iosr-JMCE   Volume-9 ~ Issue-2

Abstract: The serious environmental pollution and the energy crisis all over the world has caused for development of the lower pollution and lower energy consumption automobile to become major research goal. With huge back ground, Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is projected as the best alternative fuel for the country like India. The properties of CNG make it an ideal fuel for direct use in spark ignition engines. Conversion of any existing spark ignition engine to operate on natural gas is relatively simple with available equipment. Many spark ignition engine vehicles are successfully operating in major cities of India with CNG fuel. However CNG cannot be used as a fuel in diesel engines with ease. Since the maximum engines at present run on diesel, it will be very much useful if a solution could be found to alter the existing diesel engine with minimum modifications to run on CNG. Several researchers could attempt to run diesel engines with CNG. In the process three methods were reported to be successful to use CNG as a fuel in diesel engines, they are (i) Spark ignited gas mode (ii) Direct injection of CNG in dual fuel mode and (iii) Premixed CNG dual fuel mode. In the present work a premixed dual fuel engine was developed which can perform well for the entire range of load and experiments are carried out by varying the pilot fuel amount and studied the effect of pilot fuel amount on engine performance and emissions characteristics and determined optimum fuel injection quantity for better performance and lower emissions.

[1]. Heywood, J.B., "Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals", McGraw-Hill international Edition, Singapore, ISBN 0-07-100499-8.
[2]. Maji, S., Pal, A., and Arora, B., "Use of CNG and Diesel in CI Engines in Dual Fuel Mode," SAE Technical Paper 2008-28-0072, 2008, doi: 10.4271/2008-28-0072
[3]. Bhandari, K et al. (2005): Performance and emissions of natural gas fueled internal Combustion engine, A review, JSIR Volume 64 333-338.
[4]. Papagianakkis, R., and Hountalas, D., "Combustion and exhaust emission characteristics Of a dual fuel compression ignition engine operated with pilot diesel fuel and natural gas," Energy conversion and management, 45, 2971-2987, 2004, doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2004.01.013
[5]. Papagianakkis, R., and Hountalas, D., "Experimental investigation concerning the effect of natural gas percentage on performance and emissions of a di dual fuel diesel engine," Applied Thermal Engineering, 23, 353-365, 2003, doi: 10.1016/S1359-4311(02)00187-4
[6]. Balasubramanian, V. Dr. K. Sridhara and Dr. V. Ganesan (1995) "Performance evaluation of a small agricultural operated on dual fuel (diesel + natural gas) system", SAE 951777.
[7]. Andera, U., R.M. Bata and D.W. Lyons (1993) "Natural gas A promising fuel for I.C. engines", SAE 930929.
[8]. Fraser, R.A., D.L. Sieebers and C.F. Edwards (1991) "Auto ignition of methane and natural gas in a simulated diesel environment", SAE 910227
[9]. Raine, R.R., J. Stephenson,and S.t. Elder (1987) "Optimisation of diesel engines converted to high compression spark ignited natural gas operation", Proceedings of Fourth International Pacific conference on automotive engineering (IPC4), Melboune, Australia, November 28-30.
[10]. Karim, G. A. (1981) "Methane and diesel problems and solutions Proceedings of International conference on Methane fuel for the future". British Columbia, Vanconver B. C., September 28 – 29

Abstract: Fettling shop is the product finishing shop of casting products.After the knockout, the casting is taken to the fettling shop for doing the fettling work. The fettling process includes cutting, shot blasting, grinding and painting. In all these process the sand and extra metal on the castings are removed. The project titled "The performance analysis of a fettling shop using simulation‟ is based on a fettling shop of a casting industry. The main aim of the project is the performance analysis of the fettling shop. This project is a simulation based project and is done using a simulation tool called arena. The main concepts related with the performance analysis are Bottleneck analysis, Productivity analysis and System improvement analysis.

Keywords: Performance analysis, Fettling shop, Bottleneck, Simulation.

[1] Al.Araidah, O.Boran (2012) -"Reducing delay in healthcare delivery at outpatients clinics using discrete event simulation".

