iosr-JMCE   Volume-6 ~ Issue-2

Abstract: Co-Axial jets have applications in areas where the mixing of two fluid jets are necessary, the two fluid jets can be effectively mixed by producing the turbulence flow. Turbulence is a chaotic behavior of the fluid particles that comes in to picture when the inertia force of the flow dominates the viscous force and it is characterized by the Reynolds Number. Co-axial jets are effective in producing the turbulence. In the present study the free compressible turbulent coaxial jet problem will be computed using CFD, and compare with different non circular coaxial jets based on constant hydraulic diameter and mass flow rate. Turbulence characteristics of combustion chamber with circular coaxial and non circular coaxial jets are determined and compared.

Keywords: Coaxial Jet, Turbulence Modeling, Fuel injector, Combustion chamber.

[1] F. H. Champagne and I. J. Wygnanski, An experimental investigation of coaxial turbulent jets, Int. J. Heal Mass Transfer. Vol. 14, pp. 1445 – 1464, Pergamon Press 1971.

[2] Krothapalli, A ., Baganoff,D. & Karamchheti,K., On the mixing of Rectangulat jets. Journal of Fluid Mechanics.107,1981,pp201-220.

[3] Husain H.S. & Hussain F., Controlled excitation of elliptic jets Physics of Fluids, 26, 1983, pp2763-2766.

[4] P. Givi and J.I. Rsmos, On The calculation of heat, mass and momentum tansport in coaxial jets and mixing layers, Int. CCMM. Heat Mass Transfer Vol. 12, pp. 323 – 336, Pergamon Press 1985.

[5] Ho, C.M. & Gutmark, E., Vortex induction and mass entrainment in a small-aspect-ratio elliptic jet, Journal of Fluid mechanics. 179, 1987, pp383-405.

[6] Gutmark, E., Schadow, K.C., Parr, T.P., Hanson-Parr, D.M., & Wilson, K.J., Noncircular jets in combustion systems, Experiments in Fluids 7, 1989,pp248-258.

[7] Hussain F, Husain H.S, Elliptic jets Part 1. Characteristics of unexcited and excited jets. Journal of Fluid mechanics,208, 1989, pp 257-320.

[8] Koshigoe,S.,Gutmark, E & Shadow, K., Initial Development of Non-circular jet leading to axis switching. AAIA Jr. 27,1989, pp439. [9] S. Ushijima, N. Tanaka and S. Moriya, Turbulence measurements and calculations of non-isothermal coaxial jets, Nuclear Engineering and Design 122, pp. 85 – 94, Elsevier Science Publishers 1990.

[10] Husain H.S, Hussain F, Elliptic jets Part 2. Dynamics of coherent structures: paring, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 233,1991, pp439

Abstract: The present study involves the CFD analysis for the prediction of swirl effect on the characteristics of a steady, incompressible flow through an S-shaped diffusing duct BY KEEPING SWIRL ANGLE OF 10˚. The curved diffuser considered in the present case has S-shaped diffusing duct having an area ratio of 1.9, length of 300 mm and turning angle of 22.5°/22.5°. The static pressure, total pressure, velocity and turbulence intensity were accounted. The improvement is observed for both, clockwise and anti-clockwise swirl, the improvement being higher for clockwise swirl. Flow uniformity at the exit is more uniform for clockwise swirl at the inlet.

Keywords: Curved diffusers, intake ducts, swirling flow, secondary flows, pressure recovery

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[3]. R.Menzies, ―Computational investigations of flows in diffusing S-shaped intakes‖, Acta Polytechnica ,Vol. 41 No. 4–5/2001
[4]. Anand R B, Lajpat Rai, Singh S N & Sharma,‖ Effect of the turning angle on the flow and performance characteristics of long S-shaped circular diffusers‖, Journal of Aerospace Engineering, JAE (Professional Engineering Publishing Ltd), 53 (2001) 239-252.
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Abstract: Dhaka is one of the fastest growing megacities of the world with a dense population over 15 million. Being the capital of a developing country like Bangladesh, it is experiencing multi-dimensional problems such as over urbanization, traffic congestion, water logging, solid waste disposal, black smoke from brick kilns and industrial emissions, sound pollution, pollution of water bodies by industrial discharge and the newly added calamity, building collapse. Dhaka is a sheer example of having poor legislative actions, inefficient management and lack of public awareness, which leads the urbanization to an unplanned and resource consuming development. This paper presents an integrated study of urbanization trends in Dhaka City, Bangladesh, by using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS). This study explores the land use change pattern of Dhaka City Corporation over 1990-2010, through interactive supervised land cover classification using Landsat images by ArcGIS 10. The remotely detected land use/cover change from 1990 to 2010 shows that Dhaka is gradually changing as vegetative cover and open spaces have been transformed into building areas, low land and water bodies into reclaimed built up lands. These changes are mainly governed by unplanned urban expansion.

