iosr-JMCE   Volume-5 ~ Issue-6

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Comparative Study of Rectangular, Trapezoidal and Parabolic Shaped Finned Heat sink
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Ambeprasad.S.Kushwaha, Prof. Ravindra Kirar
	:	10.9790/1684-0560107

Abstract: This paper deals with the comparative study of heat sink having fins of various profiles namely Rectangular, Trapezoidal and Parabolic as heat sinks are the commonly used devices for enhancing heat transfer in electronic components. For the purpose of study heat sink is modeled by using the optimal geometric parameter such as fin height, fin thickness, base height, fin pitch as 48 mm, 1.6 mm, 8mm, 2mm and after that simulation is done at different heat load of 50W, 75W, 100W and with a air flow at 15CFM and air inlet temperature is taken as 295 K. The simulation is carried out with a commercial package provided by fluent incorporation. The result obtained taking into consideration only the thermal performance. As per the current era of the technological development everything is needed to be compact; whether it is a normal computer or laptop or the rack server we need everything that can be placed in a small space, so here the space constraint plays an major role as you cannot install a large heat sink for your device as it increases the size and the cost. So in this paper the pitch of fin is kept 2mm.

Keywords - Fin pitch, Heat Sink , Surface Nusselt Number, Temperature, Thermal Resistance.

[1]. Behnia M, & Copeland D, and Sood phadakee D.1998, "A Comparison of Heat Sink Geometries for Laminar Forced Convection," Proceedings of The Sixth Intersociety Conference on Thermal and Thermo mechanical Phenomenon Electronic Systems, Seattle, Washington, USA, May 27–30, pp. 310–315.
[2]. Mohsin et al. "Optimization of Cylindrical Pin-fin heat sinks using Genetic Algorithm" IEEE Transactions on components and packaging technologies, Vol. 32, No. 1, March 2009.
[3]. Arularasan R. and Velraj R. "CFD Analysis in a Heat sink for cooling of Electronic devices" International Journal of The Computer, the Internet and Management Vol. 16.No.3 (September-December, 2008) pp 1-11
[4]. Christopher L & Chapman, Seri Lee, Bill L. Schmidt. "Thermal Performance of an Elliptical Pin Fin Heat Sink," Tenth IEEE SEMI-THERM, pp.24-31, 1993.
[5]. W. A. Khan, J. & R. Culham & M. M. Yovanovich. "The Role of Fin Geometry in Heat Sink Performance" Transactions of the ASME Vol. 128, dec 2006.
[6]. Laxmidhar Biswal & Suman Chakraborty and S. K. Som. "Design and Optimization of Single-Phase Liquid Cooled Microchannel Heat Sink" IEEE Transactions on components and packaging technologies, Vol. 32, No. 4, December 2009.
[7]. Vafai, K. and Zhu, Lu., (1999), "Analysis of two-layered micro channel heat sink concept in electronic cooling", International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 42, pp. 2287-2297.
[8]. Shashank Deorah "CFD Analysis of a vertical tube having internal fins for the Natural Convection"
[9]. Kai shing yang & yur tsai lin "Heat transfer characteristic of heat sink influence of fin spacing at low Reynolds number region" International journal of Heat and Mass Transfer vol.53 issue 25-26 Dec 2010
[10]. Emre Ozturk and Ilker Tari "Forced Air Cooling of CPUs with Heat Sinks: A Numerical Study" IEEE transactions on components and packaging technologies, Vol. 31, NO. 3, Sep 2008.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Permeation Properties of Bacterial Concrete
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Srinivasa Reddy V, Sreenivasa Rao D, Seshagiri Rao M V, Sasikala Ch
	:	10.9790/1684-0560816

