iosr-JPBS   Volume-1 ~ Issue-3

Abstract- The global requirements of recombinant protein have increased exponentially in last one decade in various aspects. The commercial production of recombinant proteins requires an ideal host expression system which effectively meets the demand. Numerous host expression systems have been used to achieve level of expression. Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) have been used ideally for expression of numbers of recombinant proteins from many decades. Though, Escherichia coli Bl21 is quite enough to express recombinant protein in higher fold but often get fails to achieve over expression of protein as essential requirement for today demand. Recently many engineered strains have been implemented in order to bring expression level as per requirement. The complications which arise in the expression of recombinant protein are mainly due to codon bias or inability of vector promoter to utilize host polymerase; while for over-expression of recombinant proteins often inhibit itself due to protein toxicity in conventional expression host systems. Escherichia coli C41 (DE3), Escherichia coli C43 (DE3) and Escherichia coli Rosetta are the refined and engineered strains which have shown over-expression of recombinant protein in recent time. These strains are designed to overcome the complication often limits conventional expression system. Keywords: Codon bias, promoter, Expression, host expression system, Recombinant protein

[1]. Crommelin, D. J. A.; Sindelar, R. D.; Meibohm, B. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; 3rd ed.; Informa Healthcare: New York,2008.
[2]. Devlin TM (1986). Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations,(2ndEdition), John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, USA, p. 165.
[3]. Coombs J (1992). Dictionary of Biotechnology, Second Edition. Stockton Press, 257 Park Avenue South, New York, 10010, USA, p.555.
[4]. White JS, White DC (1997). Source book of enzymes. Boca Raton, CRC Press.
[5]. Alex K Pavlou and Janice M Reichert. 2004. Recombinant protein therapeutics- success rates, market trends and values to 2010. Nature Biotechnology. 22: 1513-1519.
[6]. Fischer R, Drossard J, Commandeur U, Schillberg S and Emans N (1999a) Toward molecular farming in the future: Moving from diagnostic protein and antibody production in microbes to plants.Biotechnol Appl Biochem 30: 101–108.
[7]. Robinson, M., et al. , 1984. Codon usage can affect efficiency of translation of genes in Escherichia coli. Nucleic Acids Res. 12 (17), 6663 – 6671.
[8]. Sharp, P.M., Li, W.-H., 1986. Codon usage in regulatory genes in Escherichia coli does not reflect selection for rare codons. Nucleic Acids Res. 14, 7737 – 7749.
[9]. Urrutia, A.O., Hurst, L.D., 2001. Codon usage bias covaries with expression breadth and the rate of synonymous evolution in humans, but this is not evidence for selection. Genetics 159, 1191 – 1199.
[10]. Urrutia, A.O., Hurst, L.D., 2003. The signature of selection mediated by expression on human genes. Genome Res. 13 (10), 2260 – 2264............................

ABSTRACTS: Otitis media is inflammation of the middle ear. 70 samples (male and female) of ear swab were collected from primary school pupils at school Ezzamgbo, Ohaukwu L.G.A. and community primary school Ibii, Afikpo in Afikpo L.G.A. all in Ebonyi State. 67 samples were positive for these organisms. The bacterial pathogens isolated include Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus epidermidis (47.8%) had the highest incidence of occurrence followed by Staphylococcus aureus (31.3%) and Proteus sp (15%) while the least was Staphylococcus epidermidis (20.9%). The organisms' antibiogram reveals that they were highly sensitive to gentamycin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, cotrimoxazole, ceftriaxone and augmentin. The bacterial pathogens responsible for otitis media are pathogenic, hence attempt should be made to reduce the factors militating the incidence of these pathogens in the community. Despite the effectiveness of these antibiotics which are sensitive against the bacterial pathogens, prudent use of the antibiotics is strongly recommended.
Key: Prevalence, antibiogram, bacterial pathogens, otitis media

