iosr-JMCE   Volume-8 ~ Issue-1

Abstract: Today's world is very fast moving and in this world we all are well understand that the how important brake is? Effectiveness of braking system are essentials part to avoid accidents and save life. Also majority of accidents in vehicles are happen due to chassis failure and braking failure. Here I take the subject to understand the causes of failure of hydraulic brake systems in SUV. The brakes are the most important active safety of a car and one of its key pieces. However, many drivers do not seem to understand it well. According to a statistics, about 40% of the defects detected by the ITV correspond to the brakes. It is not enough to bring the car to the shop when something goes wrong. Leakage is major problem in TMC. In any case if tmc leak it may leads to accident. So leakage and performance of tmc is most important. Various parts of tmc such as piston, spring does not leak. The body of tmc may leak as well seals used in assembly of piston. In this project the different reasons of leakages are finding and simulation with CFD are carried out.

Keywords: Leakage analysis of brake , Body leak analysis , CFD.

[1]. CFD Analysis Of Air Flow Interactions In Vehicle Platoons By Gokul Krishnan Rajamani School Of Aerospace, Mechanical And Manufacturing Engineering RMIT University August 2006.
[2]. An Introduction To Computational Fluid Dynamics Chapter 20 In Fluid Flow Handbook By Nasser Ashgriz & Javad Mostaghimi Department Of Mechanical & Industrial Eng. University Of Toronto Toronto, Ontario.
[3]. A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR AIR BRAKE SYSTEMS IN THE PRESENCE OF LEAKS A Thesis By SRIVATSAN RAMARATHNAM Submitted To The Office Of Graduate Studies Of Texas A&M University In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements For The Degree Of MASTER OF SCIENCE August 2008.

Abstract: the concepts of Blow molding is a process used to produce hollow objects from thermoplastic. The basic blow molding process has two fundamental phases. First, a parson (or a perform) of hot plastic resin in a somewhat tubular shape is created. Second, compressed air is used to expand the hot perform and press it against mould cavities. The pressure is held until the plastic cools. Blow molding process is used for which has thin wall sections.In this thesis, blow mould design is to be done for a bottle having 0.5mm thickness. This thickness cannot be filled in pressure injection molding. So blow molding is considered for pet bottle design. The mould is prepared by first modeling the part, extracting core & cavity and generating CNC program. Blow mould tool design is done in Pro/Engineer according to HASCO standards. A prototype of the pet bottle using blow mould design is also included.

[1]. Belofsky, H., Plastics: Product Design and Process Engineering, Hanser Publishers, Munich, Vienna, New York, 1995.
[2]. Progelhof, R.C. and J.L. Throne, "Polymer Engineering Principles: Properties, Processes, and Tests for Design", Hanser Publishers, New York, 1993.

Abstract: In present day there is hefty demand of new and reliable alternative fuel which gives better exhaust emissions and performance on internal combustion engine. There are mainly two types of fuel that are used prominently in I.C. engines, first is gasoline like fuel which support to spark ignition engine and second that is used for compression ignition engines. The biodiesel is a renewable alternative fuel which supports to the diesel engines. The biodiesel can be produced by several numbers of feed stocks like vegetable oil, animal fats and yellow greases etc. In present researcher work the cottonseed oil (CSO) which belong to Malvaceae, the marsh mallow family, is converted to biodiesel from mechanical stirring technique. This biodiesel has been tested on a constant speed agricultural engine and found to be lower in smoke generation and almost equivalent to petro diesel on performance parameters. Keywords: Biodiesel, Cottonseed Oil (CSO), Mechanical Stirrer Technique, I.C. Engine.

