "high performance bio composites‟ JEC composite magazines No. 55, 2010.
[4] U.A. Khashaba and M. A. Seif "Journal of Composite Structures" 74PP: 440, 2006.
[5] W. L. Lai and M. Mariatti, "journal of Reinforced Plastics" 27 PP: 925, 2008.
[6] M. A. Maleque, F. Y. Belal and S.M. Sapuan,The Arabian Journal for ScienceAnd engineering 32 PP: 359, 2007.
[7] H. T. Kuan, W. Cantwell and H. MdAkil, The mechanical properties of hybrid composite Based on self reinforced polypropylene‟ Malaysian Polymer journal Vol. 4 No. 2 PP: 71- 80 2009.
[8] K. Sabeel Ahmed, S. Vijayarangan& A.C.B. Naidu, Journal of materials and design, 28 PP: 2287, 2007.
[9] S. Panthapulakkal, & M. Sain , "Injection-molded short Hemp fibre/Glass fibre reinforced polypropylene hybrid composites-Mechanical, Water absorption and thermal properties" Journal of Applied Polymer Science Vol. 103, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. PP: 2432-2441, 2006.
[10] Singh V. K , Gope P. C. , ChauhanSakshi&Bisht Deepak Singh "Mechanical properties of banana fibre based Bio hybrid composite" J. Mater. Environ Sci. 3 (1) , PP: 185-194, 2012.

Abstract: This paper discusses a major application of flexible micro actuators in Micro Air Vehicles (MAV). Design, Kinematics, flapping patterns, performance tests of flapping wing mechanism which replicates dragonfly and corresponding results are discussed in this paper. This paper also discusses artificial foldable wing models by mimicking the unfolding/folding of beetle hind wing in which the actuation is triggered by electrically activated Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) wires. Keywords: Micro Air Vehicles, Modified slider-crank (MSC), Flapping patterns, Hind wing, Shape Memory Alloy

[1] Hui Hu1 and Anand Gopa Kumar- An Experimental Study of Flexible Membrane Wings in Flapping Flight - Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011,Gregg Abate3,Air Force Research Laboratory, Elgin Air Force Base, Florida.
[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_air_vehicle
[3] helly A. Migita - Effects of low Reynolds numbers on the aerodynamics of micro air vehicles - Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, HI 96822.
[4] Michael A.A. Fenelon, Tomonari Furukawa - Design of an active flapping wing mechanism and a micro aerial vehicle using a rotary actuator - Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Systems (Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics), DRDO, Bangalore 560093, India b Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
[5] Muhammad A, Park H C, Hwang D Y, Byun D, Goo N S - Mimicking unfolding motion of a beetle hind wing - Chinese Science Bulletin, 2009, 54, 2416–2424.
[6] Improvement of Artificial Foldable Wing Models by Mimicking the Unfolding/Folding Mechanism of a Beetle Hind Wing .Azhar Muhammad1,2, Quoc Viet Nguyen1,2, Hoon Cheol Park1,2,4, Do Y. Hwang4, Doyoung Byun2,3,4, Nam Seo Goo1,2,4.
[7] Haas F, Wootton R J - Two basic mechanisms in insect wing folding - In proceedings of the royal society of London , 1996, 263: 1651 1658

Abstract: Helical compression springs are used generally in fuel injection system of diesel engines, where it undergoes cyclic loading for more than 108 numbers of cycles. In order to predict probable failure positions in helical compression springs, used in fuel injection system, along the length of the spring at inner side, finite element analyses was carried out, using ABAQUS 6.10. The simulation results show an oscillatory behaviour of stresses along the length at inner side. It was confirmed that the oscillation was due to bending involved with compression. It was also revealed that the bending was due to the geometry of springs. Shear stresses along the length of the spring were found to be asymmetrical and with local maxims at starting of each middle coil. The asymmetry was due to the end coil smaller than 360 degrees.
Keywords- Helical compression springs, Maximum shear stress, Finite element analysis

