iosr-JMCE   Volume-4 ~ Issue-5

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	An Investigation of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Fly Ash
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Khadake S.N., Konapure C.G.
	:	10.9790/1684-0450105

Abstract: This paper deals with Investigation for M-25 grade of concrete having mix proportion 1:1.50:3.17 with water cement ratio 0.465 to study the compressive strength, and Flexural strength of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) containing fibers of an interval of 0.5% from 0.0% to 1.5% volume fraction of hook end Steel fibers of 71 aspect ratio were used. The percentage of Fly Ash by weight is to be increased by 10% from 00% to 30%. After curing these specimen were tested as per relevant codes of practice Bureau of Indian Standard. A result data obtained has been analyzed and compared with a control specimen. A relationship between Compressive strength vs. days, and flexural strength vs. days represented graphically. Result data clearly shows percentage increase in7, 28 & 45 days Compressive strength for M-25 Grade of Concrete.
Keywords:Fiber Reinforced concrete, Fly Ash, Mix Design, steel fiber, Strength.

[1] B. Krishna Rao, V. Ravindra(2010), "Steel Fiber Reinforced Self compacting Concrete Incorporating Class F Fly Ash", International
Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Vol. 2(9),4936-4943.
[2] Falah A. Almottiri (2011), "Physical Properties of Steel Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites Made with Fly Ash", Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, Volume 5, No. 2.
[3] Chih-Ta Tsai, Lung-Sheng Li, Chien-Chih Chang, Chao-Lung Hwang (2009), "Durability Design and Application of Steel Fiber
Reinforced Concrete in Taiwan", the Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 34, Number 1B.
[4] Osman Gencel, Witold Brostow, Tea Datashvili and Michael Thedford (2011), "Workability and Mechanical Performance of Steel
Fiber-Reinforced Self-Compacting Concrete with Fly Ash, Composite Interfaces 18,169–184.
[5] IS: 10262-2009, Recommended guidelines for concrete mix design, Bureau of Indian standards, New Delhi, India
[6] IS 383:1970, Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete (second revision), Bureau of Indian
standards, New Delhi, India.
[7] IS: 516-1959, Indian standard methods of tests for strength of concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
[8] Falah M.Wegian,Anwar A.Alanki,Hana M.Alsaeid,Fahad A.Alotaibi(2011), "Influence of Fly Ash on Behavior of Fiber Reinforced
Concrete Structures", Journal of Applied Sciences,11(17):3185-3191.
[9] Ilker Bekir Topcu, M. Canbaz (2007), "Effect of different fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete containing fly ash
Construction" and Building Materials 21,1486–1491.hnical properties and behaviour of some Nigerian lateritic Soils.In:Ola.S.A (ed) Tropical Soils of Nigeria in Engineering practice.61-84.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Numerical Prediction and Comparison of Finite Element and Finite Difference Methods of Flood Routing
Country	:	Pakistan
Authors	:	Muhammad Mushtaque Rajput, Syed Mushtaque Ahmed Shah
	:	10.9790/1684-0450610

Abstract:The problems of flood wave propagation in bodies of waters caused by intense rains or floods represent a great challenge in mathematical modeling processes. With the progress of digital computers, the mathematical models become the great option in the analysis of this class problem. In this research, a finite element model developed for the prediction of flood routing in rivers. The developed model has been validated through comparing against other numerical model results and compared with observed data of a river reach. The developed model is capable of simulating the food hydrograph at any distance; the attenuation has been predicted accurately through the model. The results shows that the peak flow attenuation is non-linear trend in shape, which describes that at the initial stage, the attenuation of peak flow is greater as compared to the attenuation at the succeeding section/location at the downstream. However, this attenuation is going to be linear as the peak flow is moving towards the downstream end. The values for successive peak flow attenuation have also been computed which clearly demonstratethat this peak flow attenuation (PFA)has been diminished and remain negligible at some location on the downstream. The developed model is also capable of computing lag time which is necessary for the flood routing.
Keywords: Flood routing; Finite element; Finite difference methods.