[1]. Murphy, C.F "Analysis of innovative feedstock sources and production technologies for renewable fuels final report". EPA: xa-83379501-0
[2]. Keskina A, Guru M, Altiparmak D, and Aydin K. Using of cotton oil soap stock biodiesel–diesel fuel blends as an alternative diesel fuel, Renewable Energy 33(4) April(2008) 553–557.
[3]. Alcantara R, Amores J, Canoira L, Fidalgo E, Franco MJ, and Navarro A .Catalytic production of biodiesel from soy-bean oil, used frying oil and tallow, Biomass and Bio energy 18(6) June(2000) 515-527.
[4]. Perkins, L.A. and Peterson, C.L. Durability Testing of Transesterified Winter Rape Oil (Brassica napus L.) as Fuel in Small-Bore, Multi-cylinder, DI, CI Engines. SAE Paper No. 911764. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warren dale, PA. (1991)
[5]. Devanesan MG, Viruthagiri T and Sugumar N. Tranesterification of Jatropha oil using immobilized Pseudomonas fluorescens, African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 6 (21), 2497-2501, 5 November, 2007.
[6]. Li S , Wang Y , Dong S , ChenY , Cao F , Chai F and Wang X. Biodiesel production from Eruca Sativa Gars vegetable oil and motor, emissions properties, Renewable Energy 34 (2009) 1871–1876.
[7]. Antolın G, Tinaut FV, Briceno Y , Castano V, Perez C and Ramrez AI .Optimisation of biodiesel production by sunflower oil Tranesterification, Bio resource Technology 83 (2002) 111–114.
[8]. Alcantara R, Amores J, Canoira L, Fidalgo E, Franco MJ and Navarro A .Catalytic production of biodiesel from soy-bean oil, used frying oil and tallow, Bio mass and Bio energy 18 (2000) 515-527.
[9]. Tashtoush GM, Al-Widyan MI and Al-Jarrah MM. Experimental study on evaluation and optimization of conversion of waste animal fat into biodiesel, Energy Conversion and Management 45 (2004) 2697–2711.
[10]. Buasri A, Chaiyut N and Phongprasit K. Prodiction of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using mixed alcohol system, KMITL Sci.J.Vol.8 No.2(Section-B)July-December 2008.

Abstract: Introduction of the flexible element at the base of a structure and at the same time ensuring damping is probably the best option for the seismic isolation technique. The device that meets such criteria is known as isolator. In this study incorporation of such base isolator in buildings has been investigated. A study was done considering different building with different plan to justify the applicability of base isolation. The characteristics and performance effect of a building with and without base isolator system were compared. Study shows the applicability of base isolator to the range up to buildings of 30m-40m height. The installation of isolator in building considerably increases the time period of building, which means it reduces the possibility of resonance of the structure. Provision of isolator in building often increases the total cost, but reinforcement requirement and construction material cost is reduced due to isolator. So, isolator may be incorporated at the bottom of the building to exploit economic and structurally safe alternative. Keywords: Equivalent Static Analysis, Time history method, Base Isolation, Reinforce concrete building.

[1] Ali, M.H and Choudhury, J.R. (1994) "Seismic zoning of Bangladesh" Paper presented at the International Seminar on Recent Developments in " Earthquake Disaster Mitigation", Institute of Engineers, Bangladesh.

[2] Ansary, M.A., Al-Hussaini, T.M., Sharfuddin, M and Chowdhury, J.R. (1999), " Report on Moheskhali Earthquake of July 22, 1999", earthquake Engineering series, Research Report No. BUET/CE/EQE-99-01, Department of Civil Engineering, BUET, August,1999.

[3] Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC, 1993) Published by Housing and Building Research Institute and Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institute, Bangladesh. [4] Naeim, F. Kelly,J.(1999) "Design of seismic isolated structure". John Wiley & Sons,Inc.

[5] Wang, Yen-Po, "Fundamentals of Seismic Base Isolation" International Training Programs for Seismic Design of Building Structures.

[6] H.S.Soleimanloo (2012)" A Survey study on design procedure of seismic base isolation system"JASEM,2012.

[7] SAP2000(2005), A general purpose Linear and Non-Linear analysis program, Computers and Structures.

