iosr-JNHS   Volume-1 ~ Issue-6

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Adolescents Knowledge Regarding Harmful Effects of Junk food
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Ms. Vandana Sharma
	:	10.9790/1959-0160104

Abstract: Like very rose has a thorn ,the fast food also called Junk food; on one side they are easy to prepare and cheap and on other side these foods have many harmful effects on health. Improving nutrition knowledge among children may help them to make healthier food choices. A Pre-experimental study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching program on knowledge regarding harmful effects of Junk food among adolescents. This study was conducted in 3 selected schools at District Jalandhar, Punjab. Total 60 adolescents those who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected by non probability convenience sampling technique. The pre-test was taken by using self structured questionnaire followed by structured teaching programme. After 7 days post- test was taken. The mean percentage of the knowledge score of post test (22.88) was higher than pre test (12.96). The 't' value for total pre test and post test was 16.76.The difference between pre-test knowledge score and post test knowledge scores was 9.92. It means the knowledge score increased after structured teaching programme. The findings of study reveals that the education had a vital role in improving the knowledge of adolescents regarding harmful effects of Junk food.

[[1]. Sohi Darshan. Nutrition and dietetics.1st ed. Medical publishers; 2010.p.3-4
[2]. Health and study .Diet . February 1,2012. Available from URL: http://library.thinkquest.org/C0124861/health/diet/diet_intro.html
[3]. What is a Junk Food? Junk Food Pictures.February 1,2012 .Available from URL http://www.fatfreekitchen.com/Junkfoods/Junkfoods1.html
[4]. Debby Demory -Luce,LD Craiq Jensen. Fast food for children and adolescents. February 1,2012 .Available from URL http://www.uptodate.com/contents/fast-food-for-children-and-adolescents
[5]. Syed Rehan. Ezine articles. Junk food impact on health. March7, 2011. Available from URL:file:///D:/Junk%20Food%20Impact%20on%20Health.htm
[6]. Wikipedia-The free encyclopedia. Junk food. March 1, 2011. Available from URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junk_food

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Safety of blood and components obtained from voluntary and replacement donors: a comparative analysis.
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Seema Acharya, Dr. Rajnish Kumar, Dr. Sandip Kudesia
	:	10.9790/1959-0160508

Abstract: A eight and half year retrospective study from January, 2005 to June, 2013 was conducted in the blood bank of Shri Mahant Indiresh Hospital under the department of pathology of Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. Donors were screened for seroprevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV and Syphilis. The sera of total 12716 donors were tested, out of these 6592(51.8%) were from voluntary while 6124(48.2%) were towards replacement donors. The incidence of HIV was 0.17 % in total donors, more in replacement (0.12%) as compared to voluntary (0.05%). The seroprevalence of HBsAg in total donors was 0.72 %. Comparable results were seen in both types of donors. The seropositivity for anti HCV was (0.55%) and was found to be higher in replacement donors (0.43%) .The seroprevalence of VDRL was 0.50 % in total donors, more in replacement donors (0.35%) as compared to voluntary donors (0.15%). Hence, it was concluded that voluntary donation is safer than replacement donation.

Keywords: Replacement , Seropositivity, Voluntary,

[1] Arora D, Arora B, Khetarpal A. Seroprevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis in blood donors in Southern Haryana. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2010;53:308–309.

[2] Singh B, Kataria SP, Gupta, R. Infectious markers in blood donors of East Delhi: prevalence and trends. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2004;47:477-9.

[3] Makroo RN, Salil P, Vashist RP, Lal S.Trends of HIV infection in blood donors of Delhi. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 1996;39:139-42.

[4] Sabharwal ER,LangerS. Prevalence and trends of seroprevalence of HIV and syphilis in blood donors of Delhi. Indian Journal of Practising Doctor; 2008:5(3)

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Determinants of Mothers Health Seeking Behaviour for Their Children in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital.
Country	:	Nigerian
Authors	:	Ajibade, B. L., Amoo, P. O., Adeleke, M. A., Oyadiran G. O., Kolade O. A. Olagunju R. O.
	:	10.9790/1959-0160916

