iosr-JNHS   Volume-4 ~ Issue-2 ~ March-April 2015

Abstract: The objective of the study was to assess the mental To assess and compare the level anxiety of unsuccessful B.Sc (N) students in university examination before and after the administration of motivational intervention and to determine the association of level of anxiety with the selected personal variables.31 unsuccessful B.Sc(N)student were selected through purposive sampling technique. In view of the nature of the problem and to accomplish the objectives of the study, structured Beck Anxiety Inventory was used to assess the Anxiety level of the students. Validity was ensured in the field of Nursing and medical departments. Reliability of the tools was tested by Cranach's alpha, which was 0.92 Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used. The findings of this study indicated that Motivational Intervention is effective in reducing Anxiety (t value=3.027, p value = <0.05) among unsuccessful B.Sc (N) students. There was no significant association of Anxiety with the selected sample characteristics after motivational intervention but before motivational intervention it was significantly associated with age in year, passed higher secondary in how many attempts and hobbies. The finding suggests that motivational intervention was effective in reducing level of Anxiety of unsuccessful B.Sc (N) students.

Keywords: Anxiety, Motivational intervention, Unsuccessful B.Sc Nursing students.

[1]. Saxton, J. Investment in education: Private and public returns. 2000. Available from http://www.house.gov/jec/educ.pdf.
[2]. Allen, S., & Pappas, A. Enhancing math competency of baccalaureate students. Journal of Professional Nursing, 1999; 15(2), 123-129.
[3]. American Association of Colleges of Nursing. 2006-2007 Enrollment and Graduations in Baccalaureate and Graduate Programs in Nursing. Washington, D.C.: American Association of Colleges of Nursing. 2008.
[4]. Geiser, S and Santelices, V. M. Validity of high school grades in predicting student success beyond the freshman year. Retrieved on February 8, 2008,Available from ;http://cshe.berkeley.edu/publications/docs/ROPS.GEISER_SAT_6.12.07.pdf
[5]. Young, A., Johnson, G., Hawthorne, M. & Pugh, J. Cultural Predictors of Academic Motivation and Achievement: A Self-Deterministic Approach. College Student Journal,2011: 1(45).151-163, 13p. Retrieved July 6th, 2011 Available from: http://www.nau.edu/.
[6]. Mohammad Ghamari. Relationship between internal motivation and academic achievement among high school students.2011;1(2):Available from: http://www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/ijhrs/article/view/1111.

Abstract: Study objective: To define the best splinting wear times, night or day, in pain relief for female patients with idiopathic chronic CTS in exacerbation phase. Design: Quasi experimental comparative design. Method and measurements: 24 female patients (42 wrists) from military hospital in Riyadh participated in this study. Their CTS was diagnosed by the nerve conduction velocity (NCV). On basis of splint wear time patients were divided into two groups; day time and night time. Thermoplastic, custom-made,neutral wristsplints were given to both groups (21 wrists each). Patients completed 3 consecutive weeks of follow-up. Pain (pressure) threshold through, algometer, was used to measure the pain in both groups. Four measurements were applied; one at the initial assessment and 3 during follow-up weeks.

[1]. Muller, M., Tsui, D., Schnurr, R., Biddulph-Deisroth, L., Hard, J., & MacDermid, J. (2004). Effectiveness of hand therapy intervention in primary mangement of carpal tunnel syndrome: a systematic review. J Hand Ther, 17(2), 210-228.
[2]. Walker, C., Metzler, M., Cifu, D., & Swartz, Z. (2000). Neutral wrist splinting in carpal tunnel syndrome: a comparison of night-only versus full-time wear instructions. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 81(4), 424-429.
[3]. Baysal, O., Altay, Z., Ozcan, C., Ertem, K., Yologly, S., & Kayhan A. (2006). Comparison of three conservative treatment protocols in carpal tunnel syndrome. Int J Clin Pract, 60(7), 820-828.
[4]. Shi, Q. and MacDermid, J. (2011). Is surgical intervention more effective than nonsurgical treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome? a systematic review. J Orthop Surg Res, 11, 6(1):17. Retrieved from http://www.josr-online.com/content/6/1/17.
[5]. Peters-Veluthamaningal, C., Winters, J., Groenier, K., & Jong, B. (2010). Randomised controlled trial of local corticosteroid injections for carpal tunnel syndrome in general practice. BMC Family Practice, 11:54. Retrieved from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2296/11/54.