[1] Kaiser B., Pyttel B., Berger C., VHCF-behavior of helical compression springs made of different materials, International Journal of Fatigue, 33, 2011, 23-32
[2] A. M. Wahl, Mechanical Springs( Macgraw Hill Book company. Inc., Second Edition, New York, 1963)
[3] Bergstraesser, M., Die Beanspruchung zylindrischer Schraubenfedern , ZVDI, 77, 1933, 198
[4] Ancker C.J., Goodier, J., N., Theory of pitch and curvature correction for the Helical Springs-1, Journal of Applied Mechanics, 1958, 471.

Abstract: Composite materials are light weight, remarkable strong and relatively inexpensive. Now these materials are being used for many automotive applications. It is difficult to machine hemp fiber composite materials with high efficiency to yield good quality products. Conventional drilling with twist drilling still remains one of the most economical and efficient machining process for Hole making as well as for riveting and fastening structural assemblies in the aerospace and automotive industries. The present work investigates the effects of the drilling parameters, speed and feed, on the damage factor in drilling composites glass, hemp & sandwich fibers with different fiber volume fractions(i.e10%,20%&30%). Three speeds, four feeds and three volume fractions are used in this study. The objective of this paper is to decrease the damage factor of composite materials with different fiber volume fractions, by varying drill parameters such as speed and feed. The composite material having the size of 100×50×3 mm and using the drill diameter as 6 mm.
Keywords: damage factor, machinability, volume fractions of composites.

[1]. T.L.Wong, S.M.Wu, G.M.Croy, An analysis of delamination in drilling composite materials, in proceedings of 14th SAMPE Technology conference, Atlanta, GA, USA 1982, pp 471-483.
[2]. Park KY, Choi JH, Lee DG. Delaminatiopn free and high efficiency drilling of carbon fiber reinforced plastics. J Compos Mater 1995:29(15):1988-2002
[3]. Andrews SD Ochoa OO, Owens SD. The effect of fastner hole defects . J Compos Mater 1993:27(1):3-20
[4]. Tagliaferri V, Caprino G, Diterlizzi A. effect of drilling pareameters on the finish and mechanical properties of GFRP composites. J Mach Tools manufacturing 1990:30(1):77-84
[5]. Chandrasekharan V ,Kapoor SG,Devor RE. a mechanistic approach to predicting the cutting force in drilling with applications to fiber reinforced composite materials. J Eng Ind, ASME 1995, 117:559-70.
[6]. Jain S, Yang DCH. Delamination free drilling of composite laminates. ASME 1995, 116:475-81,398-405.
[7]. Ho-Cheng H, Dharan CKH. Delamination during drilling in composite laminates J Eng Ind, ASME 1990, 112:236-9
[8]. Tsao CC,Hocheng H. computerised photography and c scan for measuring delamination in the drilling of composite materials using various drills. J Mach Tools manufacturing 2005:45:1282-7.
[9]. F Lachaud R Piquet, F Collombet and L Surien. Drilling of composite structures. Composite structures , volume 52,2001,pp 511-516.
[10]. J Mathew, N Ramakrishnan and N K Naik.trepanning on uni directional composites. Composites , part A Vol 30,1999,pp 951-959

Abstract: The objective of a turbocharger is to improve an engine's volumetric efficiency by increasing the density of the intake gas (usually air, entering the intake manifold of the engine). When the pressure of the engine's intake air is increased, its temperature will also increase. Turbocharger units make use of an intercooler to cool down the intake air. Here, our purpose is to bring the temperature of intake air nearer to the ambient temperature. The intercooling of intake air is greatly increased by installing a specially designed intercooler in which air will run as hot fluid and refrigerant, of the air conditioning system coming from cooling coil fitted in the dashboard, will run as cold fluid. The intake air will be cooled down by the air flowing through the fins of the intercooler and the refrigerant coming from the evaporator. And hence the density of air is increased by increasing the temperature drop across the intercooler.
Keywords - Air conditioner, intake manifold, intercooler, supercharger, turbocharger.

