iosr-JNHS   Volume-4 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan-Feb 2015

Abstract: Background: Many studies globally had studied employees' perception and its impact on job productivity. Employees' perception is very crucial in evaluating performance improvement. The researchers in this study tries to figure out factors that affect employees' performance and find out some solutions for existing problems. Methods: This Study was conducted in Directorate of Health Affairs in Riyadh Region, KSA. A Simple random sample was used to distribute 245 questionnaires. Questionnaire consisted of two parts, the study's statements was measured using used five points Likart scale. The study was conducted from 15th Sep 2014 until 15th Nov 2014. Results: The analysis of the data indicated that there was an overall satisfaction among employees with a percentage of (62%). Financial factors were the most unsatisfactory aspects among employees followed by training opportunities.

[1]. Mollahalġloğl, S. et al (2010), Health Care Employee Satisfaction Survey, Ankara: Ministry of Health, Refik Saydam Hygiene Center Presidency, School of Public Health.
[2]. Aklilu, A. (2012), Healthcare Workers' Perceptions towards Hospital Leadership and Institutional Structure in Chiro and Gelemso Hospitals, West Hararghe Zone, East Ethiopia. (Masters thesis). Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/5035874/Healthcare_Workers_Perceptions_towards_Hospital_Leadership_and_Institutional_Structure_in_Chiro_and_Gelemso_Hospitals_West_Hararghe_Zone_East_Ethiopia. (Free)
[3]. World Health Organization. (2006). Improving health worker performance: in search of promising practice.Geneva: Author.
[4]. Khamlub, S. et al (2013), Job Satisfaction of Health Care Workers at Health Centers in VIENTIANE CAPITAL and BOLIKHAMSAI PROVINCE, LAO PDR, journal articles. Nagoya Journal of Medical Science, 75, 233-241.
[5]. Iipinge, S. N. et al (2006), Perceptions of health workers about conditions of service: A Namibian case study, Namibia. EQUINET discussion paper 35.

Abstract: This Study Aims To Provide Human Resource Management Framework To Address The Need Of Improving Delivery Of Leadership And Management Skills To Promote The Quality Of Healthcare Practitioners In Health Facilities In Jazan, Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia. This Is A Cross-Sectional Study Involving 60 Health Workers And 40 Health Managers In Health Facilities Operated By Moh. Questionnaire Was Used Supported By Unstructured Interview To Gather Data Which Were Statistically Treated Through The Percentage And Weighted Mean.

[1]. Health Care In Saudi Arabia. Http://En.Wikipedia.Or/Wiki/Healhcare_Insaudi_Arabia.
[2]. Overview Of The Healthcare System In The Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia. Helen Ziegler And Associates. Http://Www.Hziegler.Com/Articles/Healthcare-System-Of-Saudi-Arabia.Html.
[3]. SaudiArabia-Health. Http://Coutrystudies.Us/Saudi-Arabia/32.Html.
[4]. PopulationOf Saudi Arabia. Www.Indexmundi.Com/Saudi_Arabia/Population.Html.
[5]. Saudi Arabia Population. Www.Indexmundi.Com/Saudi_Arabia/Population-Growth-Rate.Html.
[6]. Almalki M, Fitzgerrald G, Clark M. (2011). East Mediterranean Journal, Oct 2011; 17(10):784-93.

Abstract: This research study focused on the antibiogram of bacterial isolates at Hail General Hospital, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It sought to answer the following questions: (1) What is the percentage distribution of the isolates on the specimens when classified according to the following bacteria? Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Raoultella (K.) ornithinolytica. (2) What is the antibiogram result of the bacterial isolates? Descriptive research using content analysis was employed wherein the Automated Sensitivity Testing Machine data obtained from the Microbiology section of Hail General Hospital.