[2] Bronislav Chramcov, Petr beran (2005) -"A simulation approach to achieving more efficient production systems".

[3] Chompoonoot kasemset,Voratas kachitvichyanukul (2008)- "Simulation-based procedure for implementing theory of constraints: extension for cases with multiple bottlenecks".

[4] Christoph Roser,Masaru Nakano ,Minoru Tanaka (2002) –"Shifting bottleneck detection".

[5] Felipe f. Baesler,Milton Moraga,Francisco j. Ramis (2002) -"Productivity improvement in the wood industry using simulation and artificial intelligence".

[6] Galina Merkuryeva (2005) –"Metamodelling for simulation applications in production".

[7] Julian h. Kang,Sung-mo ahn , Ji-hyun nam (2006)-"Productivity assessment of rock transportation trucks using simulation technology".

[8] Kidak Levent B,Aksarayli Mehmet (2011) -"Simulation modeling for process improvement in a general surgery service".

[9] Melaka (2009)-"Productivity analysis of table top fan assembly process using arena simulation".

[10] Navin Gupta, Edward j. Williams (2005) –"Simulation improves service and profitability of an automobile service garage".

Abstract:Suspension system of an automobile plays an important role in ensuring the stability of the automobile. Although it has been achieved to a considerable extent, another major aspect of suspension system is passenger car. Now a day in automobile Industries every supplier is trying to give a good product with cheap price to the customer. By considering the customer requirement I am designing Forged aluminium Tension Strut which will satisfy the customer requirement. Tension Strut is the part of Linkages system which is link between the Chassis and Wheel assembly with specific ball joint at one side and Bushing at another side. In SUV (sport utility vehicle) the strength requirement of tension strut is always in higher demand and shape should not be more bulge. Due to this requirement most of the suppliers are prefer to use "Steel" material for forged tension strut. In this project I am designing the Tension strut in 3D software Catia V-5 by providing the different types of shapes or Sections and will optimize the 3D model in FEA by applying the aluminium material for Static Load cases.FEA in V-5 will give 90% - 95% accuracy of result but it will take very less time as compare to other FEA software.

Keyword: Aluminium forging,CAD-Catia V-5,Finite Element Analysis-Catia V-5.

[1]. http://forums.tccoa.com/showthread.php?t=124547
[2]. http://www.custommagnums.com/forums/engine-performance-mods/40365-how-replace-tension-struts.html
[3]. http://www.alu-stock.es/en/technical/information.html
[4]. http://www.witzenmann.in/download/Manual%20of%20metal%20bellows_0441e%20S%20174-199_2_04_10_20_web.pdf
[5]. http://www.grantadesign.com/education/datasheets/sciencenote.htm

Abstract: The chassis serves as a backbone for supporting the body and different parts of the automobile. It should be rigid enough to withstand the shock, twist, vibration and other stresses. Along with strength (Shear Stress), an important consideration in chassis design is to have adequate bending stiffness (Deflection). The main objective of the research is to develop an ANN model for shear stress prediction. The chassis frame is made of two side members joined with a series of cross members. The number of cross members, their locations, cross-section and the sizes of the side and the cross members becomes the design variables. The chassis frame model is to be developed in Solid works and analyzed using Ansys. Since the no. of parameters and levels are more, the probable models are too many. The weight reduction of the sidebar is achieved by changing the Parameters using the orthogonal array. Then FEA is performed on those models. ANN model is prepared using the results of FEA. For the ANN modeling, the standard back-propagation algorithm is found to be the best choice for training the model. A multi- layer perception network is used for non-linear mapping between the input and output parameters. This model can save material used, production cost and time.

Keywords: Optimization, Chassis frame, FE analysis, FEA-ANN hybrid modeling, Weight reduction

1]. Bourquin, J., Schmidli, H., van Hoogevest, P., & Leuenberger, H. (1998). Comparison of artificial neural networks (ANN) with classical modelling techniques using different experimental designs and data from a galenical study on a solid dosage form. European journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 6 (4), 287-300.

