iosr-JMCE   Volume-2 ~ Issue-6

Abstract: Earthquakes create vibrations on the ground that are translated into dynamic loads which cause the ground and anything attached to it to vibrate in a complex manner and cause damage to buildings and other structures. Civil engineering is continuously improving ways to cope with this inherent phenomenon. Conventional strategies of strengthening the system consume more materials and energy. Moreover, higher masses lead to higher seismic forces. Alternative strategies such as passive control systems are found to be effective in reducing the seismic and other dynamic effects on civil engineering structures. The present paper focuses on the performance evaluation of a few passive control systems such as base isolation systems and tuned mass dampers in the vibration control of a linear multi storied structure under harmonic and earthquake base motions. Base isolators such as Lead Rubber Bearing (LRB) system and Friction Pendulum System (FPS); and, a tuned mass damper (TMD) are designed for a ten storied reinforced concrete building. The building is modelled as a 10 degrees of freedom shear building model and Bouc Wen model is used to describe the hysteretic behaviour of base isolators. The performance of LRB system, FPS and TMD are evaluated numerically and compared. The frequency response characteristics of the systems are also studied.
Keywords:isolation, Hysteresis, Lead rubber bearing, Friction Pendulum, Passive control, Tuned mass damper.

[1] SaifulIslam, A.B.M, Jameel, M and Jumaat, M.Z , Seismic isolation in buildings to be a practical reality: Behavior of structure and installation technique, Journal of Engineering and Technology Research, Vol. 3(4), 2011, 99-117
[2] Ahmadi, G ,Overview of base isolation, passive and active vibration control strategies for aseismic design of structutres, Scientia Iranica,Vol.2,No.2,1995,99-116
[3] Soong,T.T and Constantinou, M.C,Passive and active structural vibration control in civil engineering, International center for mechanical sciences, Courses and lecturers No.345,1994
[4] Mayes, R.L, Naeim, F ,Design of Structures with Seismic Isolation,, International Thomson publishing Asia,Singapore,2001,723- 756
[5] Naderzadeh, A, Application of seismic base isolation technology in Iran, Menshin No.63 Imensazeh Company, Tehran, 2009 , 40- 47
[6] Wang and Yen-Po, Fundamentals of seismic base isolation, International training programs for seismic design of building structutres,2009,139-148
[7] Abdulsalam, I, Al-Janabi, M , and Al-Taweel, M.G, Optimum design of tuned mass damper systems for seismic structures, Earthquake Resistant Engineering Structures VII, WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, Vol 104,2009,175-184
[8] Saidi, I, Mohammed, A. D, Gad, E F, Wilson, J.,L and Haritos, N , Optimum design for passive tuned mass dampers using viscoelastic materials, Australian Earthquake Engineering Society Conference ,2007,1-8
[9] Sadek, F, Mohraz, B, Taylor, A.W and Chung, R .M ,A method of estimating the parameters of tuned mass damper for seismic applications, Earthquake engineering and structural dynamics, Vol 26,1997,617-63
[10] Ismail, M , Ikhouane, F and Rodellar, J , The Hysteresis Bouc-Wen Model, a Survey, Arch Comput Methods Eng 16,2009, 161– 188

Abstract: Paratransit system consists of small passenger capacity vehicles operate on flexible routing and scheduling or fixed routing and flexible scheduling according to the usage of the trip makers. In Indian condition, paratransit plays an important role for the urban passenger transportation, particularly in the small and medium size cities. Imphal city has been selected in this study. Paratransit modes are the only means of public transportation system in Imphal. The study gives the detail information about the urban transit scenario of Imphal city. There are four major types of paratransit modes operating in the study area mainly, cycle-rickshaws, auto-rickshaws, tata magic and maruti van.The characteristics of each mode have been established by conducting different surveys such as modal split, vehicular occupancy and operator survey. The survey was carried out on important roads distributed all over the city.The percentage share of paratransit in terms of urban passenger movement has been found out with respect to all the modes. The auto-rickshaw is the most popular mode of paratransit having maximum share in terms of numbers and occupancy rate.The approach to transportation system is to focus not just on increasing vehicle movement, but on improving paratransit modes in the city. Predefined stoppage, parking for paratransit modes are essential to have better and timely service of the paratransit.
Key Words: modal split, operator survey, par transit, vehicular occupancy.