1. Acuin JM (2007). Chronic supurative otitis media: A disease waiting for solution. Arch. Pedi. 4(6): 17-19. Lasisi AO, Sulaiman OA and Afolabi OA (2007). Socio-ecnomic status and hearing loss in chronic superlative otits media in Nigeria. Ann. Trop. Parediatr. 27(4): 291-296.
2. Alho OP, Koivu M, Sorri M, Ranta Kallio P (1990). Risk Factors for Recurrent Acute Otitis Media and Respiratory Infection in Infancy, International foundation of Otorlilolarynogy :19: 151-61.
3. Arol B (2005). Antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infection. J. Respir. Med. 99 (3) 250 -255.
4. Berman S (1997). Classification and criteria of Otitis Media. Clin. Microbiol. Infect (Suppl)., 3: 1-4.
5. Bluestone CD and Klein JO (2001). Microbiology. In: Bluestone CD, Klein JO, eds. Otitis Media in Infants and Children. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, P A: W. B. Saunders., PP. 79-1014.
6. Brook I, Frazier E (1996). Microbial dynamics of persistent purulent otitis media in children. J. Pediatr., 128(2): 237-240.
7. Cheesbrough, M. (2006). District laboratory practice in tropical countries, part 2. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, London. PP. 137-150.
8. Damoiseaux R (2005). Antibiotics treatment for acute otitis media: time to think again" A. Med. J. 172(5): 648 – 657.
9. Daly A (1997). Knowledge and attitude about otitis media risk: Implication for prevention. J. padiatrics 100(3): 93-96.
10. Egbe C, Mordi R, Omoregie, R and Enabulele O. (2010). Prevalence of otitis media in Okada community, Edo state, Nigeria. Maced. J. Med. Sci. 3(3):299-302.......................

ABSTRACT : The antibacterial activities of aqueous and ethanolic leaf and bark extracts of Dialium guineense were evaluated against clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus using agar well diffusion technique. The photochemical analysis of Dialium guineense extracts were also carried out. The results showed that the extracts at varying concentrations, exerted antibacterial activities on the test organisms. The highest inhibition diameter (18 mm) at 0.8g/ml was recorded for cold water leaf extracts against Staphylococcus aureus and ethanol extracts inhibited the growth of the bacterial isolates in concentration dependent manner with minimum inhibitory concentration dependent manner with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at 0.2 g/ml. The result of the physicochemical analysis showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannin and saponin. These results suggest further exploitation of this material to possibly unveil its potential use for the treatment of diseases caused by the test organisms.
Keywords: Dialium guineense, Antibacterial, phytochemical, bronchitis patients

[1] S.S. Arogba, A.A. Ajiboro and I.J. Odukwe, A physico-chemical study of Nigerian velvet tamarind Dialium guineense L.) fruit. J Sc Food Agric, 66: 533-534 (2006).
[2] M.O. Nwosu, Plant resources used by traditional women as herbal medicine and cosmetics in Southwest Nigeria. Arzte fur Natur Fahr, 41:11 (2000). [
3] A.D. Akinpelu, T.O. Awotorebo, O.M. Agunbiade, A.O. Aiyegoro and I.A. Okoh, Anti-Vibrio and preliminary phytochemical characteristics of crude methanolic extracts of the leaves of Dialium guineense (Wild). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(11): 2398-2404 (2011).
[4] D.E. Okwu and O. Okeke, Phytochemical screening and mineral composition of chewing sticks in South Eastern Nigeria. Glo J Pur Appl Sci, 9(2): 235-238 (2003).
[5] J. Bero, H. Ganfon, M.C. Jonville, M. Frederich, F. Gbaguidi, M.P. De, M. Moudachirou and L.J. Quetin, In vitro antiplasmodial activity of plants used in Benin in traditional medicine to treat malaria. J Ethnopharmacol, 122(3): 439-444 (2009).
[6] M.B. Ibrahim, M.O. Owonubi and J.A. Onulapo, Antibacterial effects of leaf, stem, and root bark of Angiesues leicarpus on Staphylococcus aureus_NLTc6571, Streptococcus pyogenes NCTC 8198, Escherichia coli NCTC 10458 and Proteus vulgaris NCTC 4636. J of Pharmcdent Res Dev 2: 20-26 (2002).
[7] M. Cheesbrough, District laboratory practice in tropical countries, Part 2. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. PP. 137-150 (2006).
[8] C. Agatemor, Antimicrobial activity of aqueous and ethanol extracts of nine Nigerian spices against four food borne bacteria. Elec J Environ Agric Food Chem, 8(3): 195-200 (2009).
[9] J.B. Harborne, Textbook of phtochemical method: Aguide to modern technique of plant analysis. 2nd edition, Champenan and Hall Limited. PP. 99-103. (1974).
[10] B.O. Obadori and P.O. Ochuko, Phytochemical studies and comparative efficacy of the guide extracts of some home state plants in Edo and Delta State of Nigeria. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 81: 203-208 (2001).