Abstract: An experimental study on effect of calcifying bacteria on permeation properties (such as absorptivity and sorptivity) of bacterial concrete is outlined in this paper. The rate of water absorption, water absorption capacity, sorptivity and porosity tests were then performed on the samples of concrete treated with bacteria of ordinary (M20), standard (M40) and high strength (M60 and M80) grades, to assess the enhancement of permeation properties due to biomineralization in bacterial concrete. The results show that, absorptivity, sorptivity and porosity of bacterial concrete are much lower than the corresponding characteristics of controlled concrete. These characteristics are noticeably enhanced by the addition of bacillus subtilis JC3 to the concrete. It also indicated from the chemical analysis that the cement-phase composition of bacterial concrete has significant amount of calcium precipitate compound. The study of porosity is fundamental for understanding phenomena of water transport within pore structure and interactions between concrete and water. Water can penetrate a solid because there are interconnected channels (pores) inside the solid that facilitate its transportation.The long-term durability of concrete is affected to a large extent by its permeability. Therefore, the permeation properties, rather than mechanical properties, are the important factors to study in relation to concrete durability. As a consequence, a considerable effort has to be directed toward investigation of such properties in the present study.

Keywords - bacterial concrete, bacillus subtilis JC3, Permeation, Porosity, Sorptivity, Water Absorption Capacity.

[1]. Meng, B., "Characterization of pore structure for the interpretation of moisture transport", in THIEL, M.J. [ED.], Conservation of stone and other materials. Proceedings of the International RILEM/UNESCO Congress, Paris, 29 June-1 July 1993. London, E & F.N. SPON, 1993, pp. 155-162.
[2]. Claisse, P. A. (1997). "Absorption and Sorptivity of Cover Concrete." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 9(3), 105-110.
[3]. Khan, M.I., 2003, "Permeation of High Performance Concrete" Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 15, pp. 84-92.
[4]. Sabir, B. B.; Wild, S. and O‟Farrel M. "A water sorptivity test for mortar and concrete". Materials and Structures, Vol 31, No 213, 1998, p. 568–574.
[5]. ASTM C642 (1993) Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity, Absorption, and voids in Hardened concrete. American Standard of testing Materials, 1982, pp.395- 97
[6]. Day RL, Marsh BK (1988) Measurement of porosity in blended cement pastes. Cement and Concrete Research 18:63–73
[7]. German Standard DIN 52 617:1987 (1987). Determination of the water absorption coefficient of construction material.
[8]. Mccarter, W. J., "Influence of surface finish on sorptivity on concrete", Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 5, No 1, pp. 130-136, 1993.
[9]. Claisse, p. A., elsayad, h. I. And shabaan, i. G., "Absorption and sorptivity of cover concrete", Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, pp. 105-110, 1997.
[10]. Parrott, l.j., "Variations of water absorption rate and porosity with depth from an exposed concrete surface: Effects of exposure conditions and cement type", Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 22, pp. 1077-1088, 1992.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Effect of Inoculation on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ductile Iron
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Mr. Bahubali B. Sangame, Mr. Vasudev D. Shinde
	:	10.9790/1684-0561723

Abstract: The current work proposes thermal analysis system for analysis of ductile iron solidification processing. The system consists of standard pouring cup with built in thermocouple. The thermocouple is connected to data logger system so as to store temperature data of solidification sequence. The ductile iron treatment consists of composition control, melt pre-treatment, magnesium treatment and inoculation processing. Even small change in processing can be monitored by thermal analysis and its effects on final microstructure and mechanical properties were studied. Along with test cups, the tensile test bars were also poured and analyzed for correlating the mechanical properties with solidification sequencing. The melting trials with varying amount of inoculation processing were conducted to study its effect especially on amount of nodule count, nodularity and amount of pearlite and ferrite phase. As the microstructure decides the final mechanical properties in ductile iron castings, the nucleation and proportion of these phases is of paramount importance during solidification. The thermal analysis of base metal and inoculated material can be effectively used for improving mechanical properties of ductile iron castings.