Books
[1]. Vuchic V.R," Paratransit and Specialisedmodes", Urban Public Transportation: System and technology, Prentice Hall, 1979
[2]. Town Directory, Census of Manipur 2001

Journal
[3] Dr.M.AliAhmed; Socio – economic status of paratransit operator in the city of Assam, ITPI Journal, 2008, Pp 21- 27.

Thesis
[4] Dr.M.AliAhmed; Utilities of Paratransit Modes in the Cities of Assam, India, Doctoral dissertation, Department of Architecture and Regional planning, IIT Kharagpur, 2008.
Link
[5] https://autos.maxabout.com
[6] www.made-from-india.com

Abstract: It seems imperative to study evapotranspiration (ET) more broadly as a need of hour because in context of climate change as the average temperature is rising; certainly the evaporative demand is shooting up. The present study provides idea about likely change in evapotranspiration due to change in climatic parameters in context of changing climate. As different methods of estimating ET responses differently in specific meteorological parameters on ET demand. The change in temperature causes change in other parameters such as humidity, wind speed, and vapour pressure which ultimately changes ET. In the present study ten years (2002-2011) weather data taken from Ozone unit, Indian Meteorological Department, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, has been analysed for the change in temperature, wind speed and net radiation. It is found that an increase in 14.87% of total ETo demand with increase in temperature by 20 % for FAO 56 PM model, which is followed by net radiation (13.6%) and wind speed (4.16%) in comparison with temperature. While among the other ten temperature and radiation based methods taken up for same study Hargreaves & Samani temperature based method shows the highest change (21.87%) to temperature & solar radiation (Rs) based Irmak model evaluates least change (5.5%) for 20 % increase in temperature. Moreover, the details of the various combinations of changes in different parameters have been analysed. Further, it is found that approximately1oc increase in temperature could increase ETo by 30 m.m per year. It means it would require a huge amount of extra water to cater the need of several thousands of hectares of crops per year.
Keywords: FAO 56 PM, Evapotranspiration, climatic parameters, temperature, net radiation, wind speed.

[1] Allen et al., 1998 Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S, Dirk Raes, Martin Smith, 1998. Crop evapotranspiration. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56, Rome, p. 300.
[2] Bandyopadhyay A, Bhadra A, Raghuwanshi NS, Singh R. 2009. Temporal trends in estimates of reference evapotranspiration over India. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 14(5): 508–515.
[3] Bhabagrahi Sahoo, Walling I, Bidyut C. Deka, Bhagwati P. Bhatt, 2011. Standardization of reference evapotranspiration models for a sub humid valley rangeland of eastern Himalayas. Journal of Irrigation & drainage Engineering, doi: 10.1061/ (ASCE) IR. 1943- 4774.0000476.
[4] Deepak Jhajharia, Yagob Dinpashoh, Ercan Kahya, Vijay P. Singh and Ahmad Fakheri-Fard 2011. Trends in reference evapotranspiration in the humid region of northeast India. Hydrol. Process.Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI: 10.1002/hyp.8140.
[5] Dinpashoh Y, Jhajharia D, Fakheri-Fard A, Singh VP, Kahya E. 2011. Trends in reference crop evapotranspiration over Iran. Journal of Hydrology 399: 422–433. DOI:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.01.021.DOI:10.1029/2007GL031166.
[6] Goyal RK, 2004. Sensitivity of evapotranspiration to global warming: a case study of arid zone of Rajasthan (India). Agricultural Water Management 69: 1–11.
[7] Hossein Tabri, Mark E. Grismer, Slavisa Trajkovic. 2011. Comparative analysis of 31 reference evapotranspiration methods under humid conditions. Irrigation Science DOI 10.1007/s00271-011-0295-z.
[8] Irmak, S., Irmak, A., Allen, R.G., and Jones, J. W. 2003. ''Solar and net radiation-based equations to estimate reference evapotranspiration in humid climates.'' Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. ASCE. 129(5):336-347.
[9] Lakshman Nandagin, Gicy M. Kovoor. 2005. Sensitivity of the food and agriculture organization Penman-Monteith evapotranspiration estimates to alternative procedures for estimation of parameters.238-248/Journal of Irrigation & Drainage Engineering ©ASCE /May/June 2005.
[10] Semalty P D 2011. Estimation of forest evapotranspiration over Uttarakhand hills, India Indian J. Phys. Vol. 85, No. 8, pp 1277 1285.