Abstract: Increasing the activity of defective cystic fibrosis transmembranes conductance regulator (CFTR) protein is a potential treatment for cystic fibrosis. The life expectancy of people with cystic fibrosis (CF), a lethal inherited disease, has been greatly extended by advances in therapy. Currently, there are a number of potential drugs for treatment of CF lung disease in clinical trials. These therapies are targeted at all points in the pathogenesis of lung disease, from gene transfer to drugs that treat mucus, infection and inflammation in the airways. An exciting development is that of modulation of the abnormal protein that causes CF, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), where drugs are targeted at specific defects in CFTR transcription, processing or functioning. A number of antibacterial agents formulated for inhalation are at various stages of study or newly approved, which should improve options for chronic management of airway infection. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a pleiotropic disease, originating from mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Both higher adherence to a Mediterranean-type diet and more physical activity have been independently associated with lower Alzheimer disease (AD) risk. Therefore comparative genomics analysis of these diseases is done. In this context Exons and CNS were observed in all three sequences. This paper provides information meant to increase an understanding of the public-health impact of cystic fibrosis, sickle cell and Alzheimer's diseases including incidence and prevalence, mortality, lifetime risks, costs, and impact on family caregivers.
Keywords: Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) protein, Pleiotropic disease, Alzheimer disease (AD) and Comparative Genomics

[1]. A CFTR Potentiator in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis and the G551D Mutation, Bonnie W. Ramsey,M.D., N Engl J Med 2011; 365:1663-3,16November 2011.
[2]. Emerging Therapies in Cystic Fibrosis, Paula Anderson, MD, Posted: 09/10/2010; Ther Adv Resp Dis. 2010; 4(3):177-185. © 2010 Sage Publications, Inc.
[3]. the antioxidant role of thiocyanate in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis and other inflammation-related diseases, Communicated by Clay M. Armstrong, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, October 3, 2009 (received for review June 3, 2009).
[4]. Allergenic Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation for Sickle Cell Disease, Matthew M. Hsieh, M.D., Elizabeth M. Kang, M.D., Courtney D. Fitzhugh, N Engl J Med 2009; 361:2309-2317December 10, 2009.
[5]. Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association, Volume 6, Issue 1 , Pages 1-10.e1, January 2010.
[6]. Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association, Volume 5, Issue 3 , Pages 234-270, May 2009.

Abstract: The objective of the present study was to determine the reproductive parameters in Holstein cows treated by different hormonal protocols during insemination and postpartum periods. The 114 dairy cows (multiparous) with BCS between 2.75 and 3 were divided into 3 groups in a completely randomized design. 38 cows were treated by Heatsynch method + eCG (M1), 38 cows received Ovsynch + CIDR (M2) and 38 cows were subjected to the Heatsynch method (M3). Blood samples were taken to determine progesterone plasma contents in 14, 21 and 24 days after first insemination. Results showed that treatment with M2 protocol significantly decreased days to first service and conception rate in the cows (P < 0.05). First service conception rate in cows treated with M1 protocol was higher (P < 0.05) compared to M2 and M3 protocol. Pregnancy rate in M1was significantly higher than that of the other groups (P ≤ 0.05). This difference could be due to equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) which could have an effective function on ovulation, fertilization and embryo's vitality. Plasma progesterone levels of pregnant cows were higher than that of nonpregnants cows regardless the type of resynchronization protocols (P≤0.05). However, activation of ovaries, reinitiate estrous cycle and accordance between estrous and ovulation were increased when dairy cows subjected to the Heatsynch + eCG method (M1). Thus, M2 protocol is recommended for primiparous but not for multiparous cows, and T3 protocol is not recommended for synchronization.
Key words : Progesterone, Reproductive indices, CIDR, Dairy cattle, eCG