Abstract: This is a descriptive study on determinant of health seeking behaviour of mothers for their children. The study examined the relationships between mother' age, occupation , support they received on their health seeking behaviour for their children as well as the type of health care institutions that they preferred to seek care for their children when sick. One hundred and fifty nursing mothers were recruited from child welfare clinic of Urban Comprehensive Health Center of Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria. A semi structured questionnaire was used to elicit the respondents' opinion, while the analysis was done with the use of at a significant level of 0.05 This study reveals that majority of the mothers 54 (36%) were between 31 and 35 years, while 62 (41.3%) of the mothers brought their first born child. Most of the mothers preferred to take their children to government health institutions when sick, while only few of the mothers preferred mission hospital. The study also shows that mothers' occupation had no significant effect on when their perception as to when children should be taken to the hospital for treatment (P = 0.05). Income or finance is a strong determinant for the mothers to seek care for their children In addition, age of the mother exerted a significant relationship on their perception as to when children should be taken for health care (P = 0.04). While type of support (P = 0.07) and level of support mothers received from their husbands (P = 0.27) had no significant influences on the type of health institution preferred by the mothers to seek care for their children.

Key words: Health seeking, behaviour, Determinant

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[2]. Kenya Demographic Health Survey. Central Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Health, Kenya Medical Research Institute, National Council for Population and Development. Centre for Mariam C, Ronald J, Waldman (2000). The Evolution of Child Health programs in developing Countries: From Targeting Diseases to Targeting people, Genebra, Bulletin of WHO, 2000; 78 (10) 3
[3]. Caldwell, J.C. "Education as a factor in mortality decline: An examination of Nigerian data" Population Studies. 1979;33(3): 395-414.
[4]. Mbagaya.G.M,OdhiamboM.O,2andOniang'o.R.K (2005) Mother's health seeking behaviour during child illness in a rural western Kenya community. African Health Science. 2005;5(4): 322–327.)
[5]. Odubanjo.M.O, Olumide.Y.M.Reducing child mortality in Nigeria : the way forward workshop summary. 2009
[6]. Allison .T.E Factors affecting access to health care for rural Arizona minority. Master's Thesis submitted to university of Arizona. 2005
[7]. Tsion.A, Tefera .B, Ayalew .T, Amare. D Mothers' health care seeking behavior for childhood illnesses in Derra District, Northshoa Zone, Oromia. .Ethiop J Health Science. 2008; 18 (3): 87-94
[8]. Black R E, Morris S S, Bryce J. Where and why are 10 million children dying each year? The Lancet.2003; 361: 2226-2234.
[9]. Mariam C, Ronald J, Waldman (2000). The Evolution of Child Health programs in developing Countries: From Targeting Diseases to Targeting people, Genebra, Bulletin of WHO. 2000; 78 (10); 3
[10]. Aguilar A., Alvarado R., Cordero D. Kelly P, Zamora A & Salgado R; Mortality Survey in Bolivia, the Final Report. Investigating and Identifying the Causes of Death for Children Under Five. BASICS, Virginia, 1998.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effectiveness of planned teaching programme, on risk factors of coronary artery disease (CAD) to create knowledge and preventive health behaviour among administrative employees
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Rajesh Kumar Sharma
	:	10.9790/1959-0161721

Abstract: TAim: The main aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a planned teaching programme regarding the knowledge of risk factors of CAD among the administrative employees of selected colleges Material and methods: in selected colleges administrative employees were selected through simple random technique 60 administrative employees were selected, 30 each in experimental group and control group. Data were collected by (1) structured knowledge questionnaire on CAD (2) Structured self rating scale on CAD. Content validation and reliability was established for all tools. On 1st day after random selection of subjects, pre-tests were administrated to both, i.e., the experimental and control groups. Next day the PTP on risk factors of CAD was conducted to the experimental group. On 8th day of PTP post-test was given to both the groups using the same tools.

Key words: Effectiveness Planned teaching programme, Risk factor, Coronary artery disease (CAD), Knowledge and Administrative Employees.