Abstract: The growing complexity of equipments and systems often lead to failures and as a consequence the aspects of reliability, maintainability and availability have come into forefront. The failure of machineries and equipments causes disruption in production resulting from a loss of availability of the system and also increases the cost of maintenance. The present study deals with the determination of reliability and availability aspects of one of the significant constituent in a Railway Diesel Locomotive Engine. In order to assess the availability performance of these components, a broad set of studies has been carried out to gather accurate information at the level of detail considered suitable to meet the availability analysis target. The Reliability analysis is performed using the Weibull Distribution and the various data plots as well as failure rate information help in achieving results that may be utilized in the near future by the Railway Locomotive Engines for reducing the unexpected breakdowns and will enhance the reliability and availability of the Engine. In this work, ABC analysis has been used for the maintenance of spare parts inventory. Here, Power pack assemblies, Engine System are used to focus on the reliability, maintainability and availability aspects.

Keywords: Availability, ABC analysis, engine system, maintainability, power pack assemblies, reliability, Weibull Distribution.

[1]. E.A. Elsayed, Reliability Engineering (Addison Wesley Longman, 1996).
[2]. B. Bhadury and S.K. Basu, Tero-technology: Reliability Engineering and Maintenance Management-Asian Book Private Limited, 2003, Edition I.
[3]. L.S. Srinath, Reliability Engineering (East West Press, Edition IV, 2005).
[4]. I. Ushakov, Reliability: past, present, future, Recent Advances in Reliability Theory: Methodology, Practice, and Interface, Birkhauser, Boston, 2000, pp. 3-14.
[5]. P. Jager and B. Bertsche, A new approach to gathering Failure Behavior Information about Mechanical Components based on Expert Knowledge, Proc. Ann Reliability & Maintainability Symp. January-2004, PP 90-95.
[6]. Kales Paul, Reliability for Technology, Engineering and Management (Prentice Hall, 1998).
[7]. D. J.Smith, Reliability Engineering (Pitman Publishing, 1972).
[8]. Mitchell Leslie, Preventive maintenance and RCM, IEEE, 2002.
[9]. W. Nelson, Weibull prediction of a future number of failures, Quality Reliability Engg. Int., vol.16, 2000, pp 23-26.

Abstract: Turning is a process to remove the material from the outer diameter of the rotating cylindrical work piece. The aim of the project is minimization of surface roughness in turning operation by using taguchi method. Taguchi method is used to find the best combination of cutting parameters like speed (N), feed (f), depth of cut (d), tool nose radius (Rn) and shim materials (Sm) are predicted by using L16 orthogonal array. The combination of control levels was predicted for the optimal surface roughness and using (S/N) ratio. A confirmation runs was used to verify the results for the optimal surface roughness.

Keywords: Surface Roughness, S/N ratio, Turning, Taguchi Method,

[1]. Yang W.H.,&Tarng ,Y.S.(1988).Design 0ptimization of cutting parameters for turning operations based on the taguchi method. Journal of materials processing technology,84,122-129.
[2]. Cesarone,J.(2001). The power of taguchi.IIE solutions 33 (11), 36-40.
[3]. National research council.(2002). Approaches to improve engineering design. Washington, DC: National Academies press.
[4]. Roy, R.K. (2001). Design of experiments using the taguchi approach:16 steps to product and process improvement. New york: Willey.
[5]. Sriramn,V. (1996). A primer on the taguchi system of quality engineering. The journal of technology studies, 22(2), 64-66.
[6]. Thamizhmanii.S, Saparudin.S,Hasan.S.(2007). Analyses of surface roughness by turning process using Taguchi method.Journalof Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering.
[7]. sampathkumar.R, Alagumoorthi.N. Ramesh.R. calculation of total cost, tolerance based on taguchi's ,asymmetric quality loss function approach.
[8]. umeshkhancy .optimization of surface roughness ,material removal rate and cutting tool flank wear in turning using extended taguchi approach.
[9]. karinkandananond. Characterization of fdb sleeve surface roughness using the taguchi approach.
[10]. kamaruddinzahid , A. Khan and foong, S.H. (2010 ). Application of taguchi method in the optimization of injection moulding parameters for manufacturing products plastic blend.IACST International journal of engineering and technology.