[1] Bartolome JA, Sheerı´n P, Luznar S, Mele´ndez P, Kelbert D, Risco CA, Thatcher WW., 2002. Conception rate in lactating dairy cows using Ovsynch after presynchronization with prostaglandin F2a (PGF 2a) or gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). The Bovine Practitioner;36:35–9.16.
[2] Benmrad, M. & Stevenson, J. S., 1985. Gonadotrophin releasing hormone and prostaglandin F2α for post partum dairy cows; oestrus, ovulation and fertility traits. Journal of Dairy Science 69, 800–11.
[3] Chebel R, Santos JEP, Cerri RLA, Juchem S, Galvao KN, Thatcher WW., 2003. Effect of resynchronization with GnRH on day 21 after artificial insemination on pregnancy rate and pregnancy loss in lactating dairy cows. Theriogenology;60:1389–99.
[4] Dailey, R. A., R. E. James, E. K. Inskeep, and S. P. Washburn. 1983. Synchronization of estrus in dairy heifers with prostaglandin F2αwith or without estradiol benzoate. J. Dairy Sci. 66:881–886.
[5] DeJarnette JM, Marshall CE., 2003. Effects of pre-synchronization using combinations PGF2a, and (or) GnRH on pregnancy rates of Ovsynch- and Cosynch-treated lactating Holstein cows. Anim Reprod Sci;77:51–60.
[6] Dizerega, G. S., and G. D. Hodgen. 1981. Luteal phase dysfunction infertility: A sequel to aberrant folliculogenesis. Fertil. Steril. 35:489–499.
[7] Erb, R. E., H. A. Garverick, R. D. Randel, B. L. Brown, and C. J. Callahan. 1976. Profiles of reproductive hormones associated with fertile and non-fertile inseminations of dairy cows. Theriogenology 5:227–242.
[8] Fogwell, R. L., B. M. Kanyima, A. Villa-Godoy, W. J. Enright, and J. J. Ireland. 1986. Enhanced precision of estrus and luteinizing hormone after progesterone and prostaglandin in heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 69:2179–2185.
[9] Folman, Y., M. Kaim, Z. Herz, and M. Rosenberg. 1990. Comparison of methods for the synchronization of estrous cycles in dairy cows. 2. Effects of progesterone and parity on conception. J. Dairy Sci. 73:2817–2825.
[10] Fonseca, F. A., J. H. Britt, B. T. McDaniel, J. C. Wilk, and A. H. Rakes. 1983. Reproductive traits of Holsteins and Jerseys. Effects of age, milk yield, and clinical abnormalities on involution of cervix and uterus, ovulation, estrous cycles, detection of estrus, conception rate, and days open. J. Dairy Sci. 66:1128–1147.

Abstract: Oral diseases are the most common form of chronic disease and are important public health problem because of their high prevalence, their Impact on individual and society, and expense of treatment. Toothache leads to school absenteeism, which is a ready indicator of children's health. A study to assess the oral health practices of junior secondary school students would reveal how far the nation has gone in promoting oral health using the WHO common risk factor approach. This work is thus, aimed at assessing oral hygiene status of respondents and determining some of the factors responsible for this status. A total of 399 students were used for the study. Multi stage sampling technique was used in selecting participants for the study. A semi- structured interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect data. The collected data was analysed using EPI-INFO 2007 software package. Oral examination was carried out by the dentist using the WHO Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S). Result showed that 72% of respondents had fair oral hygiene status while the remaining had good oral hygiene status. Some of the factors influencing the oral hygiene status include frequency of sweet consumption (p= 0.003), types of school respondents were attending (p= 0.000) and history of visit to the dentist (p= 0.000). Frequency of tooth brushing (p= 0.190) and history of past oral disease (p= 0.784) did not have any influence on the oral hygiene status of respondents. These determinants will further aid the educators on areas to teach students in order to encourage and enhance good oral hygiene amongst them.
Keywords: Oral hygiene status, Oral diseases, Determinants, JSS students

