iosr-JMCE   Volume-9 ~ Issue-4

Abstract: The slope stability problems in residual soil are receiving increasing attention in recent years. The stability of slope is one of the important criteria where consider worldwide for a wide range of engineering projects. The rainfall seems to be the most common cause for landslide in residual soil slope. After a period of continuous rainfall, soil becomes saturated and a wetting front is developed because of infiltration of rainwater into the ground and into the slope surface respectively. The objective of the paper is to find threshold slope based on undrained shear strength parameters.

Keywords: Landslide , Rainfall , Slope stability, Threshold slope , Undrained shear strength parameters.

[1] Fredlund D.G , "Slope Stability Analysis Incorporating the Effect of Soil Suction", University of Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0WO,1987, 113-143.

[2] Lim .T. T., Rahardjo .H. Chang M .F and Fredlund D .G. , "Effect of Rainfall on matric suctions in a residual soil slope", Canadian Geotech Journal, vol-33,1996, 618-628.

[3] Fredlund D.G and Scoular R.E.G., "Using Limit Equilibrium Concepts in Finite Element Slope Stability Analysis", International Symposium on Slope Stability Engineering,1999.

[4] Gasmon J.M., Rahardjo H, and Leong E.C (2000), "Infiltration Effects On Stability Of A Residual Soil Slope", Computers And Geotechnics, Vol 26, 2000, 145-165.

[5] Manzari M.T and Nour M.A , "Significance Dilatancy In Slope Stability Analysis", Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering ASCE, 2000, 75-80.

[6] Rezaur .R .B. Rahardjo .H ., Leong .E .C., and Lee .T .T. , "Hydrologic behavior of residual soil slopes in Singapore" Journal of Hydrologic Engineering (ASCE), 2003 , 133-144.

[7] Jachong Kim, Sangseom Jeong, Seongwan Park and Jitendra Sharina , "Influence of rainfall-induced wetting on the stability of slope in weathered soil", Engineering Geology, 75(3-4), 2004, 251-262.

[8] Stark T.D, Choi H and McCone S , "Drained Shear Strength Parameters For Analysis Of Landslides", Journal of Geothchnical and Geoenvironmental Emgineering ASCE, 2005, 575-588.

[9] Hsin-Fu Yeh, Po-Hsun Chang , Jin-Fa Chan, ands Cheng-Haw Lee (2006), "Instability of unsaturated soil slopes due to infiltration" International symposium on Geohazards,Taiwan.

Abstract: This paper discusses the study and examined effect of die casting process parameters on porosity in aluminium alloy SAE 308 by using Taguchi method. In any die casting industry porosity is a very serious problem faced by production department and also being an invisible defect it is not identified visually in running production. It is shown in this work that die casting parameters which are related with machine such as first phase speed, second phase speed, first phase length and injection pressure all have significant influence on porosity level. The quality assessment of the die casting part was based on porosity measurement. The experiment have been performed as per the combination of levels of different process parameters suggested by L9 orthogonal array and conformation experiments have been performed to validate the optimum levels of different parameters

Keywords: Aluminum casting, die casting, Taguchi Methodology, Design of Experiments, orthogonal array

[1] R.Monroe, Porosity in Casting, AFS Transactions American Foundry Society 2005
[2] Y.J. Huang, B.H. Hu, I. Pinwill, W.Zhou & D.M.R Taplin. Effects of process settings on the porosity levels of AM60B magnesium die castings : Materials and Manufacturing, 2009.
[3] K S Anastasiou, optimization of the aluminium die casting process based on the taguchi method. Journal of Engineering Manufacture June 3, 2011
[4] A.Nouri-Borujerdi, Analysis of vacuum venting in Die Casting: SCIENTIA IRANICA, October 2004.
[5] S.Thanabumrungkul, S.Janudom, R.Burapa. Industrial development of gas induced semi-solid process: Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China: 25 June 2010.
[6] S.Thanabumrungkul, S.Janudom, R.Burapa. Industrial development of gas induced semi-solid process: Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China: 25 June 2010.
[7] Imran Khan, YakovFrayman and Sacid Nahavandi: Modelling of porosity defects in high pressure die casting with a neural network. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2009.
[8] Drd. Ing, sorina Moica: Taguchi Experiment to establish the Process Parameters for Die Cast Aluminum Parts: Journal of inter- engineering 2009.
[9] G.O. Verran: DOE applied to optimization of aluminum alloy die castings: Journal of Materials Processing Technology 13 Aug 2007.
[10] Satish Kumar, Arun Kumar Gupta, Pankaj Chandna: Optimization of Process Parameters of Pressure Die Casting using Taguchi Methodology: International Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering 2012