[1]. T.T. Van, S.A Marshall., D.M Warshauer., P.A Shult. Analysis of Antibiograms from Healthcare Facilities Performing Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) in Wisconsin. Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, WI. www.slh.wisc.edu/posters/Van-Marshall-Antibiogram-poster-2008
[2]. Joshi S., Hospital antibiogram: a necessity:Indian J Med Microbiol. 2010 Oct-Dec; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20966554
[3]. O. Umeh, Klebsiella Infections. Medscape Reference. August 31, 2011
[4]. S.L. Fraser, Enterobacter Infections. Medscape Reference. May 30, 2012
[5]. T. Madappa, Escherichia Coli Infections. Medscape Reference. December 11, 2012.
[6]. J.F. Hindler, J. Sterling, Analysis and Presentation of Cumulative Antibiograms: A New Consensus Guideline from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Oxford Journals Medicine Clinical Infectious Diseases (2007). Vol. 44 (6):867-873

Abstract: Acute respiratory tract infections in young children take a heavy toll on life among urban slum dwellers and where medical care is not available or sought. The effective way to reduce deaths from ARI is early and prompts treatment as well as health education. The urban slum population is more vulnerable to health risk as they face many risk factors like living condition, sanitation, health care facilities. In this pre experimental study, the variables were assessed through pre and post test followed by educational intervention for 476 mothers of under five children residing in urban slums of Bangalore District. The data regarding socio demographic variables of mothers and knowledge of mothers on preventive practices of acute respiratory tract infections was collected through structured interview schedule.

[1]. World Health Organization, Regional Office for Child and Adolsecent Health and Development Unity, Regional office for the eastern Mediterranean, P.O.Box 7608, Nasr City, Cair-11371, Egypt.

[2]. Unicef: A situation of children in India, A Profile, 'State of the World's Children' Report 2010.

[3]. F.A Ujunwa,and C.T Ezeonu, Risk Factors for Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Under-five Children in Enugu Southeast Nigeria, Ann Med Health Sci Res, 4(1), 2011 , 95–99

[4]. National Health Profile (NHP) of India - 2011. : http://cbhidghs.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/08% 20 Health%20Status%20%20Indicators%20%202011.pdf

[5]. Dhanaanjaya Sharma, Kumaresan kuppaswamy, Ashok duraswamy ,Prevalence of acute respiratory infections (ari) and their determinants in under five children in urban and rural areas of Kancheepuram district, South India., Vol 6,issue 5(2013).,513-518

[6]. Baroor.S.Pandey ,RM.Ghosm.M, Maitreyl.R.S ,Lodha.R, Singhal ,. Risk factors for severe acute lower respiratory tract infection in under five children, Indian Pediatrics, 38, 2001, 1362-1367.

Abstract: The study compared the dietary intake and nutritional status of the elderly attending geriatric day care centres and those who did not in Ile-Ife and Imesi-Ile both in Ife-Ijesasenatorial district of Osun State. It was aimed at examining the relationships between income, acute diseases and food intake on dietary intake and nutritional status of the elderly people. A total of four hundred and eighteen elderly respondents were recruited for the study through a snow balling sampling technique. One hundred and thirty two elderly attending geriatric day care centres were recruited as study group and 318 who do not attend any of the centres were recruited as control group. Data was collected by using a twenty-item questionnaire adapted from Nestle Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) scale.

[1]. Arellano M, Garcia- M.P, Caselles M, Pi-FiguerasM, MirallesR,Torres R.M, Aguilera A,and.Cervera A.M(2004). Clinical impact on different scores of the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) in the diagnosis of malnutrition in patients with cognitive impairment, Arch. Gerontol. Geriatry. Suppl. 9, 27–31.
[2]. Bohman D.M, Vasuthevan S, VanWyk, N.C, andEkman S.L(2007). "We Clean OurHouses, Prepare for Weddings and Go to Funerals": Daily Lives of Elderly Africans in Majaneng, South Africa. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology. 22, 323–337.
[3]. Cannon G(200).Diet-related chronic diseases. Focus, 5 (brief 8 of 11), 2001, 1-2.
[4]. Ferreira M(2004).The social old age pension: A fundamental gift of economic and social power to older persons. Les Cahiers de la Fiapa, Vol. 2 (Grey Power? Economic and Social Influences), pp. 158–166.
[5]. Genser D(2008) Food and Drug Interaction: Consequences for the Nutrition/Health Status. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. 5, 29-32
[6]. Guigoz Y,LauqueS,andVellas B.J (2002). Identifying the elderly at risk for malnutrition, The Mini Nutritional Assessment.ClinGeriatr Med, 18, 737–757.

Abstract: Background: Feeding practices and illnesses during infancy are of critical importance for growth and development of children .Though several programs have been implemented by WHO and UNICEF to improve the health status of newborn and infant, child morbidity and mortality rates in rural area are still higher compared to urban areas in India. Objective: To assess the feeding practices and morbidity patterns of infants in a rural field practice area . Methodology: A longitudinal study was undertaken in field practice area under community medicine Department, Guntur from Jan 2013 to march 2014.A birth cohort of hundred children born during first 3 months of study period were assessed and followed up till they attained 1year age .Data collected on feeding practices ,infant illnesses and socio-demographic factors.