Abstract: Assessment of postnatal depression is needed to provide comprehensive care to the mother having postpartum mood disturbances. Aims: 1. To develop a Bengali version of the EPDS. 2. To establish the reliability and validity of the Bengali version of the EPDS. Design: English version of 10 items Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was translated into Bengali by a translation Committee using translation-re-translation technique. High Inter-rater reliability (kappa = 0.754) was observed between the English and Bengali version during initial practice session held amongst 20 bilingual patients. Again 105 postpartum mothers was administered EPDS-B, out of them 32 were cases as per diagnostic scale. For each patient, demographic and clinical data was collected. Results: The Cronbach's Alpha was 0.711, which did not improve if any item was dropped. All items showed strong correlation with the total score. Area of ROC curve was 0.956, P <0.001, area of the curve is very close that indicates strong validity of using EPDS-B as a screener since cut-off point 13. The instrument showed stable four factor structure- Suicide, Depression, Anxiety and difficulty in sleep. Conclusion: Bengali version of EPDS (EPDS-B) is a valid and reliable instrument to assess the postnatal depression.

Keywords: EPDS, EPDS-B, Postpartum Depression

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Abstract: Background And Objectives: Foreign Body (FB) aspiration is a world wide health problem which can result in life threatening complications. It most commonly occurs among children younger than 5 years of age, yet aspiration of sharp foreign bodies are seen more commonly in growing up children and in adults. The aim of this work is to remove foreign body without any complications. Material and Methods : This is a retrospective study of sharp metal foreign body which is head pin aspirated accidentally in a child aged 5 years who presented to the Department of ENT, Government General Hospital Guntur. Results : The type of foreign body is a head pin which is sharp and we tried to remove by rigid bronchoscopy under jet ventilation but could`t identify the foreign body , hence we removed successfully under general anaesthesia by open method i.e, posterobasal segmentectomy of right lower lobe through thoracotomy .

[1]. Hasdiraz L, Bicer C,Bilgin M, Oguzlaya F : Turban Pin Aspiration: Non-Asphyxiating Tracheobronchial Foreign Body in young Islamic Women. Thorac Cardiov Surg 2006, 54 : 273-275.
[2]. El-Kushman HM, Sharara MA, Hijazi MA: Tracheobronchial straight metallic pin aspiration in young Jordanian females. Saudi Med J 2007, 28 (6):913-916.
[3]. Al-Hafawy AS Retrieval of Aspirated Metallic Pins Using Flexible Broncoscopy : Single Author Experience with 120 Pins. Chest 2008,134(4-meeting abstracts ) : 8004
[4]. Midulla F, Guidi R, Barbato A,Capocaccia P, Forenza N, Marseglia G, Pifferi M, Moretti C: Foreign body aspiration in children.J Pediatr Int 2d005, 47:663-668.
[5]. Chen LH, Zhang X, Li SQ, Liu YQ, Zhang TY, WuJZ. The risk factors for hypoxemia in children younger than 5 years old undergoing rigid bronchoscopy for foreign body removal. Anesth Analg.2009;109:1079-84. [PubMed]
[6]. Pawar DK, Marraro GA. One lung ventilation in infants and children: Experience with Marraro double lumen tube. Paediatr Anaesth. 2005;15:204-8.[PubMed]

Abstract: Sedentary lifestyle is an issue of great concern because of its deleterious health implications in developed and developing countries. It is associated with limited physical activity, prolonged sitting at work, in cars, communities, work sites, schools, homes and public places have been restricted in ways that minimize human movement and muscular activities. People sit more and move less. This shift from a physically demanding life to reduced physical activities have exposed people to high risk of developing various health conditions such as obesity, hypertension, cardiac disorders, vitamin deficiencies, cancers to mention but a few. They are associated with unhealthy lifestyles which are preventable. This paper therefore discussed the concept of sedentary lifestyle, factors that enhance it and the various health implications associated with this unhealthy behaviour. The paper concluded that individuals, groups and communities should make concerted efforts to engage in physical activities, modify their dietary habits and avoid other risky behaviours that affect their health negatively. Suggestions made by the paper include among others that work/public places should be structured in a way that enhance active movement and recreational activities

Keywords: Sedentary Life Style, Cardiac Disorder, Physical Inactivity, Obesity, Hypertension, Cancer.