[1] Clifford, D. and Weinz, W. W. (1978),"Suit of Mathemitical Flood Plain Models", Jour. Hydraulic Division, Amer. Soc. Civil
Engrs. Vol 104, No.HY3.
[2] Donea, J. (1984)," A Taylor Galerkin method for Convective Transport Proble|, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol.5, No. 4, pp.101-
119
[3] Hawken, D.M., Townsend, P. and Webster, M.F.(1991)," Numerical Simulation of Viscous Flows in Channels With a Step", Jour.
Of Computers Fluids, Vol.20, No.1, pp.59-75
[4] obson, H. E. (1989), "User's Manual for a Flow Model Based on the Diffusion Analogy", U.S. Geological Survey,ResftonVirgina,
1989. – 56p.
[5] Qureshi, A. L. and Baloch, A (2004a). "Finite Element Simulation for the Bed Aggradation due to sendiment overloading in the
Alluvial Channels", 3rd International Bhurbhan Conference on Applied Science and Technology (IBCAST), organized by National
Center of Physics, Quaid-Azam University, Islamabad.
[6] C.G. Aguirre, A. Madani", Deterministic finite element solutionof unsteady flow and transport through porous media: Model
verification", Canadian bio systems engineering, Volume 49, 2007.
[7] Saint-Venant, Barre, "Theory of unsteady water flow with application to river floods and to propagation of tides in river channels.
Computes Rendus, volume 73. 1973.
[8] A. D. Koussis1, K. Mazi1, "Reverse flood routing with the inverted Muskingum storage routing scheme Published by Copernicus
Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union", doi:10.5194/nhess-January 2012
[9] P. Bhambri, "Streamline based black-oil simulation and its application to waterflooding, Int. J. of Oil, Gas and Coal Technology,
Vol.5, No.2/3, pp.267 – 298, 2012

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Selection of Viscous Coolants in Granite Machining
Country	:	India
Authors	:	B.Nageswara Rao, Dr.Jeb.Nelson, Dr.B.Balunaik, Director, Paul Raj
	:	10.9790/1684-0451114

Abstract: In granite machining operation mainly the coolants used are viscous based coolants either kerosene, soluble mineral lard oil and water based coolants. By using water based coolants or solvents get maximum economy or less production cost than other coolants used in granite machining operation. While machining due to contact surfaces between granite block and cutting tool automatically there will be produce high heat due to high temperature cause, therefore the tool life may reduce surely. Hence there will be a minimum tool life, irregular finish of the cutting pieces and won't get dimensional accuracy. Material, due to increase in maximum heat. So everybody can use viscous lubricants in machining process that will give a cooling effect among the work piece, cutting tool and chip. Due to this result in machining get continuous chip without built up edge and also get maximum tool life because of low temperature produced at the cutting zone. Due to this low temperature also get accurate dimensions of the product. They are used to provide lubrication and cooling effects between cutting tool and raw block and chip during granite machining operation. Hence the influence of generated heat on cutting tool would be prevented as a result cutting fluids are used in granite machining for variety of reasons such as improving tool life, reducing work piece thermal deformation, improving surface finish and flushing away chips from the cutting zone. Choosing of viscous coolants depends on the type of raw blocks, cutting tool material and type of machining process.
Key words: Machining; Tool materials; coolants; rough granite blocks; chips; accuracy;

[1] Bukkanvala Tools, Rajasthan
[2] High hang high, China
[3] Metal Cutting by R.K.Jain
[4] Machine Tools by Raghuvamsi
[5] Production Technology by Hazra Chowdary
[6] Manufacturing Technology by P.N.Rao

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Determination of Strain Distribution in Single Stage Deep Drawing Process by Finite Element Simulation
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Shishir Anwekar, Abhishek Jain
	:	10.9790/1684-0451522

Abstract: Modern production is based on the increased analysis of forming processes in digital environment before the actual production set-up to avoid the costly and complex experiments. The main aim of presented work is to approach the single stage deep drawing process of thin walled, mild steel, conical back plate of radial impeller of blowers by means of a finite element analysis. In the presented study, simulation of the drawing process for determining strain distribution pattern in the drawn component for a particular displacement is explained. The study was conducted by using ANSYS12.0, in which, two models have been tested. Both models constructed solely out of axisymmetric, quad 4 node, PLANE 42 elements. These axisymmetric models have been used to simulate the drawing process of drawing quality mild steel IS2062 grade. The experimental analysis is carried out on two different flat plates having thickness 3 mm and 5 mm from which the conical back plate is manufactured. This study will be useful to to the tool designer and the manufacturers doing work in this field.
Key words: Deep drawing, Digital environment, Finite element simulation, Forming, Manufacturing, Sheet metal, Tool designer.