Keywords - ArcGIS 10.0, Dhaka City Corporation, GIS, Land Use Pattern, Remote Sensing.

[[1]. E. L´opez, G. Bocco, M. Mendoza and E. Duhau, Predicting land-cover and land-use change in the urban fringe: a case in Morelia city, Mexico, Landscape and Urban. Planning, 55, 2001, 271–285.

[2]. A. G. Aguilar, P. M. Ward and C. B. Smith, Globalization, regional development and mega-city expansion in Latin America: Analyzing Mexico City's peri-urban hinterland, Cities, 20(1), 2003, 3–21.

[3]. D.A. Stow and D.M. Chen, Sensitivity of multi-temporal NOAA AVHRR data of an urbanizing region to land-use/land cover changes and misregistration, Remote Sens. Environ, 80, 2002, 297–307.

[4]. P.R. Coppin, and M.E. Bauer, Processing of multitemporal Landsat TM imagery to optimize extraction of forest cover change features, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 32, 1994, 918–927.

[5]. J.B. Collins, and C. E. Woodcock, An assessment of several linear change detection techniques for mapping forest mortality using multitemporal Landsat TM data, Remote Sensing of Environment, 56, 1996, 66–77.

[6]. S. Gopal, and C. E. Woodcock, Remote sensing of forest change using artificial neural Networks, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 34, 1996, 398–404.

[7]. R.D. MacLeod, and R. G. Congalton, A quantitative comparison of change-detection algorithms for monitoring eelgrass from remotely sensed data, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 64, 1998, 207–216.

[8]. M. Herold, N.C. Goldstein, and K.C. Clarke, The spatiotemporal form of urban growth: measurement, analysis and modeling, Remote Sensing of Environment, 86, 2003, 286-302.

[9]. W.L. Stefanov, M.S. Ramsey, and P.R. Christensen, Monitoring urban land cover change: an expert system approach to land cover classification of semiarid to arid urban centers, Remote Sensing of Environment, 77, 2001, 173–185.

[10.] E.H. Wilson, J.D. Hurd, D.L. Civco, M.P. Prisloe, and C. Arnold, Development of a geospatial model to quantify, describe and map urban growth, Remote Sensing of Environment, 86, 2003, 275–285.

Abstract: Due to the growing demand of energy and lesser availability of fossil fuels there is a shift in our energy concern towards renewable energy sources. There is no doubt that from all the available sources, solar energy is the best option with its minimum environmental impact. Now a days different types of solar collectors are widely used to harvest solar energy. It has been found that performance of the solar collector depends upon the characteristics of the working fluid which is used to harvest solar energy in solar collector. In the present work the effect of Al2O3-H2O based nanofluids on the direct absorption type solar collector has been investigated experimentally. Nanofluids are the new class of the fluids with their improved properties over the host/conventional fluids. The volume fraction of Al2O3 nanoparticles used is 0.005% and 0.05%. Efficiency of the collector is calculated for different mass flow rates (60, 80, 100 ml/hr) of Al2O3-H2O based nanofluids. From the results obtained by performing experiments, it has been found that collector efficiency increases about to 3-4% when Al2O3-H2O nanofluids are used as compared to simple water. Comparison of the collector efficiency for different mass flow rate and different concentrations are done. ASHRAE [4] standards were followed while performing all the experiments.

Keywords: Nanofluids, ASHRAE, Volume fraction, Efficiency, Collectors etc.