[1]. Achalu, E.I., (2008). Health Services and Health Care Delivery Systems. Port-Harcourt, Pam Unique Publishing Co.Ltd.
[2]. Brannon, L & Feist, J. (2007). Health Psychology An Introduction to Behaviour and Health 6th Edition, United State of America, Thomspon Wadsworth Publisher.
[3]. Owen, N. Healy, G.N. Mathew, C.E. & Dunstan, D.W. (2010). Too Much Sitting: The Population Health Science of Sedentary Behaviour. Vol. 38(3) pp. 105-113.
[4]. Salvatore, D. (2005). World population trends and their impact on Economic Development, United State of America Green wood press No. 82.
[5]. Rimmer, B., Glanz K. (2011). A guide for Health Promotion practice, 2nd Edition. US dept. for Health and Human Services.
[6]. Jenks, C. (2000). Culture and Society London Publishers, Rutledge.

Abstract:Non adherence to high blood pressure therapy results in uncontrolled high blood pressure, poor clinical outcomes and preventable health care costs. The management of hypertensive patients aims to improve their quality of life, prevent complications, and decrease mortality through patient's compliance to treatment regimen. This study aimed to determine the compliance of hypertensive patient with treatment regimen and its effect on their quality of life. It was conducted in the outpatient department of the Health insurance and Rural Health Unit (El-Halafy) which affiliated to Ministry of Health of in Kafr EL-Sheik governorate. Total study sample was300 hypertensive patients. Three tools were utilized to obtain the necessary data for the study as follows:
Tool I: A structured interview questionnaire sheet which composed of three parts part I: socio-demographic characteristics of the patient. Part II: Health history and patients' life style. Part III: Patient knowledge about hypertension.

[1]. AljarkyF. Prevalence of Hypertension in Young and Middle Aged Kuwaiti Citizens in Primary Health Care. Kuwait medical journal, 2007; 37(2):116-19.
[2]. Mohn EL and Burke KM. Medical surgical nursing care.3th ed .New York Pearson education: saddle river, 2011; 430-438.
[3]. Harrington R. hypertension in elderly .journal of American college of cardiology (JACC), 2011; 57(20):2-8.
[4]. Varon JO. Diagnosis and treatment of hypertensive crises in elderly patients. Journal of geriatric cardiology, 2007; 4(1):50-53.
[5]. ToutlyTandJettK .Gerontological nursing healthy aging,3rd ed. USA: Mosby co, 2010; 304-9.
[6]. Babatsikou FO and Zavitsanou AS.epidemology of hypertension in elderly. Health science journal, 2010; 4(1):24-26.
[7]. Meiner S. Gerontological nusing.4th ed. USA: mosbyco, 2011; 403-8.

Abstract: Oral health is a vital component of overall health and a marker for oral health status that have lead to safe and effective means of maintaining oral health and preventing dental caries, periodontal diseases, gingivitis. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of role play on knowledge regarding oral hygiene & to find an association between the pre-test levels of knowledge with selected socio-demographic variables of school children. Materials and methods: The investigator used quasi experimental research design. Simple random sampling technique was used to assess the knowledge of school children in selected higher primary school at Tumkur. Data was collected by administering knowledge questionnaire elicited by interview. The conceptual framework used for this study was based on modified Wiedenbach‟s helping of clinical nursing theory. The data was analysed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. paired"t‟ test was used to find the effectiveness of role play & chi square test was used to find association. Results: It was evident that the obtained"t‟ value 30.067 is greater than the table value at 0.05 level of significance. Therefore "T" value is found to be significant. It indicates that there is a significant difference between pre-test and post-test knowledge of school children regarding oral health. Conclusion: Hence role play is considered as one of the effective teaching strategy in imparting knowledge regarding oral health among school children.