[1] Dr.Sc. Amra Tali ikmi, Muamer Trako, Mladen Karivan, Finite element analysis of deep drawing, 14th International Research/Expert Conference, Trends in the Development of Machinery and Associated Technology, TMT 2010A, September 2010, pp-11-18

[2] M. Afteni, M. Banu, V. Paunoiu, I. Constantin, Numerical and experimental investigations of the nickel thin sheets micro-deep drawing process, The annals of "dunărea de jos" university of galaţi fascicle v, technologies in machine building,ISSN 1221- 4566, 2011, pp 149

[3] Saad Theyyab Faris, Study of the stress and strain distribution during deep drawing and ironing process of metals with a circular profiled die, Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences, ISSN 1999-8716, Vol. 02, No. 01, June 2009, pp. 80-95

[4] Eric T. Harpella,1, Michael J. Worswickb, Mark Finnc, Mukesh Jainc, Pierre Martind,Numerical prediction of the limiting draw ratio for aluminum alloy sheet, ELSEVIER, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 100 (2000), 2000,pp 131-141

[5] L.F. Menezes and C. Teodosiu, Three-dimensional numerical simulation of the deep-drawing process using solid fnite elements, ELSEVIER, Journal of material processing technology 97(2000), 2000,pp 100-106

[6] Abdolhamid Gorji & Hasan Alavi-Hashemi & Mohammad Bakhshi-jooybari & Salman Nourouzi & Seyed Jamal Hosseinipour, Investigation of hydrodynamic deep drawing for conical–cylindrical cups, Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2011) 56:915–927,DOI 10.1007/s00170-011-3263-0, Springer-Verlag London Limited ,2011,pp 915–927

[7] Laxmiputra M Nimbalkar, Sunil Mangshetty, Analyzing the Effect of Blank Holder Shape in Deep Drawing Process Using Fem, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X,Volume 4, Issue 1, October 2012, pp. 23-28.

[8] I.Burchitz, Springback: improvement of its predictability, Project, NIMR project number MC1.02121, Strategic Research programme of the Netherlands Institute for Metals Research, March 2005, pp 1-13

[9] Serhat Yalçin, Analysis and modeling of plastic wrinkling in deep drawing, Thesis, Middle east technical university, September 2010,pp 31-34

[10] Hakim S. Sultan Aljibori, 2009, Finite Element Analysis of Sheet Metal Forming Process, European Journal of Scientific Research, Euro Journals Publishing, Inc. 2009,ISSN 1450-216X Vol.33 No.1, (2009), pp.57-69

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Studies on Mobility Indicators and the Effect of Congestion Reduction Measures on the Movement of Vehicular Traffic along G-6 Bus Route in Bangalore City using Micro Simulation Software
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Harish H.S, Dr.Suresha S.N
	:	10.9790/1684-0452327

Abstract: Bangalore is one of the most important cities in India as it has rapid growth in the IT sector. As a direct result of rising population, the number of vehicles in the city has been increasing considerably. What adds to the traffic pressure in Bangalore is that there is very little scope for expansion of roads. This has led to massive congestion in the arterial roads of the city. The ill effects of congestion may reach highly undesirable proportions very rapidly. Traffic congestion is characterised by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased queuing.
Key words:Transportation, Congestion, Travel time, Travel delay, VISSIM.

[1] Livemint, Livemint.com (2011). "Karnataka population growth slows, Bangalore gets more crowded", retrieved on 09-08-2011 from http://www.livemint.com/2011/04/06233223/Karnataka-population-growth-sl

[2] Gupta, A.K., and Khanna, S.K. (1986). "Mixed traffic flow analysis for developing countries", World Congress on Transport Research, pp. 1521–1534.

