iosr-JMCE   Volume-5 ~ Issue-4

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Causes of Schedule Overruns in Pakistani Construction Industry
Country	:	Pakistan
Authors	:	Dr. Tahir Nawaz, Amjad Ali Ikram, Aftab Ahmed Qureshi
	:	10.9790/1684-0540111

Abstract: In the modern construction industry sector there are multiple stakeholders which affect on the time performance of the projects. These have been grouped into five categories which are; the government, consultants, contractors, the clients and other factors. This paper is an attempt to identify and analyze the causes of schedule overruns by targeting the construction industry professionals. In addition to this, pertinent literature on the subject has been studied and made part of this research work. A survey questionnaire was distributed among respondents on time performance of various completed and ongoing construction projects. The major findings and conclusions derived from this paper are; paucity of funds, , rapid market fluctuations, hegemony of market players, ineffectiveness of site management, delay in site mobilization, lack of the modern design software, delay in approvals of shop drawings, frequent changes during execution, lack of involvement of client in planning. These issues can be addressed through adequate supply of funds, quick decisions making, good planning, market stability, site management and timely mobilization and use of Project Management Information System.
Keywords: Causes, Construction, Pakistan, Prime Stakeholders,. Schedule Overruns.

[1] Apolot, 2011, et al, "An investigation into the causes of Delay and Cost Overruns in Uganda's Public Sector Construction Projects".
[2] Baloyi. et al 2011 "Causes of Construction Cost And time Overruns: The 2010 FIFA World Cup Stadia in South Africa", Aeta
Structilia 2011.
[3] E.D. Love, et al 2004, A Rework Reduction Model for Construction Projects,", IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management.
[4] Ford, N. David et al 2008, "Project Controls to Minimize Cost and Schedule Overruns: A Model, Research Agenda, and Initial
Results.
[5] Haseeb, et al 2011, "Causes and Effects of Delays in Large Construction Projects of Pakistan", Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal
of Business and Management Review Vol-1, No.4.
[6] Han, Sueng, et al 2009, "Analyzing Schedule Delay of Mega Projects Lessons Learned From Korea Train Express", IEEE
Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol.56, No.2.
[7] Hoai, et al 2008, "Delay and Cost Overruns In Vietnam Large Construction Project; A Comparison with other Selected Countries",
KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering
[8] Kagapaylan. B, 2008 "Determinants of Project Performance in Russian Construction Industry".
[9] Kasimu M.A, 2012 "Significance Factors that Causes Cost Overruns in Building Construction Project in Nigeria", Interdisciplinary
Journal of Contemporary Research in Business.
[10] Lu-Xinhai et al 2001, "Problems of Projects and Effects of Delays in the Construction Industry of Pa kistan", Australian Journal of
Business and Management Research, Vol 1, NO.5.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Performance Analyses of a Multiple Horizontal Tubes for Steam Condensation
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dharmendra waiker, Ajay Singh, Sunil Patidar, Soniya Parihar
	:	10.9790/1684-0541218

Abstract: This Investigation is carried out to find out the effect of Tube Inclination of Steam Flowing Tube on Steam Condensation. The Steam Condensation Problem on a Vertical Tier of Horizontal Tubes is investigated by both Analytical and Experimental Methods in this Study. A Analytical Method is used to perform the Analysis of Laminar Film Condensation on the Horizontal Tubes. This is capable to calculate Condensate film thickness velocity distribution, and the Heat Transfer Coefficient within the Condensate. An experimental setup was also manufactured to observe the Condensation Phenomenon on Horizontal Tubes. As we know that generally the Saturated Steam produced by the Boiler at 1.0 MPa has the two heat Components: Latent Heat = 70 % Sensible Heat = 30 % So in this Investigation we want to Transfer the Latent Heat from Steam & get a Condensate which already has two Components: CONDENSATE = WATER + SENSIBLE HEAT

Keywords: Condensation, Laminar flow, Horizontal Tube, Inclination, Film Thickness