[1] Garg.H.P, Prakash.J, Solar Energy Fundamental and Applications, Tata McGraw Hill, ISBN 0-07-463631-6, Page(35,46,116), 1997.
[2] Taylor A.R, Phelan E.P, Otanicar P.T, Walker A.C, Nguyen M,Trimble S, Ravi P, Applicability of Nanofluids in high flux solar
collectors, Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 3, 023104(2011).
[3] Das.K.S, Choi.S.U.S, YU.W, Pradeep.T, Nanofluids science and Technology , ISBN: 978-0-470-07473-2, Page(1-30).
[4] Draft ASHRAE Standards,Proposed standards77-93 ,Third Public Review (May 2009).
[5] Khanafer K, Vafai K, A Critical syntesis of thermophysical Characteristics of Nanofluids, International Journal of Heat and Mass
transfer(Under Press), 2011.
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research Letters ,6:182(2011).
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Sep28,1999.

Abstract: Construction industry is one of the risky industries with high level of injuries. A musculoskeletal disorder that is one of ergonomic injuries is the most common problem in the construction industry. This type of injury can really affect the health of the people that are exposed to the hazards for a long period of time. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the way to control ergonomic risk factors in construction operations and also monitor and assess the process of program implementation to prevent or cutout ergonomic risk factors in the construction industry. The discussion gives a basic overview of ergonomic risk factors and tries to develop control measures for preventing accidents which are possible to happen in feature and also provides a comprehensive monitoring to minimize and avoid such risk factors.

Keywords - Construction, Control Measures, Ergonomic risk factors, Hazard, Musculoskeletal Disorder.

[1]. Te-Hsin,P & Kleiner,B.H., New developments concerning the occupational safety and health act, Journal of Managerial Law, 43, No.1/2, 2001, 138-146.
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[3]. Rwamamara, R. A., The healthy construction workplace: Best practices in the Swedish construction industry to prevent work-related musculoskeletal disorders among construction workers, Licentiate diss., Luleå University of Technology, 2005.
[4]. William J., Wiehagen and Fred C. T., Ergonomic assessment of musculoskeletal risk factors art Four Mines States, Underground Coal, Surface Copper, Surface phosphate and underground limestone, 2004.
[5]. Cohen A.C., Gjessing C.C.,Fine L.J.,Bernard B.P.,McGlothlin J.D., Elements of ergonomics programs: A primer based on workplace evaluations of musculoskeletal disorders, National Institute for occupational safety and health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication, 1997, No.97-117.
[6]. Hagberg M., Silverstein B., Wells R., Smith M.J., Hendrick H.W, Carayon P, et al., Work related muskelosketal disorders (Taylor and Francis, 1995).
[7]. Bongers P.M.,Kremer A.M.,Ter Laak J., Are psychosocial factors risk factors for symptoms and signs of the shoulder, elbow or hand /wrist? A review of the epidemiological literature. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 41(5), 2002, 315-342.
[8]. Amstrong J.J., Lifshita Y., Evaluation and design of jibs for control of cumulative trauma disorders, Ergonomic interventions to prevent musculoskeletal injuries in the industry (Lewis Publisher, Chelsea, 1987).
[9]. Kroemer, K. H. E. And E. Grandjean, Fitting the Task to the Human, A Textbook of Occupational Ergonomics, 5 (London, Taylor and Francis, 1997).
[10]. National Research Council and The Institute of Medicine, Muskelosketal disorders and the workplace: Low back and upper extremities. Panel on Musculosketal Disorders and the workplace. Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and education. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2001.

Abstract: To have a effective supply chain it is very much essential to have effective and reliable vendor. It is far more important in case of a service sector. As service is intangible and can only be felt ;hence very much depends on the quality of delivery and after sales activity. Ineffective and unreliable vendor can have a cascading effect in all aspect of service chain resulting customer dissatisfaction. The present study tries to find out the parameter or quality of a vendor that is preferred by telecommunication companies. As telecommunication is a infrastructure service any weak link in the supply chain will have a catastrophic impact on the end user. As vendor is one of the prime component of supply chain its careful selection is of immense importance. There are numerous variables to select a vendor. But to have a quick and effective decisions making these numerous variables are reduced to few factors. In this study the centroid method of factor analysis is used to find four important factors. The study was carried out by interacting executives of around 8 telecom companies amounting to 57 effective data. A broad outline of factors and encompassing variables under each factor were depicted.