[3] Stropher, R., (2004). "Reducing road congestion: a reality check", Journal of transport policy, Vol.11, No. 4, pp.117-131.

[4] Khaled, F.A., Ahmed, F.A., Hani, S.M., and Akmal, S.A. (2006). "Modelling Bus Priority Using Intermodal Dynamic Network Assignment-Simulation Methodology "Journal of Public Transportation, Vol. 9, No. 5,.pp.1-22.

[5] Liu, Z., Chunyan, L., Li, C. (2009). "Traffic impact analysis of congestion charge in mega cities "Journal of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology" Vol. 9, No. 6, pp.123-142

[6] Nedal, T. R., and Rahman, S. M. (2009). "A comparative analysis of currently used microscopic and macroscopic traffic simulation software", The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Vol. 34, No. 1B, pp. 121-134.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Seismic Behavior of Soft First Storey
Country	:	India
Authors	:	P. B. Lamb, Dr. R. S. Londhe
	:	10.9790/1684-0452833

Abstract: In the aftermath of recent North Kashmir Earthquake of October 8, 2005, there is increased awareness for the need to evaluate and improve the seismic performance of multistoried reinforced concrete buildings. There are several numbers of factors affecting the behavior of building. Stiffness irregularity in vertical direction is one of them, as a result of which soft storey is formed. In the dissertation work a parametric study is performed on multistoried building with soft first storey, located in seismic zone IV. It is intended to describe the performance characteristics such as stiffness, shear force, bending moment, drift. The study is carried out on a building with the help of different mathematical models considering various methods for improving the seismic performance of the building with soft first storey. Analytical models represent all existing components that influence the mass, strength, stiffness and deformability of structure. The equivalent static and multimodal dynamic analysis is carried out on the entire mathematical 3D model using the software SAP2000 and the comparisons of these models are presented. Finally, the performance of all the building models is observed in high seismic zone V.
Key words:Soft storey, Problem, Parametric study, Earthquake Analysis, IS 1893:2002 provisions.

[1] Dasgupta, K. and Murty, C. V. R., "Quantitative Seismic Retrofitting of Open Ground Storey RC Frame Buildings", Workshop on
Retrofitting of Structures, Oct 10- 11, 2003, IIT Roorkee, pp. 186-192.
[2] Arlekar, J. N., Jain, S.K. and Murty, C. V. R., "Seismic Response of RC Frame Building with Soft First Storey", Proceedings of
CBRI Golden Jubilee Conference on Natural Hazards in Urban Habitat, 1997, New Delhi, pp. 13-24.
[3] Christopher, A., "Soft First Storeys: Truths and Myths", Eighth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering California, Vol V,
pp. 943-950.
[4] Kumar, S. R. and Kumar, G. R., "Seismic Retrofit of Soft-Storey Building Using Steel Bracing", Workshop on retrofitting of
structures, Oct 10-11, 2003, IIT Roorkee, pp. 148-158.
[5] Kabeyasawa, T., Sanada, Y. and Kuramoto, H., "Design and Analysis of a Six- Storey RC Frame-Wall System with Soft First
Storey for Shaking Table Test", Vol. 35, No. 11, 2006, pp. 1425-1451.
[6] Singh, Y., Paul, D. K. and Mehdi, S. Z., "Seismic Safety of Stilt Buildings", Proceedings of Twelfth Symposium on Earthquake
Engineering, Roorkee, December 2002, pp. 918-925.
[7] Garcia, L. D., "Tri-Center Field Mission 2002; Taiwan", Department of Civil Structural and Environmental Engineering University
at Buffalo.2002, pp. 127-133.
[8] Yong, L., Tassios, T. P. and Zhang, G. F., Vintzileou, E., "Seismic Response of Concrete Frames with Strength and Stiffness
Irregularities", ACI Structural Journal Title no.96-S24, Vol. 96, No. 2, March April 1999, pp.221-229.
[9] Kara, M. E. and Altin, S., "Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Frames with Reinforced Concrete Partial Infills", ACI Structural
journal Title no. 103-S72, Vol. 103, No .5, September-October 2006, pp. 701-709.
[10] Canbay, E., Ersoy, U. and Ozcebe, G., "Contribution of Reinforced Concrete Infill to Seismic Behavior of Structural Systems", ACI Structural Journal Title no. 100-S66, Vol. 100, No. 5, September-October 2003, pp. 637-643.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Structural Health Monitoring Of Crude Oil Reservoir at the Forcados Terminal, Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	R. Ehigiator – Irughe, O.M. Ehigiator
	:	10.9790/1684-0453440