[1] Nusselt, W., Die Oberflachen-Kondensation des Wasserdampfes, Zeitschrift des Vereines deutscher Ingenieure, 60, 541-546, 569-575, 1916.
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no.30, 56, 1-10, 1960.
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condensing gas, experimental thermal and fluid science, 10, 298-306, 1995.
[4] Kumar, r., Varma, h. K., Mohanty ,b., Agrawal, k. N., augmentation of outside tube heat transfer coefficient during
condensation of steam over horizontal copper tubes, international communications in heat and mass transfer, 25, 81-91, 1998.
[5] Kutateladze,s.s.,gogonin,i.i.,sosunov,v.i.,theinfluenceofcondensate flow rate on heat transfer in film condensation of stationary vapor on horizontal tube banks,internationaljournalofheatandmasstransfer,28,1011-1018, 1985.
[6] Kutateladze, S. S. and Gogonin, I. I., Heat transfer in condensation of flowing vapor on a single horizontal cylinder, International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 28, 1019-1030, 1985.
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83c, 55-60, 1961.
[8] Kline, S.J. and Mcclintock, F.A., describing uncertainties in single sample experiments, mechanical engineering, Jan. 1953.
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[10] Sparrow, E. M. and Gregg, J. L., Laminar condensation heat transfers on a Horizontal cylinder, Journal of Heat Transfer, 81C, 291-
295, and 1959.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Non Linear Static Analysis Of Knee Bracing In Steel Frame Structures
Country	:	India
Authors	:	R.S. Londhe*, M.F.Baig
	:	10.9790/1684-0541925

Abstract: In order to dissipate input earthquake energy in the moment resisting frame (MRF) and concentrically braced frame (CBF), inelastic deformation in main structural members, requires high expense to repair or replace the damaged structural parts. The proposed knee braced frame (KBF) is a steel frame structure in which the diagonal brace provide most of the lateral stiffness and the knee anchor that is a secondary member, provides ductility through flexural yielding. In this paper the results and analysis on affects of knee bracings on steel structure is provided by considering non linear static pushover analysis of knee braced framed structure . various parameters such as ductility , base shear , displacement is studied by analysis of moment resisting frame and other types of knee braced frames on Sap2000. finite element modelling software.

Key Words: knee braced frame, pushover analysis, demand capacity curves, hinge formations, displacement at performance point

1] M. Mofid, M. lotfollahi, "On the Characteristics of New Ductile Knee Bracing System," journal of Constructural Steel, Research 62,
2006, pp 271- 281
[2] C. W. Roeder and E. P. Popov, "Eccentrically Braced Steel Frames for Earthquakes," J.Struct. Div. ASCE, 104(ST7), 1978, pp 391-
411
[3] J. D. Aristizabal-Ochao, "Disposable Knee Bracing: Improvement in Seismic Design of Steel Frames," J. Struct. Engg., ASCE, No.
7, 112, 1986, pp 1544-1552.
[4] T. Balendra, M. T. Sam, and C. Y. Liaw, "Diagonal Brace with Ductile Knee Anchor for Aseismic Steel Frame," Earthquake Engg.
Struct. Dyn., No. 6, 19, 1990, pp 847-858.
[5] T. Balendra, Lim EL, Lee SL, "Ductile Knee Braced Frames with Shear Yielding Knee for Seismic Resistant Structures,"
Engineering Structures , 1994, Vol 16(4), pp 263–9.
[6] P. Khosravi and M. Mofid, "Non-linear analysis of disposable knee Bracing," Computers and Structures 75, 2000, pp 65-72
[7] M. Mofid, and P. Khosravi, "Non-linear analysis of dispoable knee Bracing,"Computers & Structures, 75, 2000, pp 65 -72.
[8] Chia-Ming Uang,"Establishing R (OR RW) and Cd Factors for Building Seismic Provisions," Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol.
117, No. 1, January, 1991
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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Recent Technologies Using Waste Materials/Byproducts For Sustainable Development
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Satander kumar, Ankit Sharma , Mohit Goel
	:	10.9790/1684-0542633

Abstract: Sustainability and long term performance of concrete structures are the two important criteria with respect to the prevailing environmental conditions. Sustainability can not be sacrificed to attain high strength. High ultimate strength is generally accompanied by a low W/C ratio. This is not, in itself, adequate to satisfy all sustainability related requirements. All types of concrete used in different applications must provide acceptable frost resistance, repeated heat resistance, sufficient fatigue life and adequate serviceability. Such concretes are made with the use of mineral admixture by partly replacing Portland cement or aggregate. Good quality fine particles of waste materials or byproducts particularly mineral admixtures and superplasticizer make the cement concrete sustainable with improved long term performance because of least permeability and very slow chemical reaction with harmful compounds present in the concrete. Granulated blast furnace slag, fly ash and silica fume are the major mineral admixtures which are byproducts of the steel, power and alloy industries which do not require much further processing (grinding or heating etc.) before their use in the concrete except in case of granulated blast furnace slag which need only grinding. Even, the energy consumed by these mineral admixtures and other byproducts of the Industry could be re-utilized also.
Keywords: Sustainable development,self compacting concrete,white topping