Abstract: The present paper deals with cost-wise comparison of steel reinforcement with bamboo reinforcement. The utilization of bamboo reinforcement as replacement of steel reinforcement is gaining immense importance today, mainly on account of the improvement in the economical aspect combined with ecological benefits. To study the effect of replacement of steel reinforcement by bamboo reinforcement, designs have been conducted on one way slab of size 3000 x 7000 sq-mm with providing beam of 7000 mm length and 250 x 250 sq-mm. In this paper the designs are done on the basis of shearing and bending. Based on this study of cost vs strength provided results have been discussed in the paper.

Keywords: Bamboo, Flexural Strength, Cost Estimation, Economical.

[1] Bhalla , S., Janssen J.A.J " Design Bamboo As Green Alterative To Concrete And Steel For Moder Structures."

[2] Chariar.V.M., "Fabrication and Testing of Jute Reinforced Engineered Bamboo Structural Elements."

[3] Dutta, B.N. "Estimate & Costing in Civil Engineering."

[4] Francis E. Brink and Paul J. Rush "Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Construction."

[5] Jules.,J. "Designing and Building with Bamboo."

[6] Punamia,B C., Jain, A., Jain,A.K. " RCC Designs (Reinforced Concrete Structure)"

[7] Reijenga,I,T. "The Role of Bamboo in Green Building Design."

[8] Varghese,P.C, "Design of Reinforce Concrete Structure."

[9]  H. E. Glenn. "Bamboo reinforcement in portland cement concrete,"

[10] E. F. Smith and K. L. Saucier. Vicksburg, Mississippi, "Precast concrete elements with bamboo reinforcement,"

Abstract: The reliability of the concrete components in any civil engineering structure is a function of the reliability of the individual components that make up the structure. In this paper, a simple failure mode superposition approach is invoked in the estimation of reliability indices of all the concrete components of an ongoing construction. The probability of failure of concrete components in the structure is assumed to be the superposition of the probability of failure of the individual components of the entire structure. The strength parameters employed in this study was obtained from the non-destructive test that was carried out on the concrete components of the laboratory Block at college of Continuing Education, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The safety index value for the structure obtained from the formulated model was 2.54 which was compared with the code specified values for the various structural members involved. It was found to be less than 4.9 for beams in bending or flexure, 3.6 for beams in shear,4.5 for slabs and 3.9 for columns under dead-live load combination showing that the structure cannot perform satisfactorily in service and may cause loss of lives and damage of properties on collapse.

[1] Melchers, R. Structural Reliability Analysis and Prediction. Second Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 1999.
[2] Ranganathan, R. Structural Reliability, Analysis and Design, Jaico Publishing House, Mumbai, 1999.
[3] Mori Y. and Ellingwood, B.R. Reliability-Based Service Life Assessment of Aging Concrete Structures. Journal of Structural
Engineering, Vol. 119, No.5, 1993, pp. 1600-1621.
[4] Mori, Y. and Nonaka, M. LRFD for Assessment of Deteriorating Existing Structures. Structural Safety 32, 2001, pp. 297-313.
[5] Stewart, M.G. Time-Dependent Reliability of Existing RC Structures, Journal of Structural Engineering, No. 7, 1997, pp. 896- 902.
[6] Afolayan, J.O. Cost-Effectiveness of Vibration Criteria for Wooden Floors, Asian Journal of Civil Engineering (Building and
Housing), Vol. 5, Nos. 1-2, 2004, pp. 57-67.
[7] Villemeur, A. Reliability, Maintainability and Safety Assessment, Vol.2, (John Wiley), Chichester, 1992.
[8] Wilkinson, S. Physical Control of Risk, (Witherby), London, 1992.
[9] Freudenthal, A.M. Safety and Probability of Structural Failure, Transactions, ASCE, vol. 121, 1956, pp. 1337- 1375.
[10] Afolayan, J.O. Probability based design of glued thin-webbed timber beams, Asian Journal of Civil Engineering (Building and
Housing) Vol. 6, Nos. 1-2, 2006, pp. 75-84.