Abstract: In oil and Gas Companies, the safety of reservoir and their contents is of interest not only to the owners and operators but also to the public. This is as a result of the fact that if reservoirs were to fail and their content which is crude oil spilled into the environment, water will be polluted, biotic and aquatic lives will be affected. In the case of Nigeria the economy will be adversely affected. Most frequently used reservoir for crude oil storage in Nigeria are vertical cylindrical and of circular cross section. We present here methods and results of three epochs of geodetic inspection and the necessary computations that will reveal the character of the reservoir in Forcados, Nigeria.
Key words:Tank, Oil Level, Radial Displacement, Ovality, Roof grap.

[1] Ehigiator – Irughe, R. and Ehigiator M. O.(2010). Estimation of the centre coordinates and radius of Forcados Oil Tank from Total
Station data using least square Analysis" International Journal of pure and applied sciences. A pan – African Journal Series.
Ehigiator – Irughe, R. Ashraf A. A. Beshr, J.O. Ehiorobo and O.M. Ehigiator (2011). Modification of Geodetic Methods for
Determining the Monitoring Station Coordinates on the Surface of Cylindrical Oil Storage Tank. Research Journal of Engineering
and Applied Sciences (RJEAS) 1 (1) pp. 58 - 63. A United State Academy publications USA.
[2] Ehigiator – Irughe, R. Ashraf A. A. Beshr, and Ehigiator M. O.(2010)
[3] Structural deformation analysis of cylindrical oil storage tank using geodetic observations. (Paper Presented at Geo –Siberia 2010,
International Exhibition and scientific conference VI page 34 - 37, Novosibirsk, Russia Federation.
[4] Ehigiator – Irughe, R. Ehiorobo O. J and Ehigiator M. O.(2010)
[5] Methods of Verticality Measurement of Crude Oil Storage Tanks. publication in International Journal of pure and Applied
sciences. A pan – African Journal Series IV pp 20-23)
[6] Ehigiator – Irughe, R. J.O. Ehiorobo, O.M. Ehigiator and Ashraf A. A. Beshr (2011)
[7] Determining the Subsidence of oil Tank walls from Geodetic Levelling. Advanced Material Research Vol. 367 pp. 467 – 474.
Tran's publication, Switzerland.
[8] Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria (2000): http://www.nigerianoil- gas.com/industry profile
[9] Shell Petroleum Development Company (2003): Oil Industry profile, Nigeria. http://www.nigerianoil-gas.com/industryprofile
[10] World Health Organization WHO Report (2003) Environmental Hazards and the Oil Industry About we visit:
www.geosystems2004.com

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Thermal Design and Analysis of Electronic Enclosure of Ground Radar
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Anjaiah Madarapu, Murali Mohan Raju.T, M.Manzoor Husain
	:	10.9790/1684-0454146

Abstract: When an electronic component is powered heat will be developed which will in turn increases the component temperature. For safe functioning of these components manufacturer specifies allowable temperature. If the component temperature exceeds these limits component fails. To get rid of this situation heat dissipation mechanism must be effective. Thermal design of an enclosure for PCBs of a ground RADAR is taken up in this work. The primary objective is to enhance the heat dissipation rate with the proposed enclosure in forced convection environment. Selection of fan and estimation of cooling rate is also be done. The complexity associated with this requirement is to estimate the heat transfer coefficient for the proposed enclosure in forced convection environment. This is due to the reason that the standard literature limits its scope to presentation of empirical correlations for heat transfer coefficients for standard geometries like plate, pipe, etc. Where as in the current requirement heat transfer coefficient is to be estimated for the enclosure with complex geometry. As part of the work an analytical method is established to estimate the heat transfer coefficient and the same is validated with commercial CFD software package..