[1]. Park k. park text book of preventive and social medicine, 20th ed.Jabalpur;M/sBanarsidas Bhanot:2009.p.455.
[2]. sample Registration system (2013) SRS Bulletin: census and vital statistics. India: Ministry of Home Affairs.
[3]. World Health Organization(2013)Essential Nutrition Actions: Improving maternal, newborn ,infant and young child health and nutrition.
[4]. Gladstone BP, Muliylljp, Jaffar s,Wheeler JG, Le Fevre A,Iturriza- Gomara M, et al. Infant morbidity in an Indian slum birth cohort. Arch Dis Child 2008;93:479-84.
[5]. Hirve&Ganatra B. A Prospective cohort study on the survival experience of undes five children in rural women India. Indian pediatrics 1997;34:995-1001.
[6]. WHO, CHERG (2013) Major causes of child mortality in the age group of 0-5 yrs in India.

Abstract: Introduction:Back pain is the major cause of activity limitation in people younger than 45 years.70-85% of population suffer from back pain at some time in life. Approximately 5–10% of patients with low back pain develop chronic low back pain.ithasbecomea diagnosis of convenience for many perople who are actually disabled for work-related, orpsychologicalreasons.Chronic low back pain has a high prevalence in many countries around the worldand it affects 10% of adult population. Purpose of the study:To see the effect of progressive muscular relaxation on stress and disability associated with chronic low back pain.

[1]. Anderson RE Seniscal CA: comparison of selected osteopathic treatment and relaxation for tension-type headaches. Headache2006,46(8):1273-80
[2]. AnderssonGB:Epidemiological features of chronic low-back pain,Lancet. 1999, Aug 14, 354(9178):581-5.
[3]. ArchanaKhanna, Maman Paul and Jaspal S. Sandhu: Efficacy of two relaxation techniques in reducing pulse rate among highly stressed females, Calicut Medical Journal2007,5(2):293-300
[4]. Benson H Greenwood MM,Klemchuk H: The relaxation response: psychophysiologic aspects and clinical applications.Int J Psychiatry Med.1975,6(2):87-98
[5]. Bruce H Robinson:The psychobiology of pain, Acupuncture today 2002, 13(02): 1-5

Abstract: A study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of "nesting" among low birth weight infants in NICU of selected government hospital of Delhi. An experimental study was conducted in which low birth weight infants (birth weight 1.00-2.5kg) were stratified into three groups based on their birth weight (1.0-1.5kg, 1.5-2.0kg, 2.0-2.5kg). The samples consisted of 60 low birth weight infants; 30 in experimental group and 30 in control group. Pre-test Post-test control group design was used in which nesting was provided in experimental group 9 hours per day for 5 days. Posture, comfort and physiological parameters were assessed before and during administration of nesting. A significant improvement in posture (t=12.64) was observed in experimental group during application of nesting. A significant reduction in the discomfort was observed in experimental group as compared to control group (t=10.65).Low birth weight infants exhibit comparatively stable physiological parameters during the period of nesting.

[1]. Ferrari, F. et al. (2007). Posture and movement in healthy preterm infants in supine position in and outside the nest. Archives of Disease in Childhood . 92(5), F386–F390.
[2]. Comaru, T.& Miura, E. (2009). Postural support improves distress and pain during diaper change in preterm infants, Journal of Perinatology.504–507.
[3]. Slevin,M. et al.(1997). Retinopathy of prematurity screening, stress related responses, the role of nesting.The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 81(9),762-4.
[4]. Kihara,H. et al. (2013). Nested and swaddled positioning support in the prone position facilitates sleep and heart rate stability in very low birth weight infants. Original Research.3 ,11 – 14.

Abstract: This study investigated the nurses' perception toward the impact of Hospital's Accreditation on patient safety related to nursing documentation, patient medication information, and healthcare associated infection. The study was conducted in King Khalid Hospital (KKH) in Hail city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Oct, 2014), after hospital had been accredited by international group JCI (Joint Commission International). The study was across sectional descriptive research design and used simple random sampling method for the sample size of 200 respondents (nursing staff).