Keywords: school children, Role play and oral health

[1]. SuneelGarg, Anita Nath. Current status of national rural health mission; Indian journal of community medicine, 2007 may and summer of the budget2006-07. Available from http//www.india-now.org.cited on 14/11/10
[2]. Compendium of continuing education in Dentistry June: 2010-vol.31, 155.5.Available from http://www.compenndiumliv.com/service.php. Cited on 13/11/10
[3]. Hong Kong Dental journal 2005, 2.107-13, original article available from (htt://www.hkda org/v2 /N2/Hong%20 Kong%20 dental20% journal%20% volume) cited on 16/11/10
[4]. Dato Dr. Wan mohamadnasir bin wan Othman, Establishment of preschool teams under the 7th Malaysia plan (1996-200).available from www.google.com, cited on 18/11/10
[5]. Berhane Y. Assessment of the oral health status of school children in Addis Ababa. Ethiop Med J.2003 Jul; 4(3):P245-56
[6]. Curson MEJ. Robert Kodenspaediatric operative dentistry‟s Louis; Lippincott Company; 1996. sp no243-49.www//;htp;Ope.dent.cited on11/11/10
[7]. World Health Magazine. Oral Health for Healthy life 1994.47. Available from www.google.com, Cited on 20/11/10
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Abstract: A Pre experimental study was conducted in St.Thomas High School, Thrissur to assess the effect of education program on knowledge on H1N1 Influenza among school students. Objectives of the study were Assess the knowledge of school children regarding H1N1 influenza before the education program. Assess the knowledge of school children regarding H1N1 influenza after the education program. Compare the pre and posttest knowledge level among school children Determine association of pretest knowledge of children with selected demographic variables.Ludwig von Bertalanffy General System Theory was utilized to prepare the theoretical framework. A pre-experimental approach with pretest-posttest one group design was used in the present study. Sample consisted of 100 subjects selected using cluster sampling technique. Education program with help of informational booklet was administered to the subjects. The tools used were questionnaire to assess demographic variable and knowledge on H1N1 Influenza. The reliability of knowledge questionnaire using split half method was 0.9. The study findings revealed that mean posttest knowledge score were significantly higher than mean pretest knowledge score on H1N1Influenza among school children at 0.001. The education program was found to be effective in enhancing knowledge of school students regarding H1N1 Influenza.

[1]. Alligood, M.R.(2010). Nursing Theory Utilization and Application.(4th ed).Missouri: Mosby Publishers
[2]. Burns, N.,& Groove, S.K.(2009).The Practice of Nursing Research- Appraisal, Synthesis and Generation of Evidence .(6th ed).Missouri : Saunders Publishers
[3]. Ewen, Melanie. Mc.,& Wills, M.E .(2007).Theoretical basis for Nursing.(2nd ed) Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Publishers
[4]. Polit, D.F.,& Beck, T.C.(2010).Essentials of Nursing Research.(7th ed). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Publishers
[5]. Park, K.(2010).Preventive And Social Medicine .(20th ed).Madhya Pradesh : Bhanot Publishers
[6]. Schmidt, Nola. A., & Brown, M.J.(2010). Evidenced- Based Practice for Nurses. (1st ed). New Delhi : Jones and Bartlett Publishers

Abstract: A quasi experimental study with pre and post test without control group design was undertaken on 50 mothers of newborn at Capital Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha. And the samples were selected by purposive sampling technique. Data were collected by the use of structured closed ended questionnaire and analyzed by using descriptive & inferential statistics. Findings revealed that the overall mean score in the pretest was (7.82+2.77) which is 19.55% of the total score revealing that the mothers had poor knowledge regarding care of newborn on prevention of hypothermia where as the overall post test knowledge score was (35.12+2.01) which is 87.8% of the total score revealing excellent knowledge score. Highly significant difference was found between pre and post test knowledge scores. No Significant association was found between post test knowledge scores with their selected demographic variables. Statistical analysis of data revealed that STP was effective in improving knowledge of the mother regarding care of newborn to prevent hypothermia. Keywords: Hypothermia, Newborn, Structured teaching programme (STP), Kangaroo mother care (KMC), Low birth weight baby (LBW)

[1]. WHO. Thermal control of new born. Maternal and safe motherhood programme 2003.
[2]. Halliday HL, Jenkins JG (2010) Interventions to prevent hypothermia at birth in preterm and/or low birthweight infants.
[3]. Parul.Datta . Pediatric Nursing. second edition . Jay pee brothers medical publishers (P) Ltd.2009 P 124-40
[4]. WHO. Neonatal care: report of WHO scientific group. Technical report. Series No: 424 Geneva. WHO 8
[5]. Sachdev HP (2006): Commentary: utilizing information on causes of neonatal deaths in less-developed countries.Int J Epidemiol 2006, 35:718-719

Abstract: Dual protection use can play an important role in the prevention of unintended pregnancy and HIV infection. However, use of dual protection in marriied people is uncommon. The purpose of this study was to establish barriers to effective use of dual protection among married women in an urban setting. The descriptive design was used to guide the study. Face to face interviews were conducted with 80 systematically selected women of child bearing age. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analysed data. The major finding of the research was that condom use in married couples was very low (3.8%). Perceived utilization related problems (breakage, slippage, distruption of flow of sexual interaction) and trust issues were identified as barriers to condom use. The study recommends intensive health education awareness on the dual risk and the need to use condoms in marriages. Print and electronic media specifically targetting men can be used to disseminate information on dual protection and reproductive health issues in general. which specifically target men.