Keywords - Factor analysis, Supply Chain and Vendor selection,

[1] Maggie C.Y. Tama, V.M. Rao Tummalab; An application of the AHP in vendor selection of atelecommunications system ;International Jouirnal of Management Science;Omega 29 (2001) (171-182)
[2] Sanjay Kumar, Neeraj Parashar, Abid Haleem; Analytical Hierarchy Process Applied to Vendor Selection Problem: Small Scale, Medium Scale and Large Scale Industries Business Intelligence Journal - August, 2009 Vol. 2 No. 2(pp 355-362)
[3] V.R Pramod and D.K Banwet: Analytic Network Process Analysis of an Indian Telecommunication Service Supply Chain: A Case Study ;Service Science 2(4), pp. 281-293,
[4] J. W. Forrester. Industrial dynamics–a major breakthrough for decision makers. Harvard Business Review, 36(4):37–66, 1958
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[6] F. Cheng, M. Ettl, and G Lin. Inventory-service optimization in configure-to-order systems. Technical Report RC 21781, IBM, 2001.
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[8] M. Babaioff and W. E. Walsh. Incentive-compatible, budget-balanced, yet highly efficient auctions for supply chain formation. Decision Support Systems, 39(1):123 – 149, 2005. doi: 10.1016/j.dss.2004.08.008.
[9] M. Babaioff and N. Nissan. Concurrent auctions across the supply chain. In proceedings of the third ACM conference on electronic commerce, pages 1–20, Tampa, Florida, USA, 2001.
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Abstract: ALLOY–90 refers to a family of austenitic nickel-based super alloys. Nimonic alloys typically consist of roughly 80% nickel and 20% chromium with additives such as titanium and aluminium. Nickel-based superalloys, among several high temperature structural alloys, are the prime materials for numerous advanced high temperature structural components. Several advanced processing technologies, such as isothermal forging, equiangle extrusion, investment casting, directional solidification and single crystal technologies, similar and dissimilar metal joining, destructive and non- destructive testing too have also evolved. In the past, a few attempts have been made to study the deformation behavior and Fracture behavior of the alloy 90 sheets for sheet metal applications. However, these studies were limited to different commercial grades such as cold rolled sheets of thicknesses upto 2 mm. None of these studies have addressed the influence of microstructure and texture for ultra-thin sheet applications. Hence, a comprehensive study has been undertaken to evaluate the ambient temperature deformation characteristics as a function of degree of cold rolling and ageing. In order to determine the tensile properties, tensile tests are conducted on the alloy-90 sheets of 1 mm and 0.5 mm thicknesses in different heat treat conditions in different specimen orientations namely R, R+30º, R+45º, R+60º and RT. The fracture behavior of the alloy sheets are studied to determine the mode of fracture. present work includes comparison of tensile properties of macro and micro specimens of alloy 90 sheet and properties evaluated in the present work include tensile flow behavior in various microstructural conditions such as Cold rolled, Solution treated, aged for different times.

Key words: Formability, Alloy 90, Impact

[1]. Singh AK, Saha GG, Gokhale AA and Ray RK, Evolution of texture and microstructure in a thermo-mechanically processed Al-Li-Cu-Mg alloy, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, Vol. 29A (1998) pp. 665-675.
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Abstract: Many of the developing countries produce huge quantities of agro residues but they are used inefficiently causing extensive pollution to the environment. The major residues are rice husk, coffee husk, coir pith, jute sticks, bagasse, groundnut shells, mustard stalks and cotton stalks. The objective was to analyze the burning characteristic of paddy straw briquettes, cotton plant waste, corn sticks, saw dust briquette, wood and paddy straw, these were burnt and combustibles percentage, CO (ppm) and NO (ppm) were noted by multi gas analyzer. By analyzing the flue gases coming out during burning of these fuels, then plotting the graph of different parameters like combustibles, CO and NO which were obtained during burning of fuels with respect to time. Also the ash content left after burning was recorded. On combining all these parameters briquettes proves out to be clean source of energy, briquettes burn slowly giving out a constant amount of heat and less amount of combustibles as compared to other agricultural residue.