1. Shujat H I,Nazli G S.The concept of oral health promoting schools in relation to oral health in east London, United Kingdom. Community dentistry, Pakistan oral and dental journal. 2006.28(2):279-282.
2. Locker D. Concept of oral health, disease and quality of life In: Slade G. Measuring oral health and quality of life. Chapel hill .1997. pp11-23.
3. Petersen PE. World Health Organizations' global policy for improvement of oral health. International Dental Journal.2008.58: 115-121
4. Acs G, Ladolini G, Kaminsky S, Cisneros G J. Effect of nursing caries on body weight in a paediatric population. Paediatric dentistry. 1992. 14: 302-5
5. Cockburn A, Cockburn E. Epidemiology of dental caries. Cambridge university press. 1995
6. Aderinokun G.A, Oyemade A.O. Cultural beliefs and practices that influence oral health ad cae in a Nigerian community. Afri. Dent. J.1998.(12): 13-16.
7. Adegbemo AO. National survey of dental caries status and treatment needs in Nigeria, Int. Dent J, 1995; 45:35-44
8. WHO. Global goals for oral health.www.who.org. Assessed 21st May, 2009
9. Araoye M O. Research methodology with statistics for health and social sciences. Nathadex pulishers, 2003.117-122.
10. Bamigboye O. Akande T M. Oral hygiene status of students in selected secondary schools in Osogbo, Nigeria. Nigerian Medical practitioner.2007.51(4):71-75

Abstract: Background-Malaria and Protein- Energy-Malnutrition (PEM) are two major causes of childhood mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria can predispose a child to PEM and the reverse may also be true. Recent studies have presented inconsistent findings about nutritional status and the occurrence of malariathus. The goal of this study was to evaluate the association between PEM and malaria parasitaemia if any. Methods-A case control study in which 90 children diagnosed for PEM (aged 6 -59 months), and another well nourished 90 children age and sex- matched controls were evaluated for malaria parasitaemia. A semi–structured proforma was used to obtain relevant information on the children's socio-demographic characteristics, nutritional indices amongst others. Venous blood sample blood was collected and thick and thin blood film were prepared and viewed under the microscope. Results-Malaria parasitaemia was present in 82 (91.1%) of malnourished group and 12 (13.3%) of the well nourished group (p < 0.05 OR=66.62). Malaria parasitemia was highest in those with kwashiorkor and marasmic kwashiorkor compared with underweight. These differences were statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion and Recommendation-The study demonstrates that malnourished children have higher degree of malaria parasitaemia and are at risk of malaria. It also shows that severe forms of malnutrition are associated with heavier malaria parasitaemia. It is therefore recommended that all malnourished children should have access to use of Insecticide Treated Nets (ITN), malaria chemoprophylaxis as well as empiric treatment of malaria in endemic areas where access to malaria parasite diagnosis is difficult.
Keywords: Severe Protein energy malnutrition(PEM), Malaria Parasitaemia,InsecticideTreated Nets (ITN).

1. Ehrhardt S, Burchard GD, Mantel C, Cramer JP, Kaiser S, et al. Malaria, anaemia, and malnutrition in African children–defining intervention priorities. J Infect Dis.2006;194:108–114.
2. Breman JG. The ears of the hippopotamus: manifestations, determinants, and estimates of the malaria burden. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001;64:1–11.
3. Snow RW, Molyneux CS, Njeru EK, Omumbo J, Nevill CG, et al. The effects of malaria control on nutritional status in infancy. Acta Trop. 1997;65:1–10.
4. Murray MJ, Murray AB, Murray MB, Murray CJ. The adverse effect of iron repletion on the course of certain infections. Br Med J. 1978;2:1113–1115.
5. Hendrickse RG, Hasan AH, Olumide LO, Akinkunmi A. Malaria in early childhood. An investigation of five hundred seriously ill children in whom a "clinical" diagnosis of malaria was made on admission to the children's emergency room at University College Hospital, Ibadan. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1971;65:1–20.
6. Murray MJ, Murray NJ, Murray AB, Murray MB. Refeeding-malaria andhyperferraemia. Lancet.1975;1:653–654.
7. DeenJL, Walraven GE, von Seidlein L. Increased risk for malaria in chronically malnourished children under 5 years of age in rural Gambia. J Trop Pediatr.2002;48:78–83.
8. Friedman JF, Kwena AM, Mirel LB, Kariuki SK, Terlouw DJ, et al. Malaria and nutritional status among pre-school children: results from cross-sectional surveys in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005;73:698–704.
9. Snow RW, Byass P, Shenton FC, Greenwood BM. The relationship between anthropometric measurements and measurements of iron status and susceptibility to malaria in Gambian children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1991;85:584–589.
10. Wellcome Trust International Working Party. Classification of Infantile Malnutrition. Lancet .1970;2:302-303.