Abstract: Masonry infill is considered as a non-structural element in all type of buildings where masonry use. But, masonry infill walls are mainly used to increase initial stiffness and strength of reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings. This Open First storey is also termed as "Soft Storey". The upper storeys have brick infilled wall panels with various opening percentage in it. In many cities of India, it is very common to leave the first storey of masonry infilled reinforcement concrete (RC) frame building open preliminary to generate parking space or any other usage in the first storey. Such buildings are highly undesirable in seismically active areas. In the present study, it is an attempt to access the performance of masonry infilled reinforced concrete (RC) frames with soft storey of with and without opening. In this paper, symmetrical frame of college building (G+5) located in seismic zone-III is considered by modelling of initial frame. According to FEMA-273, & ATC-40 which contain the provisions of calculation of stiffness of infilled frames by modelling infill as"Equivalent Diagonal Strut Method". Therefore, the infill panels are modelled as equivalent diagonal strut method. The error involved in modelling such buildings as neglecting the presence of infills in the upper storeys, is brought out through the study of an example building with different analytical models. This linear static analysis is to be carried out on the models such as Strut frame with 15%, 20%, & 25% centre &corner opening, which is performed by using computer software STAAD-Pro from which different parameters are computed. In which it shows that how infill panels increase the stiffness of the structure. While the increase in the opening percentage leads to a decrease on the lateral stiffness of infilled frame. This paper highlights the importance of the presence of the open first storey in the analysis of the building.

Keywords: Masonry infilled frame, Stiffness, Equivalent Diagonal Strut Method, Seismic Effect, Opening percentage.

[1] J. Dorji* and D.P. Thambiratnam "Modelling and Analysis of Infilled Frame Structures Under Seismic Loads" The Open Construction and Building Technology Journal, 2009.
[2] Luis Decanini, FabrizioMollaioli, Andrea mura, Rodolfo Saragoni "Seismic performance of masonry infilled R.C frame" 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering Vancouver, B.C., Canada August 1-6, 2004
[3] Akkar, S.D. and Metin, A. (2007). Assessment of improved nonlinear static procedures in FEMA 440. Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 133(9):1237-1246.
[4] Albanesi, T. Nuti, C. and Vanzi, I. (2000). A simplified procedure to assess the seismic response response of nonlinear structures. Earthquake Spectra, 16(4):715- 734.
[5] A. Syrmakezis and P. G. "Influence of infilled walls with openings to the seismic response of plane frames" 9th Canadian Masonry Symposium.
[6] D.K. Bell and B.J.Davidson "Evaluation of Earthquake Risk Buildings with Masonry Infill Panels" NZSEE 2001 Conference P.G. Asteris "Finite Element Micro-Modeling of Infilled Frames" Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering (8) 2008
[7] KasımArmagan KORKMAZ, Fuat DEMIR and Mustafa SIVRI "Earthquake Assessment of R/C Structures with Masonry Infill Walls" International Journal of Science & Technology Volume 2, No 2, 155-164, 2007
[8] Salah El-Din FahmyTaher and HamdyMohy El-Din Afefy "Role of masonry infill seismic resistance of RC structures" Paper Received 16 April 2007; Revised 4 September 2007; Accepted 28 November 2008.
[9] C V R MURTY AndSudhir K JAIN "Beneficial influence of masonry infill walls on seismic performance of RC frame buildings" 12WCEE 2000, 1790.
[10] Kashif Mahmud, Md. Rashadul Islam and Md. Al-Amin "Study the Reinforced Concrete Frame with Brick Masonry Infill due to Lateral Loads" International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering IJCEE-IJENS Vol: 10 No: 04.