[1]. WHO. (2003). Quality and accreditation in health care services: a global review. Geneva: World Health Organization.
[2]. CBAHI. (2005). Introduction to The Saudi Central Board for Accreditation of Healthcare Institutions. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: CBAHI.
[3]. Almasabi, M. H. (2013). An Overview of Quality and Accreditation in the Health Sector within Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Health Research and Innovation , 1 (3), 1-5.
[4]. Al-Awa, B., Al Mazrooa, A., Rayes, O., El Hati, T., Devreux, I., & Al-Noury, K. (2011). Comparison of Patient Safety and Quality of Care Indicators Between Pre and Post Accreditation Periods in King Abdulaziz University Hospital. Ann Saudi Med , 32 (2), 143-150.
[5]. Sophie, G. (2013). accreditation decisions from a reduced dataset of focus priority standards and quality indicators. BMJ .
[6]. Yildiz, A., & Kaya, S. (2014). perception of nurses on the impact of the accreditation on quality of healthcare. Clinicical Governance: An international journal , 19 (2), 69-82.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore factors influencing Bidayuh men's decision making of their wives' reproductive health. Twelve married Bidayuh men aged 24-50 years who resided in rural villages in the Kuching Division, Sarawak were interviewed face-to-face. Each in-depth interview was recorded, manually transcribed and translated into themes. Perceptions on the duties or responsibilities as husband or head of family, immediacy of problems faced, as well as personal, financial and experiential considerations were reported as determining factors in their decision making. The decisions related to financial and marital problems including the use of family planning will be made by the husband. Men relied heavily on experience before making a decision.

[1]. S. Belton, B. Myers, and F.R. Ngana, Maternal deaths in eastern Indonesia: 20 years and still walking: an ethnographic study,BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 14(39), 2014.
[2]. A. Amano, A. Gebeyehu, and Z. Birhanu, Institutional delivery service utilization in MunisaWoreda, South East Ethiopia: a community based cross-sectional study, BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 12(105), 2012.
[3]. A.A. Fikre, and M. Demissie, Prevalence of institutional delivery and associated factors in DodotaWoreda (district), Oromia regional state, Ethiopia, Reproductive Health, 9(33), 2012.
[4]. W.B. Weeks, L.E. Kazis, Y. Shen, Z. Cong, X. S. Ren, D. Miller, A. Lee, and J. B. Perlin, Differences in Health-Related Quality of Life in Rural and Urban Veterans, Am J Public Health, 94, 2004, 1762–1767.
[5]. H. Yadav, A review of maternal mortality in Malaysia. IeJSME, 6 (Suppl 1), 2012, S142-S151

Abstract: Quality in health care mainly "process-focused", which encompasses access, care, outcomes and evaluation. Aim of the study to assess the knowledge and attitude towards NABH accreditation among staff nurses. Descriptive explorative approach was selected for the study and 40 staff nurses were selected trough Purposive sampling method. Alternative structured questionnaire and attitude scale were used to collect the data. The data revealed that 90% are belongs to age group of <25 years, 90% of the subjects were belonged to female category and, Majority of the subjects 36(90%) had the experience of 1- < 3 years. All the subjects (100%) had good knowledge about NABH accreditation. 15(37.5%) had the positive attitude, 13 (32.5%) are had highly negative and 12(30%) had negative attitude. The mean of the knowledge score (40.75) is more than the mean of level of attitude (34.37). There is a Partial Negative correlation between knowledge score and level of attitude [r= 0.212, r (38) = 0.34 p>0.05]. There is a significant correlation between knowledge score and level of attitude. Findings of the study indicate that all the subjects were having good knowledge and negative attitude towards NABH accreditation and there is partial positive correlation between knowledge and attitude.

Key words: accreditation, attitude, explorative, knowledge, NABH

[1]. C. Ranajit, Relevance of servqual model for determining parameter of quality of health care services in India context, International journal of research development in technology and management service, 20(08),2003.
[2]. WHO, Health care associated infection, assessed in www.who.int/gpsc
[3]. J.W. Deborah, Attitude towards infection prevention and control: an interview study with nursing students and nurse mentors, BMJ journals qual saf doi, 10(2), 2011.
[4]. P. Sivasankar, Employees attitude towards the implementation of quality management system with special reference to KG Hospital, Coimbatore, International journal of management research and business strategy, 2(4), 2013, 121-123
[5]. A.K Muhammad, A study on the knowledge and attitude of medical staff on NABH accreditation in Father Muller medical college hospital, Rajiv Gandhi University of health science, MHA, 2011
[6]. S.K. Sharma, Nursing research and statistics. Haryana, Elsevier publication, 2012, 98-116