[1]. Chopra A.K. (1991) Testing of LPT based briquettes machine and its briquettes B. Tech project report, department of processing and agricultural structures, Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana.
[2]. Pathak, B.S. and Singh, A (1988). Husk utilized as fuel, Agricultural mechanism in Asia, Africa and Latin America, 19 (3) PP65-70
[3]. Rodgers, J.B. (1936). Thermal and physical properties of fuel briquettes made from agricultural waste and other waste products. Agri. Engg.17 (5):199-204.
[4]. Khurmi R. S., Gupta Joyeeta A text book of thermal engineering. Chapter 12 page 301-323

Abstract: since the construction activities involve most complex processes and the most intensive administrative atmosphere as well, the accident events come raised in different situations and due to various causations. Most of the construction accidents originate from human errors and operation sources such as equipments and facilities in work processes. Most accidents lead to the loss of life, injuries and loss of properties. The other possible results due to the errors, unsafe acts, and unsafe conditions can be categorized in Near miss events (no result of injuries), and incidents (likelihood of injuries or loss of property). The role of a tool by which the causations and the processes can be highlighted is vital to save the projects not to be trapped. In order to recognize the reasons or the factors contributing to accidents, several theories have been developed by researchers. Domino theory as a structural map has been one of the most understandable and widely acceptable theories among the accident theories. The authorities employ it to control the factors causing undesirable events and to prevent the errors before being made. The aims of this paper are firstly, to describe the shortcomings of construction processes contributing hazardous situations. secondly, highlighting, the ways to apply Domino theory, and thirdly, to define how to establish a remedy model to prevent accidents in construction projects based on domino theory in simple statements. Keywords: Application of Domino theory, Construction accidents, Remedy model of Domino theory

[1] Jamshidi, M.H.M., et al., Essential Competencies for the Human Resource Managers and Professionals in Construction Industries. Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, 2012.
[2] Manu, P., et al., An approach for determining the extent of contribution of construction project features to accident causation. Safety Science, 2010. 48(6): p. 687-692.
[3] Viscusi, W.K. and J.E. Aldy, The value of a statistical life: a critical review of market estimates throughout the world. Journal of risk and uncertainty, 2003. 27(1): p. 5-76.
[4] Hosseinian, S.S. and Z.J. Torghabeh, MAJOR THEORIES OF CONSTRUCTION ACCIDENT CAUSATION MODELS: A LITERATURE REVIEW. International Journal, 1963. 4.
[5] Heinrich, H.W., Industrial Accident Prevention. A Scientific Approach. Industrial Accident Prevention. A Scientific Approach., 1941(Second Edition).
[6] Suraji, A., A.R. Duff, and S.J. Peckitt, Development of causal model of construction accident causation. Journal of construction engineering and management, 2001. 127(4): p. 337-344.
[7] Hamid, A., et al., Causes of accidents at construction sites. Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2008. 20(2): p. 242-259.
[8] Katsakiori, P., G. Sakellaropoulos, and E. Manatakis, Towards an evaluation of accident investigation methods in terms of their alignment with accident causation models. Safety Science, 2009. 47(7): p. 1007-1015.
[9] Vincoli, J.W., Basic guide to accident investigation and loss control. Vol. 1. 1994: John Wiley & Sons.
[10] Taylor, G., K. Easter, and R. Hegney, Enhancing occupational safety and health. 2004: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann

Abstract: The changing global market scenario, high level of competition, and faster obsolescence of perishable products due to short self life and changing customer demand are among the key challenges faced by perishable supply chains. Supply chains need to compete with growing variety of products, short delivery time, higher cycle service level, high quality and lower cost. Perishability imposes an intense pressure on managers as it adds an additional cost of disposal of outdated items, leading to out-of-stock situations and also loss of company faith. These problems are arising mostly due to the lack of information at every stage of the supply chains. The inadequate information about product quality, quantity, demand variability, product availability and lead times creates the bullwhip effect (BWE) at all stages and chains leads to the mismanagement. RFID technologies, with the appropriate IT infrastructure, would help major distributors and manufacturers, as well as health-care system, defence industries, and global supply chains in which products and product shipments must be traced and identified in a non-contact, wireless fashion using a computer network. This paper presents the impact of RFID in warehouse management of perishable products. It provides mathematical framework to asses the benefits of RFID in warehouse management. It helps management in the variety of ways including improvement in receiving and shipping processes, reduction in cycle counting efforts, reduction in stock outs/excess inventory, decreased counterfeiting, decreased returns, and reduction in inventory loss due to shrinkage and obsolescence. A sensitivity analysis has been presented at the end of paper which shows the compound effect of RFID, reduction in lead time and lead time variability. In all scenarios inventory level is reduced by certain percentage by incorporating RFID.