Abstract: Condition based maintenance (CBM) is an effective way to reduce costs and improve availability because it reduces unnecessary maintenance and prevents failures. CBM is effective for critical plant, including that which is of high capital value, production intensive or where a safety issue exists. This section revises maintenance strategies, defines CBM, and reviews planning considerations. Present work deals with an experimental investigation to monitor vibration condition of pump motor bearings (PMB) of large utility in processing plant. Motor is supported by 2 bearings. Tri-axial measurements were made at bearing supports for 4 times in 8 months. Velocity was measured along vertical, horizontal and axial directions. Based on peaks in the spectrum, causes for excessive vibrations were diagnosed. Remedial actions are to be taken to ensure safer operation of total motor and pump unit.
Key Words: motor, pump and condition monitoring

[1] Bengtsson, M. Condition Based Maintenance on Rail Vehicles - Possibilities for a more effective maintenance strategy, Technical Report (Mälardalen University), IDPMTR, 2002, 02:06.
[2] Bengtsson, M. Standardization Issues in Condition Based Maintenance. COMADEM Conference, Växjö University Press, Sweden, Växjö, 2003.
[3] Butcher, S. W. Assessment of Condition-Based Maintenance in the Department of Defense, LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE, USA, McLean, VA, 2000, pp. 1-70
[4] Cadick, J. Condition Based Maintenance- How to get started, http://www.cadickcorp.com/download/cbm-howtogetstarted.pdf (2003-10-08).
[5] Evans, J. P., Utilizing Advanced Monitoring & Diagnostic Technologies to Implement a Condition-Based Maintenance Program.
[6] Fenton, B., McGinnity, T.M., Maguire, L.P., Whither AI in Test and Diagnosis, AUTOTESTCON Proceedings, USA, Valley Forge, PA, 2001, pp. 333-351.
[7] Horner, R.M.W., El-Haram, M.A., and A.K. Munns. Building maintenance strategy: a new management approach, Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering, 1997, Vol. 3 No. 4, pp. 273-280.
[8] ISO 10816 STANDARDS FOR VIBRATION LIMITS
[9] Raheja, D., Llinas, J., Nagi, R. & Romanowski, C. Data fusion/data mining based on architecture for condition based maintenance. International Journal of Production Research (2006).
[10] Ralph A C, Condition monitoring and fault diagnosis, PROC COMADEM, 1988, 15.

Abstract:Black cotton soil is a typical expansive soil which loses its strength in presence of water résultant in swelling of the soil and in absence of water it shows multiple cracks due to shrinkage. Present paper describes the strength behaviour of Black cotton soil treated with calcium chloride (CaCl2). From the immediate compaction and unconfined compressive strength test up to 30 days of curing, it was observed that Black Cotton Soil with 3% CaCl2 (by weight of soil) combination found to be optimum percentage. Direct shear test was conducted under soaked condition with various curing periods, Safe Bearing Capacity determined as per IS codal practice. In this paper an approach is also made to give a comparison of improvement in factor of safety of the black cotton soil treated with calcium chloride with black cotton soil alone. It is found that addition of 3% calcium chloride has shown higher factor of safety with higher curing periods for an embankment slope of 1:2.5.
Key Words: Maximum dry density, unconfined compressive strength, Factor of Safety