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[5]. Goldman L, Cook EF. The decline in ischemic heart disease mortality rates: an analysis of the comparative effects of medical interventions and changes in lifestyle. Ann Intern Med 1996;(101):825-36.
[6]. Juliet RM. The study of risk status and effectiveness of two planned awareness programmes on the prevention of hypertension of college faculty members of Mangalore University, Mangalore. Unpublished master of philosophy thesis submitted to MAHE, Manipal; 2001.
[7]. Francis J. A study to evaluate the effectiveness of planned teaching programme on the knowledge of school teachers regarding risk factors of CHD. Unpublished masters of nursing thesis submitted to Mangalore University.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effect of Zinc deficiency on Growth and Morbidity in infants
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Megha Sharma, Prof. Sunita Mishra
	:	10.9790/1959-0162225

Abstract: Micro nutrients deficiency is a major problem in women of reproductive age and one of the most important micro nutrient deficiencies in many developing countries is Zinc deficiency. It is estimated that 82% of all pregnant women in the world have Zinc deficiency. Zinc is an important micro nutrient in fetal growth and development. The role of Zinc in pregnancy outcomes has been studied in past few decades and it was observed that serum level of zinc during and prior to pregnancy is crucial for health of mother, growth and development of fetus and optimal pregnancy outcomes. Low serum zinc status of mother is associated with growth retardation, poor congenital development, low birth weight, spontaneous abortion, abnormalities in gene replication, protein and DNA synthesis and also in translation and transcription of DNA. So it has many important roles in gestational and fetal life. The objective of this paper is to review the relationship of maternal serum zinc status and their newborns growth and development and to evaluate the public health importance of maternal zinc status since it is related to the fetal growth and development, health of mother and infants and complications of pregnancy, labor and delivery.

Key words: Micronutrients, congenital, replication, translation, transcription, DNA, synthesis.

[1] Sandstead, H.H. Understanding zinc; Recent observation and interpretation. J.Lab. Clin. Med. 1994; 124: 322-7.

[2] National academy Press,2001 Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board, Dietary reference intake for micronutrients. Washington, D.C.

[3] Solomons,N.W. Mild Human zinc deficiency produces an imbalance between cell mediate and humoral immunity. Nutrition Review 1998;56:27-8 [4] Prasad,A.S. Zinc: An overview . Nutr.1995;11:93-99.

[5] Simmer,K.Thompson,R.P. Zinc in the future and Newborn. Acta.Paediatr.Second supplement 1985;319:158-63.

[6] Maret,W. Sandstead,H.H. Zinc requirement and the risk and benefits of zinc supplementation. Journal of trace elements. Biol.2006;20:3-18.

[7] Tamura,T.Goldenberg,R.L. Zinc Nutriture and pregnancy outcomes. Nutr.Res. 1996;16:139-81.

[8] MaAG,Chenxc,XuRx,Zheng,MC. Wang,Y.,Li.JS. Comparison of Serum level of Iron, Zinc and Calcium in anemic and non anemic pregnant women. China. Asia,Pac.J.Clin.Nutr.2004;13(4):348-352.

[9] Aydenir,F.,Cavdar,A.O.,Saylemez,F.,Cengiz,B. plasma zinc level during pregnancy and its relation to maternal and neonatal characteristics.Biol. Trace elem. Res.2003,March;91(3):193-202.

[10] Fall,C.H., Yajnik,C.S., Rao,S., Davies,A.A., Brown,N., Farrant,H.J. Micronutrients and fetal growth. J.Nutr.2003,May;133(S)(Supple2):1747S-1756S.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effects of Junk Food & Beverages on Adolescent's Health – a Review Article
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Geeta Arya, Sunita Mishra
	:	10.9790/1959-0162632

Abstract: Junk foods are rich in calories, salt and fats. Excess consumption of junk foods leads rise to wide variety of health disorders. School canteens are offering foods high in fat and sugar which actually contributing to the youth weight gain along with other problems like infections, food poisonings and dental diseases. Consuming junk foods might stop the children from taking healthy meals either at school or at home. The practice of high consumption of junk foods like maggi noodles, burgers, pao-bhaji, sandwiches, hot dogs, patties, pastries, pop-corn, potato chips, carbonated drinks, biscuits, muffins, toast, kulcha-channa, samosa, chocolates etc have become common feature of adolescent's diet throughout the world.. They frequently over consume fast foods and under consume fruits, vegetables and dairy products. According to WHO, in India, more than 3 per cent of the population is in the obese category. Obesity is an emerging major public health problem throughout the world among adolescents. It is one of the most effective tool of changing the food habits without affecting their sentiments. Nutrition counseling regarding the importance of balanced diet, harmful effects of junk foods will help to curb the junk food addiction and improving their nutritional status. Iit should be suggested that there is a need to focus on nutrition counseling to facilitate the intake of healthy junk foods like fermented foods, wheat noodles by adding lots of vegetables, sprouted pulses, sprouted tikki, vegetable samosa & cutlets, wheat and multigrain bread..