Abstract: The tribological behavior of stainless steel 304 and grey cast iron was investigated using the pin-on-disc standard test with varying sliding speeds and normal loads. A pin-on-disc device with round tool inserts was used to conduct friction wear tests in which the linear wear of the tribo-pairs were continuously recorded versus sliding distance. For the quantitative comparison of the wear resistance of the material was tested by calculating the weight loss. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied for observations of wear scars and wear products, and the identification of the predominant wear mechanisms which occurred. Some specific frictional behaviors and relevant wear mechanisms observed for both steel 304 and cast iron sliding were highlighted and quantified. It was concluded that with the increase in sliding speed and normal load wear behavior shown by stainless steel 304 was more as it become soften with the increase in the load. But the wear behavior shown by grey cast was low due to the presence of graphite.

Keywords: Grey cast iron, Pin on disc, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Stainless steel 304, Weighing machine.

[1] I.A. Inman, S. Datta, H.L. Du, J.S. Burnell-Gray, Q. Luo, Microscopy of glazed layers formed during high temperature sliding wear at 750 0C, Wear 254 (2003) 461–467.

[2] J.E. Wilson, F.H. Stott, G.C. Wood, The development of wear protective oxides and their influence on sliding friction, Proc. R. Soc. A 369 (1980) 557–574.

[3] I.A. Inman, P.S. Datta, Development of a simple 'temperature versus sliding speed' wear map for the sliding wear behaviour of dissimilar metallic interfaces II, Wear 265 (2008) 1592–1605.

[4] S.Q. Wang, M.X. Wei, F. Wang, Y.T. Zhao, Transition of elevated temperature wear mechanisms and the oxidative delamination wear in hot-working die steels, Tribol. Int. 43 (2010) 577–584.

[5] A.R. Riahi, A.T. Alpas, Wear map for grey cast iron, Wear 255 (2003) 401–409.

[6] K. Hirasata, K. Hayashi, Friction and wear of several kinds of cast irons under severe sliding conditions, Wear 263 (2007) 790–800.

[7] B.K. Prasad, Sliding wear response of cast iron as influenced by micro structural features and test condition, Mater. Sci. Eng. 456 A (2007) 373–385.

[8] Y.C. Liu, The influence of surface oxidation on the wear resistance of cast iron, Tribol. Int. 28 (1995) 433–438.

[9] H.-S. Hong, The role of atmospheres and lubricant in the oxidational wear of metals, Tribol. Int. 35 (2002) 725–729.

[10] Dwivedi DK, Arjun TS, Thakur P, Vaidya H, Singh K. Sliding wear and friction behaviour of Al–18%Si–0.5%Mg alloy.Mater Process Technol 2004;152(3),323–328.

Abstract: In Bangladesh, petrol, diesel and octane are conventionally used as an engine fuel. Petrol and octane are used only transport sector. Diesel is used in transport, agriculture and power generation among them 45% of diesel is consumed in transport sector. Total demand of liquid fuel is rising day by day. The country has no natural sources of liquid fuels. As a result a huge amount of money spent for importing fuel from abroad. This expenditure will be massive amount within a few years. The gas could be compressed natural gas (CNG) or bio methane. The advantage is that this reduces fuel costs and when local bio methane is used, it also contributes to the use of a more sustainable fuel supply. CNG system suppliers are currently developing dual-fuel technology and have already converted trucks, using government grants. Furthermore, various exploratory studies into the dual-fuel principle are being conducted under contract to various municipalities in the context of sustainable transportation (fermentation of city waste to produce bio methane for use as engine fuel). According to World Health Organization (WHO), the safe limit of dust particles in the atmosphere is 40 to 80 micrograms, whereas in Dhaka city, it is 1700 to 2200 micrograms. To minimize environmental pollution in Dhaka, CNG played a vital role now a day. To use CNG on commercial basis, different programs are taken to use compressed natural gas (CNG). This program mainly concentrated on road transport. These programs cannot spread throughout the country due to some difficulties. But there is a huge potentiality in road, marine, railway and stationary engines to use CNG.