[2]. Javadi, A. A., Tan, T. P., & Zhang, M. (2003). Neural network for constitutive modelling in finite element analysis. Computer Assisted Mechanics and Engineering Sciences, 10 (4), 523-530.

[3]. Spina, R. (2006). Optimization of injection moulded parts by using ANN-PSO approach. Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering,15 (1-2), 146-152.

[4]. Saltan, M., & Sezgin, H. (2007). Hybrid neural network and finite element modeling of sub-base layer material properties in flexible pavements. Materials & design, 28(5), 1725-1730.

[5]. Benardos, P. G., & Vosniakos, G. C. (2007). Optimizing feedforward artificial neural network architecture. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 20 (3), 365-382.

[6]. Cardozo, S. D., Gomes, H., & Awruch, A. (2011). Optimization of laminated composite plates and shells using genetic algorithms, neural networks and finite elements. Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures, 8 (4), 413-427.

Abstract: This paper aims is innovation of alternative materials of Liquid petroleum gas (LPG). So, the finite element analysis of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) cylinders made of Steel and Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) composites has been carried out. Finite element analysis of composite cylinder subjected to internal pressure is performed. Layered shell element of a versatile FE analysis package ANSYS (version 11.0) has been used to model the shell with FRP composites.

[1] Jones, R. M; Mechanics of Composite Materials; Mc Graw Hill Book Co.; 1975.

[2] Mallick, P. K; Fiber Reinforced Composites ; 1997

[3] Agarwal, B. D and Brootman, L. J; Analysis and performance of Fiber Reinforced Composites; Wiley publishers; 2nd Edition; 1990.

[4] Peters, S.T; "Handbook of Composites"; Chapman and Hall London; 2nd Edition; 1998.

[5] Geoff Eckold; "Design and Manufacture of Composite Structures"; Jaico publishing House; 1995.

[6] Vasiliev, V. V and Morozov, E. V; Mechanics and Analysis of Composite Materials; Elsevier Science; 2001.

[7] Kumar, S. and Pradhan, B; Finite Element Analysis of Low-Velocity Impact Damage in Composite Laminates; Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites; Vol.19; No. 04/2000.

[8] Jha, S. K and Kumar, S; Finite Element Analysis of Deformations, Stresses and Damages in FRP Composite Laminates Subjected to Uniformly Distributed Loadings; National Conference on Light Metals and Composites for Strategic and Social needs; RRL Trivandrum; October 2002.

[9] Jha, S. K; M. Tech. Thesis on 3-D FE Analysis of FRP Composite Beams and Plates; Mechanical Engineering Department, NIT Jamshedpur; April 2002.

Abstract: The current investigation is aimed to simulate the three-dimensional complex internal flow in a centrifugal pump impeller with five twisted blades by using a specialized computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software ANSYS /FLUENT 14code with a standard k-ε two-equation turbulence model. A single blade passage will be modeled to give more accurate results for velocity vectors on (blade, hub, and shroud). The potential consequences of velocity vectors associated with operating a centrifugal compressor in variable rotation speed. A numerical three-dimensional, through flow calculations to predict velocity vectors through a centrifugal pump were presented to examined the effect of rotational speed variation on the velocity vectors of the centrifugal pump . The contours of the velocity vectors of the blade, hub, and shroud indicates low velocity vectors in the suction side at high rotational speed (over operation limits )and the velocity vectors increases gradually until reach maximum value at the leading edge (2.63×10 m/s) of the blade.

Keywords: CFD, Centrifugal pump, 3D numerical simulation

[1] Dr. Jalal M. Jalil, Dr. Khalaf H. Ali, Dr. Hussein M. al-Yassiri, Three--Dimensional Numerical Study of Flow Characteristics Through a Centrifugal Pump, Al-Rafidain Engineering Vol.16 No.1 2008.

[2] C. H. Liu, C. Vafidis, and J. H.Whitelaw, ―Flow characteristics of a centrifugal pump,‖ ASME Journal of Fluids Engineering, vol. 116, no. 2, pp. 303–309, 1994.