[1]. O. SeiduS., I. Riposan, "Thermal analysis of inoculated ductile irons", U.P.B. Sci. Bull., Series B, 73(2), (2011) pp. 241-253.
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[3]. S. Bockus, A. Dobrovolskis "Peculiarity of Producing Ferritic Ductile Iron Castings", Materials Science (Medziagotyra), 10, 1, (2004) pp. 3-6.
[4]. Rio Tinto Iron and Titanium, "Ductile Iron Databook for Design Engineers", Monreal, (1999), pp. 250.
[5]. J. Campbell in Castings Principles, the "New Metallurgy of Cast Metals Elsevier", Amsterdam. (2004).
[6]. M. C. Flemings, in "Solidification Processing", McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, (1974) pp. 423.
[7]. T. Skaland, in proceedings of the AFS cast iron, schaumburg, Illinois, (2005) pp. 29-30.
[8]. G.L. Rivera, R.E. Boeri, and J.A. Sikora, AFS Transactions, (2003) pp. 111, 979.
[9]. J.D. Mullins, in manual of Sorelmetal, Technical services, Rio Tinto Iron and Titanium, (2006).
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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Working with JIT requires a Flexible Approach
Country	:	India
Authors	:	D. K. Singh, Dr. Satyendra Singh
	:	10.9790/1684-0562428

Abstract: Flexibility in management is essential today to survive in the most changing and turbulent environment, especially in the global changing international trade scenario and competitiveness in the world market. More transparency and a greater sense of participative decision-making at different levels of management decisions are vital. Decisions made with an open mind without any presumptions or constraints help in sustaining conducive atmosphere with respect to encouraging innovation in the organization. Flexibility in manufacturing ensures customization of products, which have maximum customer satisfying capability. JIT is an innovative management philosophy which evolved in Japan. Flexibility in organizational management as well as manufacturing management is essentially required to accelerate the pace of JIT implementation. This is possible because of improved communication and cordial working atmosphere among the people, which helps them to coordinate their activities effectively to achieve their common organizational goal of becoming the best and number one in the market by producing the customized products. This is what JIT asks for. In this paper, an attempt has been made to explore how the two flexibilities are critical for JIT and to what extent they affect its implementation.

Keywords: Flexibility, Customization, JIT

[1]. Upton, D., What really makes factories flexible? Harvard Business Review, July/August, pp. 74-84, 1995a.
[2]. Upton, D., Flexibility as process mobility: the management of plant capabilities for quick response manufacturing, Journal of
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[3]. Upton, D., Process range in manufacturing: an empirical study of flexibility, Management Science, Vol. 43, No. 8, pp. 1079-1092, 1997.

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[5]. Salvador, F; Rungtusanatham, M; Forza, C and Trentin, A., Mix flexibility and volume flexibility in a build-to-order environment, International Journal of Operations and Production Management, Vol. 27, No. 11, pp. 1173-1191, 2007.

[6]. Zhang, Q; Vonderembse, M. A and Lim, J. S. , Manufacturing flexibility: defining and analyzing relationship among competence, capability, and customer satisfaction, Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 21, pp. 173-191, 2003.

[7]. Slack, N., The Manufacturing Advantage, Mercury Business Books, London. 1991.

[8]. Hayes, R and Wheelwright, S., Restoring Our Competitive Edge: Competing Through Manufacturing, Wiley, New York, NY., 1984. [9]. Gerwin, D., Manufacturing Flexibility: A Strategic Perspective, Management Science, Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 395-410, 1993.

[10]. Schmenner, R.W and Tatikonda, M.V., Manufacturing process flexibility revisited, International Journal of Operations and Production Management, Vol. 25, No. 12, pp. 1183-1189, 2005.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Breaking Load Analysis of Wood Plastic Composite Materials with Surface Roughness Variation
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Chandra Prakash Giri, Abhishek Jha , Omesh Chandrakar
	:	10.9790/1684-0562932

Abstract: Wood based composite materials are becoming very popular among manufacturers due to its unique qualities like better surface appearance, high durability and lesser corrosion and erosion. But during very fast development of technology it becomes imperative to control the cost parameter. This work is an attempt to give a solution to achieve a higher order of strength without affecting the budget significantly. By increasing surface roughness of WPC (wood plastic composite) it is tried to produce a stronger structure of same dimensions .Pattern of variation in breaking load with surface roughness is analyzed and found the zone of the highest strength.