Abstract: With the advancement in media and technologies internet has emerged as an effective tool in eliminating human geographical barriers. However, excessive use of theInternet has resulted in negative consequences especially among the regular users labeling it as an addiction. The objectives of the study were to assess the prevalence of internet addiction and find a correlation between internet addiction and psychopathologies among university students.A descriptive survey approach with cross sectional design was adopted for the study. 264 students were selected by convenient sampling technique from the different colleges of various streams like medicine, dental, nursing, pharmacology and agriculture, who are undergoing graduation and fulfilling the sampling criteria.

1]. Young KS..Internet addiction: the emergence of a new clinical disorder. CyberPsychol Behavior. 1998;1(3):237-244.
[2]. Leung L. Net-generation attributes and seductive properties of the internet as predictors of online activities and internet addiction. CyberpsycholBehav. 2007;7: 333-348.
[3]. Casey A, Tottenham D, Liston L, &DurstonA..Age of onset of psychiatric disorder. Acta psychiatric a scandinavica. 2005.80:1-12
[4]. Liu.C ,Potenza.L. Attitude towards mental illness :A review of the literature .Acta psychiatric scandinavica. 2007;80:1-12
[5]. Mark G.. Does internet and computer "addiction" exist? Some case study evidence. CyberpsycholBehav. 2000; 3:211‑8.
[6]. Young KS..Internet addiction: the emergence of a new clinical disorder. CyberPsychol Behavior. 1998;1(3):237-244.
[7]. Goel D, Subramanyam A, Kamath R. A study on the prevalence of internet addiction and its association with psychopathology in Indian adolescents. Indian J Psychiatry. 2013; 55:140-3.

Abstract: Aim: to assess effect of a training program about maternal fetal attachment skills on prenatal attachment among primigravida women. Subjects and Methods: A quasi experimental research design was utilized. From a specific private Antenatal Clinic in Mansoura city-Egypt eighty primigravida women aged 20 to 35 years, at 30th week gestation, had singleton pregnancy and can read and write were selected purposively between of January and August 2011 and was equally divided into two groups; intervention group: received a training program on two MFA skills and control group: received the routine antenatal care. Using interview sheet and Cranley's Maternal Fetal Attachment Scale (MFAS) the data were collected at baseline and after two and four weeks of the enrollment. Results: MFAS score had significantly increased in the intervention group from 61.6±5.9 at the baseline to 68.5±6.8 and 69.6 ±5.9 at 32nd, 34th week gestation respectively. While the changes of the MFAS total score in the control group were insignificant.

[1]. Condon JT, and Corkindale C. (1997): The correlates of antenatal attachment in pregnant women. British Journal of Medical Psychology; 70:359–372. [PubMed: 9429755]
[2]. Feinberg ME, Jones DE, Kan ML, and Goslin MC. (2010): Effects of family foundations on parents and children: 3.5 years after baseline. Journal of Family Psychology; 24(5):532–542. [PubMed: 20954763].
[3]. Stutzman SS, Brown CA, Hains SM, Godwin M, Smith GN, Parlow JL, and Kisilevsky BS. (2010): The effects of exercise conditioning in normal and overweight pregnant women on blood pressure and heart rate variability. Biological Research for Nursing; 12:137–148. [PubMed: 20798154].
[4]. Widen E, Siega-Riz AM. (2010): Prenatal nutrition: A practical guide for assessment and counseling. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health; 55:540–549.
[5]. Alhausen, J.L., (2008): A literature update on maternal fetal attachment. JOGNN, 37: 315-328.
[6]. Yarcheski A., Mahon N., and Yarcheski T. (2009): A meta-analytic study of predictors of maternal-fetal attachment. Int J. Nurs Studies, 46: 708-15.
[7]. Cannella, B.L. (2005): Maternal-fetal attachment: an integrative review. J. Adv. Nurs., 50(1): 60-68.