[1] B.R. Phani kumar, V.Ramesh, M.V.B Ramana Sastry..(1998), Efficiency of Calcium Chloride in stabilizing swelling soils, Indian Geotechnical Conference. New Delhi.
[2] V.Ramana Murthy and P.Hari Krishna (2007),Amelioration of expansive clay slopes using Calcium Chloride, J.Mat in Civil Engg 19, 1.
[3] S.Manchikanti. (2008),A laboratory study on the effect of electrolytes on properties of expansive soil used in pavement sub grade, 88.
[4] A. Sridharan , and P.V.Sivapullaiah , (2005,Mini compaction test apparatus for fine grained soils, Geotechnical Testing Journal, ASTM Intl, 28(3), 1-20.
[5]. IS: 2720.(Part-7) .(1980),Methods of Test for soils, Determination of Water content-Dry Density Relation using Light Compaction, (second revision),(Amendment 2),Reaffirmed 1987.
[6]. IS 2720(part 10) – (1973), Methods of tests for soils: part 10 determination of uniform compressive strength.
[7]. IS 2720(part 13) – (1986), Methods of tests for soils: part 13 determination of shear parameters.
[8]. Gullapalli Sankara, (2006),Geotechnical behaviour of soil containing mixed layered illite – smectite contaminated with caustic alkali, Ph.D thesis submitted to IISc.
[9]. H.N. Ramesh., H.S. Nanda,. And K.V. Manoj Krishna (2005),Effect of lime and sodium salts on the geotechnical properties of Shedi soil, Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference,.2,177-180

Abstract: The Ground granulated Blast furnace slag (GGBFS) is a waste of industrial materials, it is relatively more recent pozzolanic material that has received considerable attention in both research and application. It is a non-metallic product consisting essentially of Silicates and Aluminosilicates of calcium's developed simultaneously with iron in a blast furnace and is granulated by quenching the molten material in water or steam, and air. The present Investigation has been undertaken to study the effect of Ground granulated blast furnace slag and saw dust on the mechanical properties of concrete, when coarse aggregates is replaced by Ground granulated blast furnace slag and saw dust is replaced in different percentages i.e. 0%,5%,10%,15%,20%,and 25% with the Fine aggregates(sand). The main parameters investigated were cube compressive strength and weight of concrete. The tests were conducted on concrete with ratio 1:1.5:3.The test results indicate that with the use of blast furnace slag by fully replacing coarse aggregates and partially replacing saw dust by fine aggregates in different percentages i.e. 0%,5%,10%,15%,20%,and 25%,the weight of concrete decreases with the increase in the percentage of saw dust. The compressive strength decrease with the increase in percentage of saw dust. The reduction percentage in the compressive strength is 27.14%, 44.16%, 50.46%, 64%, 76.53%, 80.60% Replacement of sand by saw dust reduce the unit weight of concrete and make it light weight. The cost of concrete also decreases with the increase in percentage of saw dust. Test result show that, the concrete become lighter than conventional concrete and reducing the environmental hazard and making the concrete economical.
Keywords - Compressive strength, Flexural strength, Ground granulated blast furnace slag, Saw dust, Weight of Concrete