Keywords - WPC, Surface Roughness, Breaking Load, Adhesive, Bonding

[1] M Ozaki, Y. Adachi, Y. Iwahori, and N. Ishii, Application of fuzzy theory to writer recognition of Chinese characters, International Journal of Modelling and Simulation, 18(2), 1998, 112-116.

[2] Sekercioglu T, Rende H, Gulsoz A, Meran C (2003) "The effect of surface roughness on strength of adhesively bonded cylindrical components".Journal of Material Processing Technology Vol-143:82-86

[3] Nergiz I, schmage P,ozcan M, herrmann W (2003) "Effect of alloy type and surface conditioning on roughness and bond strength of metal brackets" American journal of orthodontist and dentofacial orthopedics Vol-125

[4] Benard Q,Fois M,Grisel M (2005) "Peel ply surface treatment for composite assemblies:Chemistry and morphology effects" Journal of Applied Science and Manufacturing Vol-36:1562-1568

[5] Baburag EG, Stankar D, Evans J (2006) "Enhancement of adhesive joint strength by laser surface modification"

[6] Zhang J, Zhao X, Zuo Y, Xiong J (2007) "Effect of surface pretreatment on adhesive properties of aluminium alloys. Journal of material sciences.

[7] Borsellino C, Bella GD, Ruisi VF (2008) "Adhesive joining of aluminium AA6082:The effects of resin and surface treatment" International journal of adhesion and adhesive Vol-29:36-44

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Failure Mode Identification by Pattern Recognition with Acoustic Emission Technique - A Case Study on UDL carbon-Epoxy Specimens
Country	:	India
Authors	:	M. R. M. Babu,T.V.K. Bhanuprakash
	:	10.9790/1684-0563340

Abstract: Acoustic emissions (AE) generated by a structure under stressed condition provides a passive means to characterise defect initiation and defect growth in the structure.Composite structures are best evaluated by such new techniques. The amount of heterogeneity and presence of various failure mechanisms increase the complexity of Acoustic Emission evaluation. AE data has been generated by conducting tensile tests on carbon epoxy Uni-Directional Longitudinal (UDL) specimens. Failure mechanisms like matrix cracking and fiber breakage have been characterized by comparing and correlating significant AE parameters acquired from various specimens by employing Visual Pattern Recognition Technique.The amplitude distribution, cumulative amplitude distribution and cumulative signal strength parameters have been studied in correlation with applied load. The cumulative amplitude plot is bi-linear indicating the presence of two distinct failure mechanisms. The change of slope (break in linearity) occurs at 85 dB which is a vivid indication of fibre breakage initiation. There are a large number of Acoustic Emission Hits associated with energies less than 100 units which represent the matrix-cracking spectrum. The cumulative signal strength plot indicates the onset of damage of the specimen at about 70%-80% of the load. The onset of Historic Index (Rate of variation of Cumulative Signal Strength w.r.t Load) exceeding 6 also indicates damage initiation in the specimen.