Keywords: SI engine, electronic conversion kit, CNG, Diesel.

[1] Weaver, C. S. and Turner, S. H., "Dual Fuel NaturalGas/DieselEnginesTechnology, Performance, and Emissions," SAE Paper 940548.

[2] Mathur, M.L. & Sharma, R.P. , "A course in Internal Combustion Engine"; First Edition (Reprint-2003); Dhanpat Rai Publications; New Delhi.

[3]. Khurmi, R.S & Gupta, J.K. , "A text Book of Thermal Engineering (S.I. Unit)''; First Edition (Reprint-2003); S. Chand & Company Ltd. New Delhi

[4] "Installation Manual for CNG Kit Gasoline/CNG "; Internet Sourcewww.omnitekcorp.com; Omnitek Engineering Corp.- 1945 S. Rancho Santa Fe Rd.- San Marcos, CA 92078.

[5] Thomas, G. Advantica, Goulding J. and Munteanu, C.; NMSPU Project KTll; "Measurement, Approval and Verification of CNG Dispensers"- NWML

[6] Jeffrey, B. Gotthelf (Engineering Manager ITT Conoflow); "CNG Regulator I Fuel System Interactions "ITT Industries

[7] Internetsource-http://www.cng.czlwww.cng.en.

Abstract: Multiphase flow occurs when more than one material is present in a flow field and the materials are present in different physical states of matter or are present in the same physical state of matter but with distinct chemical properties. The materials present in multiphase flow are often identified as belonging to the primary or secondary phases. The primary phase is characterized as the phase that is continuous about, or enveloping of, the secondary phase. The secondary phase is thought to be the material that is distributed throughout the primary phase. Each phase present in multiphase flow may be either laminar or turbulent, which leads to a variety of potential flow regimes for multiple phases in the same channel. Project is based on two-phase flow and its measurement (water + air/vapor). This is frequently encountered in thermal and nuclear power plants, R&A/C and cryogenic applications, chemical industries and biotechnology etc., the arrangement of a vertical tube with two water inlets and three air inlets. By varying air and water flow rates following things are demonstrated and calculated: Flow regime identification through visualization Pressure drop measurement The analysis carried out by the flow of air + water mixture using by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique.

Keywords: Multiphase; Vertical tube; Two water inlets; Three air inlets; ANSYS-FLUENT

[1]. Aug. 1969, Symposium on Two-Phase Flow Instrumentation presented at 11th National ASME / A.I.Ch.E. Heat Transfer Conf. Minneapolis, Minnesota.
[2]. Collier, J.G., and Thome, J.R., 1994, "Convective Boiling and Condensation," 3rd edition, Oxford Science Publications, Clarendon Press.
[3]. Collier, J.G., and Hewitt, G.F., 1966, "Experimental Techniques in Two-phase Flow," British Chemical Engineering, II, 12, 1526-1531.
[4]. G.gopalkrishnan, and D, PrithviRaj, Treatise on Turbo machines, Scitech publications, Chennai, 2002.
[5]. Hewitt, G.F., 1978, Measurement of Two-Phase Flow Parameters, Academic Press, London.
[6]. Hestroni, G., Handbook of Multiphase Systems, Hemisphere, Washington, 1982.
[7]. Mayinger, F Stroemung und Waermeubergang in Gas-Fluessigkeits-Gemischen, Springer-Verlag, Wien, New York,1982,
[8]. Patankar, Suhas v, Numerical heat transfer and Fluid flow. Hemisphere publications, USA.1980.
[9]. H.K.versteeg and W.Malalasekera, An introduction to CFD the Finite volume method, Pearson education limited,2005
[10]. Wallis, G. B., One-Dimensional Two-Phase Flow, McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, 1969.