Keywords– Barriers, Dual protection, Family Planning.

[1]. Chakrapani., V, Kershaw., T, Shunmugam., M, Newman., P.A, Cornman., D.H & Dubrow., R (2011). Prevalence of and barriers to dual-contraceptive methods use among married men and women living with HIV in India. Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Volume 2011.
[2]. Sales., J.M, Whiteman., M.K, Kottke., M.J, Madden., T & DiClemente., R.J (2012). Dual protection use to prevent sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancy. Infectious Diseases and Obstetrics and Gynecology. Volume 2012. Article ID 972689, 2pages. Accessed 19/12/14
[3]. Teklu. T., & Davey. G. (2008). Which factors influence North Ethiopian adults' use of dual protection from unintended pregnancy and HIV/AIDS? Ethiopian Journal of Health Development; 22 (3): 226-231.
[4]. Berer, M. (2006 Nov.). Dual protection: More needed than practiced or understood. Reproductive Health Matters. 14(28), 162-170.
[5]. Alkema., L, Kantorova., V, Menozzi., C & Biddlecom., A (2013). National, regional and global rates and trends in contraceptive prevalence and unmet need for family planning between 1990 and 2015: A systematic and comprehensive analysis. Lancet 2013: 381: 1642-52. Accessed 27/ 01/15.
[6]. City of Harare. (2010). Annual Report of the Harare City Health Department. Harare. Zimbabwe.
[7]. Fraser, N., Herling, K. A., Marelize, G., James, V., Milanzi, A., Calvin, M., Ibbetson, H., Mpofu, N., & Nzima, M. (2010). Zimbabwe Analysis of HIV Epidemic, Response and Modes of Transmission. National Aids Council, The World Bank, UNAIDS. Zimbabwe Ministry of Health and Child Welfare.

Abstract: Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) is leading cause of brain damage in the world. (Lyons GH et.al 2004).The investigator noticed rural women are lack of knowledge on iodine.In this present study, one group pretest and posttest design was adopted. Initially, the knowledge on Iodine deficiency among women was assessed and mass health education was provided afterseven days post test was conducted to find out the effectiveness of mass health education programme. Objectives: To assess the existing knowledge on Iodine among women.To evaluate the effectiveness of programme of Iodine deficiency.To find out the association between demographic variables and the level of knowledge in post test among women.

[1]. Bryan j et al:Nutrients for cognitive Development in school aged children,62 (8):295,2004. SembaRD,Delange F:Iodine in humnmilk:Perspective in human health 59(8): 29,2001.
[2]. Food &Nutrition Board,Institute of medicine:Dietary reference intakes for iodine.Wastington.DC 2001.
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[4]. Langer p 1960 History of goiter WHO, geneva pp9-25
[5]. lyonsGH,StangoulisC,GrahamRD:Eploting micronutrient intraction to optimize Biofortification Programs:62:247,2004.
[6]. Polit D hunglerBP(1999),"Essentials of Nursing research," Philadelphia,JBlippoincott company
[7]. William-Essentials of Nutrition &Diet therapy.9 th Edition pp169-171
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Abstract: Background -The Western diet is slowly replacing the traditional Arabic diet. Due to this reason there is a significant increase in the number of overweight and obese adolescents. Faulty eating habits and lifestyle are related to the development of obesity. Aim -This study tested the hypothesis whether skipping breakfast especially in terms of micronutrient intake are related to the increase in overweight andobesity among Saudi Arabian adolescents.