[1] IS: 1077 – 1992 Common Burnt Clay Building Bricks – Specifications
[2] S: 3495 – 1992 Methods of Tests of Burnt Clay Building Bricks – Part –1 Determination of Compressive Strength
[3] IS: 3495 – 1992 Methods of Tests of Burnt Clay Building Bricks – Part –2 Determination of Water Absorption
[4] IS: 3495 – 1992 Methods of Tests of Burnt Clay Building Bricks – Part –3 Determination of Efflorescence
[5] IS: 2180 – 1988 Specification for Heavy Duty Burnt Clay building Bricks
[6] IS: 2248 – 1992 Glossary of Terms Relating to Structural Clay Products for Building
[7] IS: 5454 – 1978 Methods for Sampling of Clay building Bricks
[8] IS: 1905 – 1987 Code of Practice for Structural Use of Unreinforced Masonary
[9] IS: 3316 – 1974 Specification for Structural Granite
[10] IS: 3620 – 1979 Specification for Laterite Stone Block for Masonry

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effects On Compressive Strength When Cement Is Partially Replaced By Fly-Ash
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Aman Jatale, Kartikey Tiwari, Sahil Khandelwal
	:	10.9790/1684-0543443

Abstract: The present paper deals with the effect on strength and mechanical properties of cement concrete by using fly ash. The utilization of fly-ash in concrete as partial replacement of cement is gaining immense importance today, mainly on account of the improvement in the long term durability of concrete combined with ecological benefits. Technological improvements in thermal power plant operations and fly-ash collection systems have resulted in improving the consistency of fly-ash. To study the effect of partial replacement of cement by fly-ash , studies have been conducted on concrete mixes with 300 to 500 kg/cum cementious materials at 20%, 40%, 60% replacement levels. In this paper the effect of fly-ash on workability, setting time, density, air content, compressive strength, modulus of elasticity are studied Based on this study compressive strength v/s W/C curves have been plotted so that concrete mix of grades M 15, M 20,M 25 with difference percentage of fly-ash can be directly designed.

Keywords- Fly Ash, Compressive Strength, Grade of Concrete

[1] Vol. 3, No. 1, February 2008, Arpn Journal Of Engineering And Applied Sciences, Effect Of Concentration Of Alkaline Liquid And
Curing Time On Strength And Water Absorption Of Geopolymer Concrete.
[2] Vol. 7, No. 1, January 2012, Arpn Journal Of Engineering And Applied Sciences, Recycled Aggregate Concrete Exposed To
Elevated Temperature
[3] Featured at the proceedings FIB-symposium "Concrete and environment" in Berlin, October 2001, Environmentally "Green"
Concrete Structures.
Books:
[4] Rangan, B. V., Hardjto, D. 2005. Development and properties of low calcium fly ash based geopolymer concrete. Research report
GC-1, Faculty of Engineering, Curtins University of Technology, and Perth, Australia.
[5] Van Jaarsveld, J. G. S., Van Deventer, J. S. J., Lorenzen, L. Factors affecting the immobilization of metals in Geopolymerized fly
ash. Metallurgical and Material Transactions. B 29B (1): 283-291.
[6] M.L., Concrete Technology
[7] M.S. Shetty, Concrete Technology
[8] R.S. Khurmi
[9] IS Code 456:2000.
[10] Neville A.M. (1995), Properties of Concrete, Essex: Longman

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Combined welding of Austenitic and Ferritic Stainless steel
Country	:	India
Authors	:	G Britto Joseph, G Murugesan, R. Prabhakaran
	:	10.9790/1684-0544447

Abstract: This paper contains experiences in the welding of Austenitic and Ferritic stainless steel with combination of welding process GTAW and SMAW. This investigation characterized the mechanical and chemical properties of weld metal in the Austenitic and Ferritic stainless steel. The selection of filler metal for welding the Austenitic and Ferritic stainless steel is based on the composition of the base metal (SA240 UNS S32304). For root welding GTAW processes ER2209 filler wire and subsequent layer SMAW processes with electrode with basic flux E2209-17selected for this investigation. These investigations are complains with ASME boiler pressure vessels codes. The principal goal of this presentation was to provide the solution for combined welding of Austenitic and Ferritic stainless steel to the application of fabrication of desalination tank and ship building.