Abstract: Inspired from differential drive mechanism of army tank and chain drive of tank for movement of rover. Try to deploy the concept of crane working in rover for extraction purpose. Use the camera for the security purpose and surveillance in rover for the reconnaissance purpose. Use "pro-engineering software" for designing purpose of rover. It is prototype to explain the concept of differential drive mechanism and its use in robotics.

Keywords: rover, security robot, surveillance, extraction robot, multi- function robot

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Abstract: To our path towards green economy, Hydrogen is often regarded to have a potential growth in the coming future. However, the high cost of operation of fuel cell has often been a setback. If we could make use of hydrogen gas as a fuel directly, the scope of development broadens. Owing to these aspects, this work primarily focuses on the simulation technique of an Internal Combustion Spark Ignition Engine powered by Hydrogen gas. The simulations of various stages have been carried out using the discrete approach, thereby investigating the pressures and temperatures at various instants in the cycle. For the relative performance discussion we have simulated the different cycles as ideal cycle, air fuel cycle and actual cycle. The resultant cyclic graph indicates various discrepancies between ideal, air fuel and actual cycle. This analysis serves as a tool for a better understanding of the variables involved and helps in optimizing engine design and fixing of various parameters, including the determination of valve timings. Besides this, backfire, is the commonly faced problem with the hydrogen engines. To reduce this effect, a fuel injectoris used for adding the gaseous fuel to the combustion chamber.

Keyword: Actual cycle, air fuel cycle, backfire, discrete approach, fuel injector, fuel cell, hydrogen, ideal cycle, spark plug, valve timings ,Fiat Lancia,inlet valve, exhaust valve, optimum valve timing .

[1] Books: Heywood J., Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, 1st Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill,USA, 1988, chap. 9-10.
[2] Book: V. Ganesan, Internal Combustion engines.
[3] Murat CINIVIZ, Hydrogen use in internal combustion engine:A Review Mechanical engineering department, Selcuk University, Konya Turkey, 21011
[4] http://kinetics.nisd.gov/janaf
[5] Vikas Patel., Analysis of Hydrogen engine by differential and discrete approach, Ph.D Thesis, S. V. N.I.T, Surat, 2006
[6] Jose J Granda, Karl Sime, Computer Aided Modelling of Four Stroke Internal combustion engine, California State University, Sacramento
[7] http://www.engr.colostate.edu
[8] J.M.Gones Antunes, R Mikalsen, A. P. Roskilly, An experimental study of a direct injection compression ignition hydrogen engine, Sir Joseph Institute for Energy Research, Newcastle University, England U.K.
[9] Probir Kumar Bose, Rahul Banerjee, and Madhujit Deb, Hydrogen and Diesel Combustion on a Single Cylinder Four Stroke Diesel Engine in Dual FuelMode with Varying Injection Strategies
[10] VVN BHASKAR, Dr. R. HARI PRAKASH, Dr. B. DURGA PRASAD, HYDROGEN FUELLED IC ENGINE – ANOVERVIEW

Abstract:This paper concerns with the reanalysis of Structural modification of a beam element based on natural frequencies using polynomial regression method. This method deals with the characteristics of frequency of a vibrating system and the procedures that are available for the modification of physical parameters of vibrating structural system. The method is applied on a simple cantilever beam structure and T-structure for approximate structural dynamic reanalysis. Results obtained from the assumed conditions of the problem indicates the high quality approximation of natural frequencies using finite element method and regression method.

Keywords: frequency, mass matrix, physical parameters, stiffness matrix, regression method

[1] Tao Li, Jimin He, Local structural modification using mass and stiffness changes, Engineering structures,21(1999), 1028-1037.