[1]. Albassam, S.ReemSulimanEnsaf S. Abdel Gawwad, LatifaKhanam (2007). Weight
[2]. Management Practices and their Relationship to Knowledge, Perception and HealthStatus of Saudi Females Attending Diet Clinics in Riyadh City.Journal of EgyptPublic Health Association, Vol. 82 No. 1 & 2.
[3]. Al-AssafH.Abdullah and Al-Numair,S. Khalid (2007). Body Mass Index and Dietary Intakeof Saudi Adult Males in the Riyadh Region-Saudi Arabia. Pakistan Journal of
[4]. Nutrition 6 (5): 414-418.
[5]. Al-Shammari SA, Khoja TA, Al-Subaie AS. (1994). Transcultural attitude towards being

Abstract:The study was conducted on the Staff nurses posted in maternity ward and Neonatal ward in selected hospitals of Delhi NCR in month of September/October 2014. Objectives:
1. To assess the knowledge and practice regarding newborn care among staff nurses.
2. To evaluate the efficacy of the Self Instructional Module regarding newborn care among staff nurses.
3. To associate the knowledge and practice of staff nurses on newborn care with selected demographic variables.

[1]. Adile Pillittere, Maternal and child health nursing care of the child bearing and childrearing family, (5th ed). New Delhi: published by Williams & Wilken‟s, 2007, 679 – 86.
[2]. Abdellah, Faye G, Better patient care through nursing research. (2nd ed) , Newyork: published by Macmilla, 2001, 300-306.
[3]. Achar‟s (1995), Text book of pediatrics (3rd ed) New Delhi: Orient Longman publisher, 1995, 500 – 510.
[4]. Donna L. Wong, Marilyn Hockenberry, David Wilson, Marilyn L. Winkelstein, Patricia Schwartz, Wong‟s essentials of pediatric nursing, (6thed), New Delhi: published by Harcour (India) private limited, 2002, 197-244.

Abstract: Hypertension and obesity are most often mixed factors of vascular risk. The relationship between obesity and hypertension demonstrated that the increase in body mass index (BMI) relative to the height significantly increases the prevalence of hypertension in different age groups for both sexes.

Keywords: hypertension, obesity, overweight, insulin, leptin.

1]. Mark A.L., Correria M., Morgan D.A. et al. Obesity-induced hypertension: new concepts from the emerging biology of obesity // Hypertension. — 1999;33:537—541.
[2]. Бутрова С. А. Метаболический синдром: патогенез, клиника, диагностика, подходы к лечению. Русский медицинский журнал 2001; 2: 56 – 60.
[3]. Гинзбург М. М., Крюков Н. Н. Ожирение. Влияние на развитие метаболического синдрома. Профилактика и лечение. 2002: 39 – 47.
[4]. Зимин Ю. В. Артериальная гипертония при сахарном диабете: особенности патогенеза и лечения (обзор). Терапевтический архив 1998; 10: 15–20.

Abstract: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among pregnant women in Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Blood samples of the participants were tested for hemoglobin, red cell indices and iron level. Survey questionnaires were distributed to gather information on the factors associated with iron deficiency anemia and the responses on the signs manifested by the participants. Mean and percentage count were the statistical tools used. The participants were pregnant women ranging from age twenty (20) to forty (40) years old. The results showed that the mean hemoglobin, MCV and MCH were below the normal range and the MCHC and iron were within the normal range. However, further analysis on the data showed that fifty eight (58 %) have iron deficiency anemia, have not been diagnosed with anemia, taking iron supplements and eat food rich in iron, often feel fatigue, weak, pale skin and show signs and symptoms of anemia. The data on red cell indices also showed the characteristic morphology of microcytic and hypochromic red blood cells indicating the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among pregnant women in Hail.
Keywords: Iron deficiency anemia, Iron, Hemoglobin, Pregnant women, Red Cell Indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC).