Keywords: Adolescent, foods intake, effects of junk foods, weight.

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[2]. Aggarwal T "prevalence of obesity and over weight in adolescents" from Ludhiana Punjab July 18 2007 journal of Indian peadiatrics; 45:500-502
[3]. Asgary S, Nazari B, Sarrafzadegan N, Parkhideh S,Saberi S, Esmaillzadeh A, et al. Evaluation of fattyacid content of some Iranian fast foods with emphasison trans fatty acids. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18:187-92.
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[5]. Baronowski T. Families and health action. Handbook of health behaviourresearch, personal and social determinants. Plenum press,New York 1997; 179-205.
[6]. Bayol SA, Macharia R, Farrington SJ,Simbi BH, Stickland NC. Evidence that a maternal .junk food. diet during pregnancy and lactation can reduce muscle force in offspring. Eur J Nutr 2009; 48: 62-.5
[7]. Brendan O.Neill. Is this what you call junk food? [Internet] 2006 [Last Updated:Thursday, 30 November 2006,18:48 GMT] Available from: ://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/6187234.stm\
[8]. Charles's "Adolescents over eat fast food ,but lean adolescents overconsumption eating less "Journal of American medical association 2004 ,20:47 [9]. Children and junk food http//www.indiaparenting,com/food-and-Nutrition/56 1186/children and junk food html
[10]. Dorothy Jaganathan1, Meera Mary Mathew2* 1Professor; Department of Food Service Management and Dietetics Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore 641 043, 2Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of Food Service Management and Dietetics Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore *

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	PCR Inhibitory Effects of Aldehyde Fixing Agents on DNA Extracted from Embalmed Human Skeletal Fragments and Teeth Specimens
Country	:	Nigeria.
Authors	:	Ad. Zagga, Aa Tadros, Sm Ismail, H. Ahmed, Oon.
	:	10.9790/1959-0163337

Abstract:The presence of inhibitors in samples has been the focus of much of the published literature. The difficulties posed by PCR inhibitor-bearing DNA samples have traditionally been addressed by decreasing the inhibitor concentration, either through sample dilution or by further purifying the target DNA. A review composed via Medline Internet search, literature search and contributions from our experiences as well as experiences from colleagues. The recovery of intact high-molecular-weight DNA from formaldehyde-fixed tissues is very poor and that this fragmented DNA amplifies poorly in PCR reactions. For the fact that aldehyde fixed samples of bone or tooth may contain many different inhibitory substances leading to failure of amplification, a multi-faceted approach is the best solution for amplification failure.

Key words: PCR, inhibition, aldehydes, bone, teeth

[1] P. Rådström, R. Knutsson, P. Wolffs, M. Lovenklev, C. Löfström, Pre-PCR processing: strategies to generate PCR-compatible samples, Mol Biotechnol, 26, 2004, 133–146.
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[10] H. Puchtler, and S.N. Meloan, On the chemistry of formaldehyde fixation and its effects in immunohistochemical reactions, Histochemistry. 82, 1985, 201-4

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Caring Newborn on Ventilator - Concepts, Comprehensions and Core Competencies
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Vaidyanathan Radha, Pratibha A. Chandekar
	:	10.9790/1959-0163843

Abstract: We seem to live in an age of limitless technological marvels in neonatal ventilation. It will not be out of place to say that the exponential growth in this sector is crafted in the dark by the skilled hands and minds using Trial and Error Principle of Science since 1971, when the first CPAP was introduced by Dr. Gregori, an anesthesiologist.