[2] M.M.Segura and J.T.celigilete, A new dynamic reanalysis technique based on modal synthesis, computers & structures,vol. 56 (1995),523-527.

[3] W.T. THOMSON, Theory of vibration with applications (London W1V 1FP : Prentice-Hall, 1972).

[4] Uri kirsch , Michael Bogomolni, Nonlinear and dynamic structural analysis using combined approximations, computers & structures 85, (2007), 566-578.

[5] M. Nad‟a, Structural dynamic modification of vibrating systems, Applied and Computational Mechanics 1 (2007), 203-214

[6] Tirupathi R. chandrupatla, Ashok D. Belegundu, Introduction to finite elements in engineering (India: Dorling Kindersely,2007).

[7] Bates, D.M. and Watts, D.G., Nonlinear regression analysis and its applications, Wiley and Sons, New York, 1988.

[8] Johnson, M.L. and Faunt, L.M., Parameter estimation by least-squares methods, Methods Enzymol (1992), 210, 1-37.

[9] W.H., Teukolsky, S.A., Vetterling, W.T., and Flannery, B.P., Numerical recipes in C. The art of scientific computing, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1992.

[10] Gunst, R.F. and Mason, R.L., Regression analysis and its applications: A data oriented approach, marcel dekker, New York, 1980.

Abstract: Deviation in machining process due to the temperature influence, cutting force, tool wear leads to highly inferior quality of finished product, especially in high speed machining operations where product quality and physical dimensions seems to be meticulous. Moreover, temperature is a significant noise parameter which directly affects the cutting tool and work piece. Hence the aim of this project work is to study the machining effect on 6063 Aluminium alloy at varies combinations of process parameters such as speed, feed rate and depth of cut; and also to determine the effect of those parameters over the quality of finished product. A L27 Orthogonal Array (OA) based Design of Experiments (DOE) approach and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to analyse the machining effect on work material in this study. Using the practical data obtained, a mathematical model was developed to predict the temperature influence and surface quality of finished product. The ultimate goal of the study is to optimize the machining parameters for temperature minimization in machining zone and improvement in surface finish.

Key words: Aluminium 6063, Turning, Cutting Temperature, Cutting Force, Surface Roughness, Response Surface Methodology (RSM).

[1]. G.Sutter, L.Faure, A.Molinari, N.Rane, V.Pina, An experimental technique for the measurement of temperature fields for the orthoganl cutting in high speed machining, Int.J.Mach.Tools Manuf.43(2003)671-678
[2]. N.A.Abukhshim, P.T.Mativenga, M.A.Sheikh, Heat generation and temperature prediction in metal cutting; A review and implications for high speed machining,Int. J.Mach.ToolsManuf.46(2005)782-800
[3]. Robert W.Ivester, Tool temperature in orthogonal cutting of alloyed titanium, NAMRI/SME,Vol.39,2011
[4]. D.Dudzinski, A.Devillez, A,Moufki, D.Larrouquere, V.Zerrouki, J.Vigneau, A review of developments towards dry and high speed machining of Inconel 718 alloy. International journal of machine tools and manufacture 44 (2004) 439-456
[5]. J.Q.Xie, A.E.Bayoumi, and H.M.Zbib, Analytical and experimental study of shear localization in chip formation in orthogonal machining, ASM International, JMEPEG (1995)4:32-39
[6]. Abele.E and Frohlich.B, High speed milling of titanium alloy, Advances in production engineering management 3 (2008) 3, 131-140
[7]. L.B.Abhang and M.Hameedullah chip-tool interface temperature prediction model for turning process, JEST,Vol2(4), 2010, 382-393
[8]. J.J.Mason,R.V.Kaznaza-pena, effect of tool parameters on temperature fields in high speed machining, research engineer, CNWRA, Southwest research institute.
[9]. K.M.Vernaza-pena, J.J.Mason and M.Li, Department of aerospace and mechanical engineering, university of Notre Dame
[10]. stresses and temperatures using FEM simulations, IWOMMO, Atlanta, Georgia, USA-May 19, 1998