[1] A.V.Elinwa, and S.Abdulkadir (2011), "Characterizing saw dust ash for use as an inhibitor for reinforcement corrosion" New Clues in sciences 1,(2011)1-10 , Nigeria.
[2] D.K.Singha Roy (2011),"Performance of blast furnace slag concrete with partial replacement of sand by fly ash" International journal of earth sciences and engineering, ISSN: 0974-5904, Volume 04 , No 06 SPL, October 2011, PP.949-952 , Durgapur
[3] D.Taokil, A.El-bouardi, H.Ezbakhe and T.Ajzoul (2011), "Thermal properties of concrete lightened by wood aggregates ''Research journal of applied sciences ,Engineering and Technology ,3(2): 113-116, 2011,ISSN: 2040-7467 ,Morocco.
[4] Ek. Serafimova, M.Mladenov, I.M.hailova (2011), "Study on the characteristics of waste wood ash ," journal of the university of chemical technology and metallurgy , 46, 1,2011, 31-34 , Bulgaria .
[5] F.A.Olutoge (2010) , "Investigations on saw dust and palm kernel shells as aggregate replacement" ARPN Journal of engineering and pplied sciences , ISSN : 1819- 6608,Volume -5 ,4 april,2010, Nigeria .
[6] Paki Turgut, Halil Murat Algin ,(2007) "Limestone dust and wood saw dust As brick material'' Science direct building and environment 42 (2007) 3399-3403 ,Turkey.
[7] S.J.Barnett, M.N.Soutsos, S.G.Millard , J.H.Bungey ,(2006)"strengthdevelopment of motars containing ground granulated blast furnace slag : effectofcuring temperature and determination of apparent activation energies '' Science direct , Cement and Concrete Research 36 (2006) 434-440 , U.K .
[8] Singh S.P and Murmu , M2,"Eco- friendly concrete using by- products of steel industry''
[9] Maslehuddin M., Sharif M. Alfarabi, Shameem M., Ibrahim M., and Barry M.S., (2003), " comparison of properties of steel slag and crused limestone aggregates concrete ," construction and building material , Vol.17,No. 2 ,March 2003, 105-112.

Abstract: In this study, morphometric analysis and prioritization of nine sub-watersheds of Hebbal valley, located in Bangalore district of Karnataka state, India is carried out using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques. The morphometric parameters considered for analysis are stream order, stream length, bifurcation ratio, drainage density, stream frequency, texture ratio, form factor, circulatory ratio, elongation ratio, relief ratio, length of overland flow and basin shape. The watershed has a dendritic drainage pattern. The bifurcation ratio varies from 1.89 to 3.03 and all sub-watersheds fall under normal basin category. The circularity ratio ranges from 0.42 to 0.78 indicating that all the sub-watersheds except SWD9 are more or less circular. Elongation ration of all the water sheds except SWD3 and SWD9 is above 0.7 indicating that all the sub-watersheds except SWD3 and SWD9 are more or less circular. The compound parameter values are calculated and prioritization rating of nine sub-watersheds in Hebbal valley was carried out. The sub-watershed with lowest compound parameter value is given the highest priority. The sub-watershed SWD3 is likely to be subjected to maximum soil erosion hence it should be provided with immediate soil conservation measures.
Keywords: Dendrites', Drainage Patterns, GIS, Morphometric analysis, Sub watershed

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[10] Akram Javeed, Mohd Yousuf Khanday and Rizwan Ahmed, "Prioritization of Sub-watersheds based on morphometric and Land use analysis using remote sensing and GIS Techniques". Jour. Indian Soc. Remote Sensing, Vol.37.: 261-274 (2009).

Abstract: This paper mainly presents higher order Gaussian quadrature formulae for numerical integration over the triangular surfaces. In order to show the exactness and efficiency of such derived quadrature formulae, it shows the effective use of available Gaussian quadrature for square domain integrals to evaluate the triangular domain integrals. Then it presents n × n points and 𝑛(𝑛+1) 2 − 1 points (for n >1) Gaussian quadrature formulae for triangle utilizing n-point one-dimensional Gaussian quadrature. By use of simple but straight-forward algorithms, Gaussian points and corresponding weights are calculated and presented for clarity and reference. The proposed 𝑛(𝑛+1) 2 − 1 point formula completely avoids the crowding of Gaussian points. Finally, it presents an error formula which can evaluate the error in monomial/polynomial integration using m×n point method successfully. The error calculated by the new formula and the error in calculation of integrals by the proposed methods are found to be in good agreement. Thus, it overcomes all the drawbacks in view of accuracy and efficiency for the numerical evaluation of the triangular domain integrals of any arbitrary functions encountered in the realm of science and engineering.
Keywords:Gaussian quadrature, Triangular domain, Numerical accuracy, Convergence, Error formula.

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