Keywords: ER2209-Filler wire, E2209-17-Electrode with basic flux, GTAW-Gas Tungsten Arc Welding, SMAW -Shield Metal Arc Welding

[1] A.K. Bhaduri, S. Venkadesan, and P. Rodriguez: Int. J. Pres. Ves.Pip., 1994, vol. 58, pp. 251–65.
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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Experimental Study on Strength of High Volume High Calcium Fly Ash Concrete
Country	:	India
Authors	:	R.Venkatakrishanaiah, G.Mohankumar
	:	10.9790/1684-0544854

Abstract: Fly Ash utilization is a global thinking as its addition to cement concrete supplements for durable concrete. But, most of the Fly Ash utilized and recommended for use in conventional structural concrete including geopolymer concrete is the low calcium fly Ash. The high calcium fly Ash being more cementitious and pozzolanic is used only in non structural applications. The excess calcium if consumed by pozzolanic material may be expected to result in a better concrete. This effect has been studied by replacing silica fume to high volume high calcium fly ash concrete. Conventional M30 grade concrete for cement replacements of 50% and 60% with fly-ash by weight and fly ash replacements of 10% and 20% with Silica fume was considered. The rate of gain of strength properties up to 365days of curing were obtained for the three categories of concrete and hence thirteen different types of concrete mixes with and without Superplastizers. Addition of silica fume and Superplastizers to high volume high calcium fly ash concrete found to increase the strength properties.

Keywords: High volume flyash concrete, high calcium fly ash, Silica fume, Durability

[1] Kumar Mehta.P (2004). High-performance, High-Volume Fly ash Concrete for Sustainable Development, Proceedings of the Nelu
Spiratos Symposium, Committee for the Organization of CANMET/ACI Conferences.
[2] Jeryy Stephens (2006). Evaluation of 100% Fly Ash concrete, Montana State University, 406: 994-6113.
[3] Halit Yazıcı(2008). 'The Effect of Silica Fume and High-Volume Class C FlyAsh on mechanical Properties, Chloride Penetration And
Freeze–Thaw Resistance Of Self-Compacting Concrete', Construction and Building Materials, Volume 22, Issue 4, , Pages 456-462
[4] Tarun Naik, Shiw Singh and Mohammad Hossain (1994). The Mechanical and Durability Properties of Concrete Incorporating Class
C Fly Ash from Various Sources, CBU-1994 – 14.
[5] Cengiz Duran Atis (2005). Strength Properties of High Volume Fly Ash Roller Compacted And Workable Concrete And Influence of Curing Condition, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.35(6).
[6] Cindy K.Estakhri, Donald Saylak (2005). Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Texas With High Volume Fly Ash Concrete.
Transportation Research Record No.1941, 2005:167-174.
[7] Serkan Subaı (2009). Prediction of mechanical properties of cement containing class C flyash by using artificial neural network and
regression technique, Scientific Research and Essay Vol. 4 (4); 289-297, ISSN 1992-2248.
[8] XueYing Li., EnZu Zheng., YaDing Zhao and ChunLong Ma (2011). Strength and microstructure of class C flyash based
geopolymer activated with sodium silicate powder, IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics, Communications and
Networks (CECNet-2011), 16-18April 2011, XianNing, China, (ISBN: 978-1-61284-457-2). pp. 1672-1675.
[9] Anjan K. Chatterjee (2010) Indian Flyashes, Their Characteristics, and Potential for Mechano-Chemical Activation for Enhanced
Usability, Proceedings, Second international conference on sustainable construction materials and technologies, 28-30th June 2010,
Universita politechnic, delle marche, Ancona, Italy.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Progressive Collapse Analysis of RC Beams
Country	:	India
Authors	:	G.Sukanya, Dr.C.Natarajan, Dr.A.Rajaraman
	:	10.9790/1684-0545567

Abstract: This paper investigates the nonlinear static analysis for studying the behavior of Progressive failure of RC beams. Nonlinear static analysis is strongly influenced by basic inputs like stress-strain relationship of constitutive materials, P-M yield interaction and moment rotation capacity of members. Normal limit state design gives only design equation for ultimate states and not its progress of collapse which gives the performance of structure like deflection and rotation. Therefore, the actual behavior of the designed singly reinforced and doubly reinforced section as it progresses to collapse is explained. For a detailed investigation, the progressive failure of RC beam section with a) the influence of compressive strength of concrete, b) the influence of amount of reinforcements in a section, c) role of rotation flexibility, d) ductility and energy which is needed for seismic study and e) system behavior of simply supported beam is done.