Abstract: The coastal embankment system has been gradually built during the last 40 years. The embankments were originally designed to increase agricultural production by preventing salt water intrusion not to protect against cyclonic storms. The alignment of the embankments did not consider the changing conditions in bathymetry of the sea and thalweg migration of the rivers and therefore many embankments are located under tidal water level and have severe toe and slope erosion problems during the monsoon season. The crest level and embankment cross sections have not optimized the protection of hinterland and the embankment itself and therefore the embankments typically only provide protection for the cyclones with 5-12 year return periods and the designed crest level of the sea facing coastal polder equal to the sum of normal maximum recorded water stage plus 1.50m. In this study to estimate the design crest level and side slope for sea facing embankment have been established based on maximum storm surge level, wave run-up for cyclonic wave, freeboard allowing 5 l/m/s overtopping ,potential climate change impact and land subsidence. Statistical analysis of surge level and wave run-up is carried out using Extreme Value Analysis (EVA) in MIKE Zero.

Keywords: Cyclonic wave, Overtopping Storm surge, Tidal surge, Wave Run-up

[1] IWM, Multipurpose Cyclone Shelter Programme. Planning and Implementation issues, Part 4 Volume IV, prepared for Planning Commission, Government of Bangladesh and United Nations Development Programme/ World Bank, July 1993

[2] IWM, Cyclone Shelter Preparatory Study. Stage 1: Feasibility Phase, Final Report, Prepared for European Commission, Directorate General External Economic Relations and Technical Unit for Asia, ALA-91-16 Bangladesh, May 1998

[3] IWM/DHI, 2nd Coastal Embankment Rehabilitation Project. Hydraulic Modelling Study, August 2001

[4] IWM, Islamic Development Bank, Storm Surge Modelling Study for Construction of Cyclone Shelters in the Coastal Region of Bangladesh under Fael Khair Program, Draft Final Report, August 2011 [5] IWM, Hydraulic and Morphological Modelling Study to Aid "Technical Feasibility Studies & detailed Design for Coastal Embankment Improvement Project (CEIP), Final Report, 2013

Abstract: This paper gives a bibliographical review of the methods which are applied for the analysis of Beam to column bolted end plate connection from the theoretical as well as practical points of view. The bibliography at the end of the paper contains 84 references of papers and conference proceedings on the subject that were published between 1914 and 2011. These are classified in the following categories:  Conventional methods like experimental, empirical, analytical, mechanical, informational and other methods.  Finite Element Method(s) (FEM) using different software like ANSYS, ABACUS etc.

Keywords : Beam to Column bolted Endplate Connection and FEM.

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[5] Lui EM, Chen WF. Steel frame analysis with flexible joints. J Constructional Steel Res 1987; 8: 161–202.
[6] Jaspart JP, Maquoi R. Guidelines for the design of braced frames with semi-rigid connections. J Constructional Steel Res 1990; 16(4): 319–28.
[7] Cabrero JM, Bayo E. Development of practical design methods for steel structures with semi-rigid connections. Eng Structures 2005; 27(8): 1125–37.
[8] Darío Aristizabal-Ochoa J. Second-order slope-deflection equations for imperfect beam–column structures with semi-rigid connections. Eng Structures 2010; 32(8): 2440–54.
[9] Faella C, Piluso V, Rizzano G. Structural steel semirigid connections: theory, design and software. New directions in civil engineering. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC publishers; 2000 (EEUU).
[10] Weynand K. SERICON I — databank on joints building frames. Proc. COST C1 First State of the Art Workshop on Semi-rigid Behaviour of Civil Engineering Structures; 1992, 463–74.