Keywords: Acoustic Emission, Visual Pattern Recognition, Carbon-Epoxy Composite

[1]. American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 2005, ―Nondestructive Testing Handbook—Third Edition, Volume 6, Acoustic Emission Testing,‖Ronnie K. Miller, Eric v.K. Hill, Patrick O. Moore, American Society for NondestructiveTesting,Ohio.
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[5]. ASTM Standard 3039, "Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials", American Society for Testing Materials, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2003
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[9]. N. Ativitavas,"Acoustic emission signature analysis of failure mechanisms in fiber-reinforced plastic structures," PhD thesis United States -- Texas, The University of Texas at Austin, 2002.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Computational and test of the polypropylene blade models 'output characteristics of the wind turbine
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Balakumaran.CD, Karthikeyan.M
	:	10.9790/1684-0564144

Abstract: The simulation document is a live template. Based on the computational simulation the output characteristics is set up for the resemble models of small scale polypropylene wind turbine blades, which are under a test system with three different setting angles at a degree of 10.5, 30.5 and 50.5. Nrel 846 is taken to estimate the pressure created, torque coefficient acting on the blade at different setting angles by using cfd. At the same time, characteristic output tests are carried out in wind tunnel system. The results show that each relative error of simulation and testing results of the model test system is less than 10%. .It proves that the computational method is reliable and the testing results are reasonable.

Keywords: wind turbine generator, blade, wind tunnel test, (pp) polypropylene, CFD (computational fluid dynamics), NREL (national renewable energy laboratory)

[1]. Robert C., Nelson Thomas C., Corke and Hesham Othman Mehul P. Patel,SrikanthVasudevan and Terry Ng "A Smart Wind Turbine Blade Using Distributed Plasma Actuators for Improved Performance" American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Paper(2008).
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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Frequency Analysis of Genesis Risk In Construction Projects
Country	:	Indonesia
Authors	:	Anita Rauzana
	:	10.9790/1684-0564551

Abstract: Contractor as general constructions supervisors face risk factors that could affect performance and hinder the success of a construction project. Many contracting companies along with the advent of growing development in Banda Aceh to make the contractor should be able to maintain its performance in order to compete with other contractors. The subject matter and the question in this study are what the risk factors that can affect the performance of the contractor Banda Aceh in the implementation of construction projects. The purpose of this study to identify risk factors that have a frequency of occurrence is very frequent in the implementation of construction projects in Banda Aceh experienced contractor in the execution of construction projects in the province of Aceh. The scope of this research is limited to the risks accepted by the contractor Banda Aceh Non-small qualification (qualifying grade 5) in carrying out construction projects. Risk factors reviewed is a risk factor in the implementation of construction projects in general. The collection of primary data collected through the distribution of questionnaires to the respondents that the small non-qualified contractor who lives in Banda Aceh. As for the secondary data such as the names of the contracting company based in Banda Aceh. Data processing is done by the analysis of test reliability, frequency analysis and frequency analysis of the index. Data processing is done by statistical methods and computational tools utilizing the software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 16.0 for Windows) and Microsoft Excel. Based on the analysis of the frequency index gained 10 key risk factors that have a frequency of occurrence is very common in the implementation of construction projects in Banda Aceh experienced contractor in the execution of construction projects.

Keywords: Risk, frequency index, contractors, project, construction

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Prediction of the Crushing Strength of Sda-Clay Fired Bricks Using Simplex Theory
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	D.O. Onwuka, C.Chijioke, S.U. Onwuka
	:	10.9790/1684-0565258

Abstract: Waste materials have been found useful in the production of new building materials. The addition of sawdust ash (SDA) an industrial waste generated by the timber industry, to burnt bricks raw mixes leads to the production of bricks of lighter weight and higher refractive properties. It also solves the problem of waste disposal and management. However, the development of a model for the prediction of the crushing strength of the new product ( ie SDA-clay burnt bricks) is a critical factor in the production and use of SDA-clay burnt bricks as cheap and affordable building material. This article presents a response function based on simplex theory, for the prediction of the crushing strength of SDA- clay burnt bricks when given a specific mix proportion of its components, and vice versa. The results obtained from the simplex response function developed, are in total agreement with the corresponding crushing strength test results. The use and application of the response function will eliminate the tedious, expensive and time consuming trial- mix design methods.

Keywords: Clay, Sawdust Ash (SDA), Burnt bricks, Simplex theory, Response function and Crushing strengths.

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