[1] Flynn, P.F.:"Turbocharging Four-Cycle Diesel Engines" SAE paper 790314, SAE trans., vol. 88, 1979.
[2] Watson, N., and Janota, M.S.: Turbocharging the Internal Combustion Engine, Wiley-Interscience Publications, John Wiley, New York, 1982.
[3] Gyssler, G.: "Problems Associated with Turbocharging Large Two-Stroke Diesel Engines" Proc. CIMAC, paper B.16, 1965.
[4] Bhinder, F.S.:"Supercharging Compressors-Problems and Potentials of the Various Alternatives," SAE paper 840243, 1984.
[5] John B. Heywood, "Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals", McGraw-Hill series in mechanical engineering.
[6] Magdi S. Mahmoud,"Improved Controller Design for Turbocharged Diesel Engine", Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2012 Vol III WCE 2012, July 4 - 6, 2012, London, U.K.
[7] Cooper, A.R.; Morrow, D.J.; Chambers, K.D.R.;"A turbocharged diesel generator set model," Proc. of the 44th Inte. Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), 1–4 Sept. 2009, pp. 1–5.

Abstract: Thermal power stations and process industries all over the world are facing the problem of boiler tube failure frequently. This affects the performance of the power plants leading to a huge amount of money loss. This study performs detailed efficiency testing and simulation of thermal flow inside an industrial boiler. The simulations were carried out using commercial available CFD software. The analysis of the temperature distribution for every location inside the domain is conducted by setting constant heat fluxes, and varying parameters such as mass flow rate of steam, steam inlet temperature and scale thickness. The results showed that the temperature distribution at the tube wall decreases with increase in mass flow rate of steam; decrease in steam inlet temperature; and increase in scale thickness.
Keywords - Biomass boiler, CFD, Temperature profile, Mass flow rate.

[1] Raja Saripally, Ting Wang and Benjamin Day. (2005) Simulation of combustion and thermal flow in an industrial boiler, Proceedings of 27th Industrial Energy Technology Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana.
[2] Rahimi Masoud, Abbas Khoshhal and Syed Mehdi Shariati, (2006) CFD modeling of boiler tubes rupture. Journal of Applied Thermal Engineering, 26, 2192-2200.
[3] Mckenty. F., Gravel L., and Camarero.R. (1999) Numerical simulation of industrial boilers. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 16 (4) 482-488.
[4] T.J Wardle, (2000) Creep rupture assessment of super heater tubes using nondestructive oxide thickness measurements, International conference on life management and life extension of power plants.
[5] Srikanth S, Ravikumar B, Swapan K. Das, Gopalakrishna K., Nandakumar K., and Vijayan P. (2003) Analysis of failures in boiler tubes due to fireside corrosion in a waste heat recovery boiler -Engineering Failure Analysis., 10, 59-66
[6] Luis M.Romeo and Raquel Gareta, (2006). Neural network for evaluating boiler behaviour. Journal of Applied Thermal Engineering, 26, 1530-1536.
[7] Satyabrata Chaudhuri, (2006). Some aspects of metallurgical assessment of boiler tubes- Basic principles and case studies. Journal of Material Science and Engineering, A 432, 90-99
[8] Khalil Ranjbar, (2007). Failure analysis of boiler cold and hot reheater tubes. Journal of Engineering Failure Analysis, 14, 620-625.
[9] M.M.Rahman and Sukahar,(2008). Tube temperature distribution in water tube boiler – A parametric study by finite element method. International Conference on Construction and Building Technology, ICCBT-2008, 14, 157-170.
[10] Efim Korytnyi, Roman Saveliev, Miron Perelman and Boris Chudnovsky (2008) Computational fluid dynamic simulation of coal fired utility boilers: An emerging tool, Fuel, Elsevier.