[3] Zhou, W., Zhao, Z., Lee, T. S., and Winoto, S. H., Investigation of flow through centrifugal pump impellers using computational fluid dynamics, International Journal of Rotating Machinery, volume 9, pp 49–61.2003.

[4] A. Akhras, M. El Hajem, R. Morel, and J.-Y. Champagne, ―Internal flow investigation of a centrifugal pump at the design point,‖ Journal of Visualization, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 91–98, 2001.

[5] N. Pedersen, P. S. Larsen, and C. B. Jacobsen, ―Flow in a centrifugal pump impeller at design and off-design conditions— part I: particle image velocimetry (PIV) and laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) measurements,‖ ASME Journal of Fluids Engineering, vol. 125, no. 1, pp. 61–72, 2003.

[6] C. M. Heilmann and H. E. Siekmann, ―Particle image velocimetry as CFD validation tool for flow field investigation in centrifugal pumps,‖ in Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Transport Phenomena and Dynamics of Rotating Machinery (ISROMAC '02),Honolulu,Hawaii, USA, February 2002.

[7] K. Majidi and H. E. Siekmann, ―Numerical calculation of secondary flow in pump volute and circular casings using 3D viscous flow techniques,‖ International Journal of Rotating Machinery, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 245–252, 2000.

[8] K. U. Ziegler, H. E. Gallus, and R. Niehuis, ―A study on impeller-diffuser interaction—part I: influence on the performance,‖ Journal of Turbomachinery, vol. 125, no. 1, pp. 173–182, 2003.

[9] F. Shi and H. Tsukamoto, ―Numerical study of pressure fluctuations caused by impeller-diffuser interaction in a diffuser pump stage,‖ ASME Journal of Fluids Engineering, vol. 123, no. 3, pp. 466–474, 2001.

Abstract: Crusher dust as a geotechnical material for its bulk utilization in construction activities and to assess its performance tests like compaction, strength have been performed to suit as a fill and sub-grade material in place of sand and natural soil. Parameters like density, angle of shearing resistance, CBR, drainage, etc., were performed. From the test results it was identified that crusher dust achieved higher densities and maintained high shearing resistance value with wider variation of moisture contents. By attaining high CBR, strength, drainage as that of sand, crusher dust can be used as an alternative material in geotechnical activities.

[1]. Collins R.J and Ciesilki, S.K (1994)-Recycling and use of waste materials and by-products in highway construction, synthesis of Highway Practice 1994, National Academy Press, Washington D.C
[2]. Illangovan R et.al (2006)-Studies on strength and behaviour of concrete by using quarry dust as fine aggregate. CE and CR journal, New Delhi. October .pp. 40-42.
[3]. IS 2720: Part 16: 1987-Methods of test for soil-Part 16: Laboratory determination of CBR.
[4]. IS 2720: Part 13: 1986-Methods of test for soils-Part 13: Direct Shear test.
[5]. IS 2720: Part 17: 1986-Methods of test for soils –Part 17: Laboratory determination of Permeability.
[6]. IS 2720: Part 4: 1985-Methods of test for soils-Part 4: Grain size analysis.
[7]. IS 2720: Part 8: 1983-Methods of test for determination of compaction characteristics.
[8]. IS 2720: Part 3: Sec 2: 1980-Test for soils- Part 3: Determination of Specific gravity- Section 1 Fine grained soils.
[9]. Moorthy N.V.R et.al (2002)-potential of rock flour for use in reinforced soil construction, journal of South East Asian geotechnical society, Vol.88,pp. 47-50.
[10]. Praveen Kumar, Satish Chandra and Vishal R. (2006)-Comparative study of different study of different sub-base materials. J.Mat. In civil engg. Vol.18, 576-580.

Abstract: The occurrence of delay is common in most construction projects, due to various reasons and causes before or during construction phase. As the delay impact on time and cost overrun, analyzing of these delay(s) makes easy to give responsibility to concern party. This helps to avoid or minimize delays in future work. Numerous analytical methods are available for analyzing these impacts and selection of proper method depends upon: statistical data available, time available, limitation of method and money available for analyzing. However, information of activities which are responsible for project delay and their magnitude provides the baseline for investing the cause and assessing the responsibility for project delay. This paper reviews research methodology suggested for assessing construction delay factors by analytical methods as well as with the help of computerized schedule analysis methods. The purpose of this study is to review various analytical & computerized schedule analysis methods for analysis of construction delay factor.