Abstract: Poor waste management policy, practice poses a huge risk to the health of the public, patient, and professional. This all contribute to environmental degradation. In the present paper, an attempt is made to determine the awareness about Biomedical Waste Management (B.M.W.M.)policy – practices. The main focus is to assess the attitude of staff nurses towards it and to develop a B.M.W.M. plan for health care environmental setting with special focus on selected hospitals. The improvement in the different knowledge areas of B.M.W.M. has been observed after the post test session.

Keywords: biomedical waste, management, health problems, staff nurse, patients.

[1]. Jordi Rello et.al "Infectious Diseases in Clinical Care"Springer,2007.
[2]. Wenzel et.al," A controlled trial of universal gloving versus contact precautions for preventing the transmission of multidrug resistant organism" Am J Infect Control. 2007 Dec.
[3]. Akter N., Hussain Z, "Hospital waste management and it's probable health effect: A lesson learned from Bangladesh", Indian Journal of Environ. Health, 44(2), 2002 Apr;124-37.

[4]. Massrouje HT, "Medical waste and health workers in Gaza governorates" East MediterrHealth J. 7(6):2001 Nov;1017-24.

[5]. Fizaazr , "Bacterial and viral contamination of reusable sharps containers in a community hospital setting" American Journal of Infection Control, 35(8),2007,527-530.

[6]. AdnaneMbarki, BelkacemKabbachi, AbdelkarimEzaidi, Mohamed Benssaou Medical Waste Management: A Case Study of the Souss-Massa-Drâa Region, Morocco, Journal of Environmental Protection , 4(9), 2013.

Abstract: Determinants of students' performance have been the subject of ongoing debate among educators and academics. There have been many studies that sought to examine this issue. This Study Aimed: To examine the effect of self esteem and time management skills on GPA, among faculty nursing students. Design: This study demonstrates a descriptive cross-sectional design. Setting: the study was carried out in Faculty of Nursing, Meofiya University, Egypt Governorate. Subjects: A proportional allocation sample of second, third, and fourth nursing students enrolled in the above mentioned setting.

[1] Sansgiry, S., Bhosle, M., & Sail, K., Factors that affect academic performance among pharmacy students. American Journal of Pharmacy Education, 70 (5), 2006, 104.
[2] Battle, J., & Lewis, M., The increasing significance of class: The relative effects of race and socioeconomic status on academic achievement. Journal of Poverty, 6(2) 2002, 21-35.
[3] O'shauguhnessy, L.: (2010) 5 hardest and easiest college majors by GPA's. CBSnMoneywatch. Retrieved from http://moneywatch.bnet.com/spending/blog/collegesolution/5-best-and-worst-college-majors-for-top-grades/1878
[4] Grafford,D (2009) ): the correlation between extracurricular activities, g.p.a.and self-esteem .department of psychology ,missouri western state university sponsored by: brian cronk (cronk@missouriwestern.edu)
[5] Shovon, I., & Haque ,M, An Approach of Improving Student's Academic Performance by using K-means clustering algorithm and Decision tree. IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,.3( 8), 2012
[6] Oyelade, Oladipupo & Obagbuwa, "Application of K-means clustering algorithm for prediction of student's academic performance.", IJCSIS, 7(1) 2010, pp-292.

Abstract: Self-medication is a common practice worldwide and the irrational use of the drugs is a major cause of concern. Self-medication is an issue with serious global implication. The current study aimed to determine the Knowledge, Attitude and Behavior of self-medication by medical students. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students currently studying first year to assess knowledge, attitude and practice regarding self-medication in Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Nepal.

[1]. Kumari, R., Kumar, D., Bahl, R. and Gupta, Study of Knowledge and Practices of Self-medication among Medical Students at Jammu, Journal of Medical Sciences,15 (2), 2012,141-44.
[2]. Bell E, Dangers Of Self-Medications (2011)http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Eva_Bell
[3]. Khandelwal, S., Deb D, and Gonsalves, J, Practice of self-medication among medical students in Manipal, InternationalResearcJournal of Pharmaceutical and Applied Sciences (IRJPAS), 3 (5), 2013, 175-179.
[4]. Kalyan, V.S., Sudhakar, K. Srinivas P., Sudhakar G., Pratap K & Padma, T.M.(2013). Evaluation of self-medication practices among undergraduate dental students of tertiary care teaching dental hospital in South India, Journal of education and ethics in dentistry, 3(1), 2013, 21-5.
[5]. World Health Organization (WHO). The role of the pharmacist in self-medication and self-care.Genebra; WHO 1998. (WHO/DAO/09.13).