[1]. anemiainwomen.com/html/home.htm
[2]. World Health Organization, "Iron Deficiency anemia. Assessment, prevention and control. A guide for program managers," 2012, http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2001/WHO_NHD_01.3.pdf
[3]. AlJohara M. AlQuaiz, Ashry Gad Mohamed, Tawfik A. M. Khoja, Abdullah AlSharif, Shaffi Ahamed Shaikh, Hamad Al Mane, Abdallah Aldiris, Ambreen Kazi, and Durdana Hammad; Prevalence of Anemia and Associated Factors in Child Bearing Age Women in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 636585, 7 pages, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/636585
[4]. Mamdooh A. Gari, PhD. Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia among Female Elementary School Children in Northern Jeddah, Saudi Arabia JKAU: Med. Sci., Vol. 15 No. 1, pp: 63-75 (2008 A.D. / 1429A.H ). Fatin Al-Sayes1*, Mamdooh Gari2, Safaa Qusti3, Nadiah Bagatian3 and Adel Abuzenadah Prevalence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia among females at university stage; Journal of Medical Laboratory and Diagnosis Vol. 2(1) pp. 5-11, January 2011; Available online http://www.academicjournals.org/JMLD ISSN 2141-2618 ©2011 Academic Journals
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Abstract: Background: Female dyspareunia is a sexual dysfunction manifested as pain in reproductive organs combined with sexual intercourse. It can alter a woman's sense of sexual competency and identity. The aim of the study was to identify risk factors of dyspareunia and evaluates the effect of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) on women with dyspareunia including (sexual pain severity, sexual performance, marital and psychosocial adjustment). Subjects and Methods: A quasi experimental design (A pre-post-test) was used. The study was conducted at two Maternal and Child health centers (MCH) and family planning out-patient clinic (FPOC) at Shebin -El-Kom Teaching Hospital- Egypt. A purposive sample of 200 women (100 women with dyspareunia and 100 free of dyspareunia) were included to detect the risk factors. The 100 women who diagnosed with dyspreunia received CBT intervention. These women were followed up for 12 weeks. Five tools were used to collect pertinent data. Results: the study revealed that, the mean score of maternal age of the women with dyspareunia were 24.74±4.01. Most of them were had intermediate level of education (60%), were lived in rural community (78%) and not had enough income (56%). The common risk factors for dyspareunia were related to demographic data (age, residence, and income), reproductive factors (vaginal dryness, itching, abnormal vaginal discharge and cervical ulcer, erosion) and obstetric factors (episiotomy, laceration during delivery and breast feeding). A significant improvement was found between women before and after receiving CBT intervention regarding severity of sexual pain, sexual performance, marital-relationship, social & psychological status. Conclusion: CBT as an important nursing intervention is an effective therapy in managing dyspareunia for decreasing sexual pain severity, improving sexual performance, marital adjustment, psychosocial state.
Key words: CBT, Dyspareunia, Sexual dysfunction, Pain , Risk factors.

[1]. Sobhgol S.S. and S. Mohammad Alizadeli Charndabee. Rate and related factors of dyspareunia in reproductive age women: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Impotence Research, 2007; 19: 88–94.
[2]. Desrochers, G., Bergeron, S., Landry, T. and Jodoin, M. Do psychosexual factors play a role in the etiology of provoked vestibulodynia? A critical review. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 2008;34: 198–226.
[3]. Binik, Y. Should dyspareunia be classified as a sexual dysfunction in DSM- V? A painful classification decision. Arch Sex Behav., 2005; 34, 11-21.
[4]. Ferrero, S., Ragni, N. and Remorgida, V. "Deep dyspareunia: causes, treatments, and results", Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2008;20:394–99.
[5]. Kedde, H., Donker, G., Leusink, P. and Kruijer, H. The incidence of sexual dysfunction in patients attending Dutch general Practitioners. International Journal of Sexual Health, 2011; 23: 269-277.

Abstract: Infection-related neonatal mortality due to omphalitis is common in developing countries where home deliveries take place and this has become an important public health problem. This study seeks to determine how Traditional Birth Attendants care (TBA) for the umbilical cord, as this knowledge will help broaden our view to the important role these rural women play in health care delivery. A qualitative study design of 31 traditional birth attendants was conducted in Yenagoa Local Government Area, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Data were collected through focus group discussions (FGDs), and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results show that, only few trained TBAs saw the need to wash their hand before after cord care, razor blade is mostly used to cut the cord while black thread and peg is commonly used to tie/clamp the umbilical cord. In cases of emergency, rope from sac bag (commonly known as "Garri Bag") is used to tie the cord. This study also reveals that mostly used by TBAs for cord care are methylated spirit, and local herbs. The risks associated with harmful cord care practices remain real in our communities. Therefore, there is need for a wider coverage of TBA education, to discourage harmful cord care practices while encouraging beneficial ones.
Keywords: Umbilical cord, Care, Practice, Traditional Birth Attendants.

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Abstract: End-Stage renal disease (ESRD) is a chronic, progressive disorder characterized by irreversible and gradual loss of renal function. These patients have to resort to lifelong Renal Replacement Therapies such as hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplantation. In India among one million populations an estimated incidence of ESRD is approximately 1, 00,000 each year, and in this 90% will be initiated on RRT. In ESRD patients, psychosocial changes are on the rise which seems to be the immediate concern for the nurse. They will be experiencing many stressors such as fatigue, fluid restriction and food restriction. Those who are not able to cope with these stressors will be depressed and socially isolated.

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