Keywords: Analytical methods, Construction, CPM, Delay, Schedule.

[1] Aibinu, A. A., and Odeyinka, H. A. (2006). "Construction delays and their causative factors in Nigeria". J. Constr. Eng. and Mgmt., (ASCE), 132(7), 667-677.
[2] Alaghbari, W., Kadir, M.R.A., Salim, A., and Ernawati (2007) "The significant factors causing delay of building construction projects in Malaysia‟, Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 14 (2), 192-206.
[3] Alwi, S., and Hampson, K. (2003). "Identifying the important causes of delays in building construction projects". The 9th East Asia-Pacific conference on structural eng. and constr., Bali, Indonesia.
[4] Assaf, S. A., Al-Khalif, M., and Al-Hazmi, M. (1995). "Causes of delay in large building construction projects". J. Mgmt. Eng., 11(2), 45-50.

Abstract: Nanofluid, a simple product of nanotechnology has become a topic of attraction due to its extraordinary heat transfer performance in various areas including cooling, power generation, defense, nuclear, space, microelectronics and biomedical appliances. However, preparation and stabilization of such fluids are indeed a matter of concern for better understanding. For the last decade numerous research and development works have been done in the synthesis and stability of such materials. In this contribution, a brief review has been presented to provide an update about the preparation and stabilization methods of nanofluids.

Keywords: Nanofluids, preparation, stability

[1] R. Taylor, S. Coulombe, T. Otanicar, P. Phelan, A. Gunawan, W. Lv, G. Rosengarten, R.Prasher, H.Tyagi, ―Small particles, big impacts: A review of the diverse applications of nanofluids‖,J. Appl. Phys. 113, 011301 (2013),(http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4754271). [2] H. Akoh, Y.Tsukasaki, S.Yatsuya, and A.Tasaki, ―Magnetic properties of ferromagnetic ultrafine particlesprepared by vacuum evaporation on running oil substrate.‖ Journal of Crystal Growth, 45, 495–500, 1978.

[3] J.A.Eastman, U.S.Choi, S.Li, L.J.Thompson, S.Lee, ―Enhanced thermal conductivity through the development of nanofluids‖, Materials Research Society Symposium-Proceedings, Materials research Society, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, Boston, MA, USA, vol.457:pp.3-11, 1997.

[4] H.T.Zhu, Y.S.Yin, A, ―A novel one-step chemical method preparation of copper nanofluids‖, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol.227, no.1, pp.100-130, 2004.

[5] C–H. Lo, T-T. Tsung, L-C. Chen, C.-H. Su and H.-M.Lin, ―Fabrication of Copper Oxide Nanofluid Using Submerged Arc Nanoparticle Synthesis System (SANSS)‖.Journal of Nanoparticle Research 7: 313–320, 2005.

[6] S. Lee, S. U.S. Choi, S. Li, and J. A. Eastman, ―Measuring thermal conductivity of fluids containing oxide nanoparticles,‖ Journal of Heat Transfer, vol. 121, no. 2, pp. 280–289, 1999.

[7] X. Wang, X. Xu, and S. U. S. Choi, ―Thermal Conductivity of Nanoparticle-Fluid Mixture,‖ Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 13: 474–480, 1999.

[8] S. M. S. Murshed, K. C. Leong, and C. Yang, ―Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of TiO2 —Water Based Nanofluids‖, International Journal of Thermal Sciences 44: 367–373, 2005.

[9] Y. Xuan and Q. Li, ―Heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids,‖ International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 58–64, 2000.

[10] K.Kwak, C.Kim, Kor.-Austr. Rheol. J., 17, 35, 2005.