Keywords - Decay, Ductility, Energy, Flexibility, Moment, Rotation.

[1] Marjanishvili, S. M. "Progressive analysis procedure for progressive collapse."Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 18.2
(2004): 79-85.
[2] [Buscemi, Nanci, and Shalva Marjanishvili. "SDOF model for progressive collapse analysis." Metropolis and Beyond. 2005.
[3] Inel, Mehmet, and Hayri Baytan Ozmen. "Effects of plastic hinge properties in nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete
buildings." Engineering structures28.11 (2006): 1494-1502.
[4] Kheyroddin, Ali, and Hosein Naderpour. "Plastic hinge rotation capacity of reinforced concrete beams." Int. J. Civ. Eng 5.1 (2007):
30-47.
[5] Srikanth, M., G. Rajesh Kumar, and S. Giri. "Moment Curvature Of Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Various Confinement Models
And Experimental Validation." Asian Journal Of Civil Engineering (Building And Housing) 8.3 (2007): 247-265.
[6] Kulkarni, Abhay A., and Rajendra R. Joshi. "Progressive Collapse Assessment of Structure." International Journal of Earth Sciences
and Engineering, 04 (2011): 652-655.
[7] Pachenari, Alireza, Abolghassem Keramati, and Zahra Pachenari. "Investigation of progressive collapse in intermediate RC frame
structures." The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings (2010).
[8] Harinadha Babu Raparla, Narender Bodige and Ramancharla Pradeep Kumar. "2D Numerical Modelling of Progressive Collapse
during Earthquakes: A Case Study on RC Bare Frame." Proceedings of International Conference on Advances in Civil Engineering,
ACE, (2011): 1-25.
[9] Kadid, A., and A. Boumrkik. "Pushover analysis of reinforced concrete frame structures." Asian Journal of Civil Engineering
(building and housing) 9.1 (2008): 75-83.
[10] Masoero, E., et al. "Progressive collapse mechanisms of brittle and ductile framed structures." Journal of engineering
mechanics 136.8 (2010): 987-995.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Analysis of Steel and Composite Leaf Spring for Vehicle
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Ghodake A. P., Patil K.N.
	:	10.9790/1684-0546876

Abstract: The Automobile Industry has shown keen interest for replacement of steel leaf spring with that of glass fiber composite leaf spring, since the composite material has high strength to weight ratio, good corrosion resistance and tailor-able properties. The present study searches the new material for leaf spring. In present study the material selected was glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) and the polyester resin (NETPOL 1011) [5] is used against conventional steel. A spring with constant width and thickness was fabricated by hand lay-up technique which was very simple and economical. The numerical analysis is carried via finite element analysis using ANSYS software. Stresses, deflection and strain energy results for both steel and composite leaf spring material were obtained. Result shows that, the composite spring has maximum strain energy than steel leaf spring and weight of composite spring was nearly reduced up to 85% compared with steel material. This paper describes design and FEA analysis of composite leaf spring made of glass fibre reinforced polymer. The dimensions of an existing conventional steel leaf spring of a light commercial vehicle are taken for evaluation of results.n.

[1] Introduction to Finite elements in engineering, T.R. Chandrupatla and A.D. Belegunde, 1997, Second Edition. Prentice-Hall
International Inc.
[2] Optimal Design of a Composite Leaf Spring using Geneti Algorithms, Rajendran, I., Vijayarangan, S. Int. Jr. of Computer and
Structures 79 2001: pp. 1121 – 1129.
[3] Design and Analysis of a Composite Leaf Spring, Rajendran, I., Vijayarangan, S. Journal of Institute of Engineers India 82 2002:
pp. 180 – 187.
[4] Mono Composite Leaf Spring for Light Weight Vehicle, Gulur Siddaramanna SHIVA SHANKAR∗, Sambagam
VIJAYARANGAN Mechanical Engineering Department, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641004, India Received 20
June 2005; accepted 07 April 2006
[5] Modelling and Analysis of AComposite Leaf spring under the Static Load Condition by using FEA, M.M. Patunkar,D.R.Dolas
2011.