[1]. Mark C Mammel MD, New Modes of Neonatal Ventilation: Let There be Light Journal of Perinatology (2005) 25, 624–625.
[2]. Sankar MJ, Sankar J, Agarwal R, Paul VK, Deorari AK. Protocol for administering continuous positive airway pressure in neonates. Indian J Pediatr 2008; 75:471‐478.
[3]. Sinha SK & Donn SM. Advances in neonatal conventional ventilation. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2000; 75: F135−F140.
[4]. Abubakar K & Keszler M. Effect of volume guarantee combined with assist/control vs. synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation. J Perinatol 2005;
[5]. The HIFI study group. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation compared with conventional mechanical ventilation in the treatment of respiratory failure in preterm infants. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 88.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Patterns of Discriminatory Practices of Health-Care Providers towards People Living HIV/AIDS in Osun State, Nigeria.
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Ajibade, B. L., Adeleke, M. A., Olagunju, R. O, Kolade, A. O.
	:	10.9790/1959-0164450

Abstract: Introduction: The HIV pandemic is the greatest health and human rights issue of our time, an estimated so million people are currently infected with HIV. Therefore this study was aimed at assessing the health workers discriminatory practices toward people living with HIV/AIDS. Methodology: This was a descriptive study among PWHA selected through multistage sampling technique. The sample size consisted of 250 respondents. Data were collected using self-designed instrument with the reliability of 0.89 using crombach coefficient alpha. Results: 56% of the respondents were female while the male was 44% and the mean age was 32. 9.6% were single while 67.2% were married. 113(45.2%) of respondents have been denied admission 33(29.2%) of them by doctors, 49(43.4%) by nurses while 31(27.4%) by other heath workers. Conclusion: It was concluded that all clinical staff should be adequately educated about HIV/AIDS, modes of transmission of the virus, universal precaution and the rights of PLWA.

Key words: Pattern, Discriminatory, Practices, PWHA, Medical personnel.

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[2]. Niang CI, Tapsoba P, Weiss E, et al: "It's raining stones". Stigma, violence and HIV vulnerability amongst men who have sex with men in Dakar, Senegal. Cult health sex 2003, 5(6) 499-512.
[3]. Parker R, Aggleton P, HIV and AIDs-related stigma and discrimination a Conception Framework and Implications for Action. Soc Sci Med 2003, 57:13-24.
[4]. Deacon H, Boulle A: comentart Factors Affecting HIV/AIDs- related stigma and Discrimination by medical propessionals. Int J Epidemiol 2006, 36: 185 – 186.
[5]. Hdzemer wl, Dcur SH, Arudo J, Rosa ME, Hamdton mj, corless Hiv stigma, and quality of life. J Assoc nurses Aids care 2009, 203 161 168.
[6]. Adebajo SB, Bamgbala Ao, Oyediran MA: Attitudes of Health – care Providers to persons living with Hiv/Aids in lagoes state Nigeria. Afr J Reprod Health 2003, 71) 103:12
[7]. Leteno G; The discriminatory attitudes of health providers against people living with Hiv. Plos med 2005, 2(8);e246.
[8]. Reis c, Heisler M, Amowits hh etal: Discriminatory attitudes and prachces by gealth workers towards patients with Hiv/Aids in Nigeria. PLOs med 2005,2(8): e246.
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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effects of Cryotherapy and Static Stretching Together and Static Stretching Alone For Improving Plantar Flexors Extensibility
Country	:	Saudi Arabia
Authors	:	Mrs. Shabana Khan, Sharick Samsi, Dr. Samiha Abdelkader
	:	10.9790/1959-0165155

Abstract: Study objective: To know the effects of cold applications during static stretching on plantar flexors extensibility. Design: Pre test and post test control group. Method and measurements: 30 volunteers of 18-30 years participated in study. Subjects were randomly and equally assigned to Ice pack and static stretching (group A) and static stretching (group B). Subjects in each group were given stretching to plantar flexors with 1/3rd of body weight once a day for 5 days a week for three weeks. ROM was measured before and after treatment session on the day of treatment and the end of each week. Results: Means and S.D of active dorsiflexion ROM after 3 weeks were 16.10±2.80 for group A. ANOVA demonstrates that there was a significant difference in pre and post intervention ADFROM in both groups (P <0.05). When both group were compared the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Both groups in the study showed increase in the extensibility of plantar flexors, resulting in increase in ADFROM. Both the cryotherapy and stretching significantly improved ROM; however, there was no difference between two treatment conditions.

Key words: Cryotherapy, flexibility, ROM, static stretching.

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