Abstract: Thermal post buckling analysis of axi symmetric compound stepped beams, made of two different materials with axially immovable ends, for simply supported conditions, and was studied numerically. The analysis was performed by using the energy principle. The compound beam is made of two different materials, with the end segments of equal lengths of the same material with a higher, and the central segment of a different length of another material with lower coefficients of linear thermal expansion. Similarly, the Young's modulus of the material of the middle segment is higher than that of the symmetrically placed end segments. The buckling and post buckling strength of stepped compound beam is predicted by examining the influence of inertia, length and deflection ratios. As mentioned in the title of the present work, importance is given for predicting the non dimensional post buckling parameters for the two different material combinations such as steel-aluminum, titanium-aluminum and copper-aluminum as these combinations of materials finds a major applications in the fields of aerospace, electronic, power generation and automobile industry where high strength and low weight are desirable. For post buckling analysis, the accuracy and efficiency of the present method for a isotropic uniform beam with simply supported and fixed-fixed boundary conditions, have shown a good agreement with that of obtained by finite element method. Key words: compound beam, copper-aluminum, steel-aluminum, titanium-aluminum, and post buckling

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Abstract: The objective of the research paper is to develop a new model by which we can improve the bearing capacity of foundation by using geo fabrics. The primary design concerns for a foundation engineer are bearing capacity and settlement. The soil reinforcement technique of the geo synthetic has been taken into account for developing such a model that can be used to reduce excessive settlements on soft soils and prevent the foundation from failing. Hence, this paper summarizes the physical and numerical simulation to verify the results to enhance the performance of the foundation.

Dr Jay N. Meegoda Phd, PE, Civil Engg dept, NJIT,Improvement in bearing capacity of soil by geotextiles-an experimental approach by M.S.Ranadive and N.N.Jadhav, Improvement in bearing capacity of soils with geosynthetics by Georg Heerten, Geosynthetic Engineering : Successes, failures and lessons learned by J.P.Giroud, ASTM standards on Geosynthetics, Geosynthetic Engineering by Shukla and Yin, Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering by B.C.Punmia

Abstract: A flat plate is a reinforced concrete slab supported directly by concrete columns without the use of beams, column flares or drop panels. Flat plate system has been adopted in many buildings constructed recently taking advantage of the reduced floor height to meet the economical and architectural demands. However, In Multistoried structures the flat plate floor system has week resistance to lateral loads like wind and earthquake hence this paper is concerned to increase lateral stiffness of flat plate structure and to minimize the displacement of the structure under lateral loading. This paper is also concerned about column axial load and to review our structure with special features like shear walls & diagonal bracing. In present work, a 15 storied flat plate garments building have been modeled using software package "STAAD Pro" for earthquake zone II in Bangladesh .This model is considered in most vulnerable situation where we took wind speed as 260 kmph and Earthquake load has been taken as per Bangladesh National Building Code(BNBC) Keywords: Shear wall, Diagonal bracing, Lateral stiffness, Flat plate

[1] H.S.Kim, D.G.Lee , Efficient Analysis of Flat Plate Structures subjected to Lateral Loads , Science Direct, Engineering Structures Journal, Vol.27, Issue.2, January 2005, pp 251-263.

[2] Husam Omar, Glenn Morris; Analysis of laterally loaded flat-plate structures, Canadian Journal of structural engineering, Vol.18, No.1, 1991, pp.109-117.

[3] L.G. Jaeger, A.A. Mufti, J.C. Mamet, The structural analysis of tall buildings having irregularly positioned shear walls, Journal of Building Science, Vol.8, pp.11-22. Pergamum Press 1973

[4] Fayazuddin Ahmed Syed, B. Dean Kumar, Y. Chandrasekhar, B.L.P. Swami, Comparative Analysis of Flat Plate Multistoried Frames With and Without Shear Walls under Wind Loads, International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-2, Issue-1, October 2012

[5] IS: 875(Part 3)-1987, "Code of Practise for Design Loads (Other than earthquakes) for Buildings and Structures", Part 3 Wind Loads, Second Revision, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1989.

[6] Mehmet Emin Kara and Sinan Altin, Strengthening of RC non ductile frames with RC Infills : An Experimental Study, Science Direct, Cement and Composite journal, Vol.34, Issue.7, August 2008, pp 612-621.