Keywords— Supply chain management, Perishable product, Inventory, RFID, Warehouse.

[1] Rajurkar S., Jain R., Optimal order quantity model for retailers of perishable products with non-deterministic demand, International Journal of Operation Research, 11(3), 2011, 262 – 289.
[2] Hau L. Lee, V. Padmanabhan and Seungjin Whang, Information Distortion in a Supply Chain: The Bullwhip Effect, Management Science, 43(4), 1997, 546-558.
[3] Chopra S., Reinhardt G., Dada M., The Effect of Lead Time Uncertainty on Safety Stocks, Decision Sciences, 35(1), 2004, 1-24.
[4] Jing-Sheng S., The Effect of Lead time Uncertainty in a Simple Stochastic Inventory Model, Management Science, 40( 5) , 1994, 603-613.
[5] Xiaojing W., Zhixue L., Changzheng Z., Chunguang Q., The Impact of Lead-time on Bullwhip Effect in Supply Chain, IEEE Transactions, 2008.
[6] Roger D. H. W., An Analytical Investigation of the Bullwhip Effect, Production And Operations Management, 13(2) , 2004, 150–160.
[7] Brzozowski, C., Tags, tickets & labels: new technologies emerge, Printing News, 153(3), 2004.
[8] Glidden, R. and Bockorick, C.,Design of ultralow- cost UHF RFID tags for supply chain applications, IEEE Communications Magazine, 42(8), 2004, 140-151.
[9] Knights, P.F., Henderson, E. and Daneshmend, L.K., Drawpoint control using radio frequency identification systems, CIM Bulletin, 89 (1003), 2004, 53-58.
[10] Wilke, P. and Braunl, T., Flexible wireless communication network for mobile robot agents, Industrial Robot, 28 (3) , 2001, 220-233.

Abstract: The chassis serves as a backbone for supporting the body and different parts of the automobile. It should be rigid enough to withstand the shock, twist, vibration and other stresses. Along with strength, an important consideration in chassis design is to have adequate bending stiffness. The main objective of the research is to obtain the minimum weight of Eicher 11.10 chassis frame. The chassis frame is made of two side members joined with a series of cross members. The number of cross members, their locations, cross-section and the sizes of the side and the cross members becomes the design variables. The chassis frame model is to be developed in Solid works and analyzed using Ansys. Since the no. of parameters and levels are more, the probable models are too many. So, to select optimum parameters among them large no of modeling and analysis work is involved which consumes more time. To overcome this problem TAGUCHI method along with FEA is use. The weight reduction of the side bar is achieved by changing the Parameters using orthogonal array. Then FEA is performed on those models to get the best solution. This method can save material used, production cost and time.

Keywords: Parametric optimization, Chassis frame, FE analysis, FEA-DOE hybrid modeling, Weight reduction

Journal Papers:
[1] Wen-Hsien Hsua, Ching-Kong Chaoa, Hsi-Ching Hsub, Jinn Lin b, Ching-Chi Hsua, Parametric study on the interface pullout strength of the vertebral body replacement cage using FEM-based Taguchi methods, Medical Engineering & Physics 31, 2009, 287–294.
[2] Bappa Acherjee, Arunanshu S. Kuar, Souren Mitra, Dipten Misra, Modeling of laser transmission contour welding process using FEA and DoE, Optics & Laser Technology 44-5, 2012 1281-1289
Books:
[3] J.P. Vidosic, Machine Design Project (New York, US: Ronald Press, 1957).
[4] Antonio Pratelli, C. A. Brebbia, Urban Transport Seventeen, Part XVII (Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 1966).
[5] PSG Design Data Book for Standard Data (Kalaikathir Achchagam, Coimbatore2004).
Thesis:
[6] Ajaykumar Menon, Structural optimization using Ansys and regulated multi-quadric response surface model, The University Of Texas, Arlington, 2005 [7] Brian J. Auer, Size and shape optimization of frame and truss structures through evolutionary methods, University of Idaho, 2005
Proceedings Papers:
[8] D. M. Chauhan, Prof. S. B. Soni and Prof. A. M. Gohil, Parametric Optimization of Hydraulic Modular Trailer Frame using ANSYS (APDL), Proc. 2006 Nirma University International Conference on Engineering, Nirma University, Ahmedabad,2006.