[1] Colburn, A. P., "A method for correlating forced convection heat transfer data", Trans. A. I. Ch. E. 29,174 .
[2] Whitaker S., "Forced convection heat transfer correlations for flow in pipes, flat plates, single cylinders, spheres and for flow in
packed beds", AI Ch. E. No. 2, 361.
[3] ESC manual.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Vibration Reduction in Aerospace Bracket through Structural Design
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Murali Mohan Raju.T, Anjaiah Madarapu, M.Manzoor Husain
	:	10.9790/1684-0454751

Abstract: Brackets will be used as an interface for mounting subsystems in aerospace vehicles. Dynamic loads like vibration originated from the external sources like aerodynamic pressure will first act on the aerospace vehicle. This will transmit to the subsystem through the interface bracket. Subsystems are supposed to deliver the intended functions safely without getting influenced by vibration. If the influence of vibration on subsystems is high there are three ways to reduce the effect of vibration. The structural design of the bracket is fine tuned such a way that the amplification in vibration between the bracket and the subsystem is to be minimized. For doing so first the vibration response for the present configuration is estimated using Finite Element Method (FEM). From the response plot frequencies which will contribute more to the response are understood. Frequency and mode shape in combination gives a overall idea about structural modification. Vibration control of one of the bracket of an aerospace vehicle is taken up in this project. The above said approach is adopted for reducing the vibration in the bracket.

[1] Stephen H. Crandall, "Random vibration", Technology press, Wiley, New York, 1958.
[2] ANSYS user manual.
[3] S. L. Hoyt, Metals and alloys data book, Reinhold, New York, 1943.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Performance Study of Solar Air Heater with Baffled Duct
Country	:	India
Authors	:	B.K. Maheshwari, Rajendra Karwa, R. Singhvi, A. Goyal, R.N. Kumawat, A. Sharma, R. Prajapat, D. Kumawat, M. Rankawat, N. Bhardwaj
	:	10.9790/1684-0455256

Abstract: The paper presents results of an experimental performance study of a solar air heater having perforated baffles (baffles open area ratio of 46.8%) on the air flow side of the absorber plate. A direct performance comparison of the baffled duct and smooth duct solar air heaters shows that the thermal efficiency of the baffled duct solar air heater is about 22-33% higher than the smooth duct solar air heater; highest thermal performance advantage is at the lowest flow rate. The enhancement is attributed to the heat transfer enhancement due to the perforated baffles on the absorber plate and reduction in the mean absorber plate temperature. The pumping power requirement has been found to be only a small fraction of the heat collection rate.
Key words: Solar air heater, baffled duct, thermal efficiency, pumping power

[1] J.-J. Hwang, T.Y. Lia, and T.-M. Liou, Effect of fence thickness on pressure drop and heat transfer in a perforated-fenced channel,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 41(4-5), 1998, 811-816.
[2] J.-J. Hwang and T.-M Liou, Augmented heat transfer in a rectangular channel with permeable ribs mounted on the wall, ASME
Journal of Heat Transfer, 116, 1994, 912-920.
[3] J.-J. Hwang and T.-M Liou, Heat transfer in a rectangular channel with perforated turbulence promoters using holographic
interferometry measurement, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 38(17), 1995, 3197-3207.
[4] O.N. Sara, T. Pekdemir, S. Yapici, and M. Yilmaz, Heat transfer enhancement in a channel flow with perforated rectangular blocks,
International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 22, 2001, 509-518.
[5] Rajendra Karwa, B.K. Maheshwari, and Nitin Karwa, Experimental study of heat transfer enhancement in an asymmetrically heated
rectangular duct with perforated baffles, International Communication in Heat and Mass Transfer, 32, 2005, 275-284.
[6] B.K. Maheshwari, Rajendra Karwa, and S.K. Gharai, Performance study of solar air heater having absorber plate with half
perforated baffles, ISRN Renewable Energy, 2011, Article ID 634025, doi:10.5402/2011/634025.
[7] ASHRAE Standard 93-77, Methods of testing to determine the thermal performance of solar collectors, New York, 1977.
[8] S.J. Kline, and F.A. McClintock , Describing uncertainties in single sample experiments, Mechanical Engineering, 75, 1953, 3-8.