Volume-10 ~ Issue-2 ~ February-2017

Abstract: Some plants of the family solanaceae such as Solanumdubium"Gubbain", which is a well-known wild plant, grow wildly in many regions in Sudan during the rainy season.Solanumdubiumis used in rural areas for milk coagulation. It is a bushy pubescent herb grown widely in northern, central and western Sudan along with other species such as S. innacum, S. esculentum, S. macrocarpon and S. melongena.Research on S. dubium was focused mainly on obtaining Solanum crude enzyme from the seeds in pure form and commercial production of the enzyme for cheese making. Solanaceous plants are known for their high alkaloidal content in all plant parts including the seeds, which are responsible for their antimicrobial activity in addition to other metabolites such as flavonoids and tannins............
Keywords: Plant Solanumdubium , (Gubbien ) seed, chemical element , enzymedubumin ,solventextraction.

[1]. Abdalla, M.O.M.; Kheir, O.E.S., and El Owni, O.A.O. (2011). Effect of storage period on quality of Sudanese white cheese (GibnaBayda) manufacturedwith Solanumdubium extract. U. of K. J. Agric. Sci., 19 (2): 202−217.
[2]. Abdalla, M. O. M., Ali A. A. D.; Mohamed, E. B. (2010). Extraction, milk-clotting activity measurements and purification of SolanumdubiumFresen (Gubbain) for cheesemaking. World J. Dairy Food Sci., 5 (2): 152-159.
[3]. Ahmed, I.A.M., I. Morishima, E.E. Babiker and N. Mori, 2009a. Dubiumin, a chymotrypsin-like serine protease from the seeds of SolanumdubiumFresen. Journal of Phytochemistry, 70(4): 483-49. DOI:10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.01.016
[4]. Ahmed, I.A.M., I. Morishima, E.E. Babiker and N. Mori, 2009b. Characterisation of partially purified milk clotting enzyme from SolanumdubiumFresen seeds. Food Chemistry, 116(2): 395-400. DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.11.072
[5]. Asif-Ullah, M., Kim, K. S., & Yu, Y. G. (2006). Purification and characterization of a serine protease from CucumistrigonusRoxburghi. Phytochemistry, 67, 870–875. Cabezas, L., Esteban, M. A., & Marcos, A. (1981). Agar gel diffusion of Cynarahumilis (L.) proteinases and other enzymes. Alimentaria, 128, 17–22.

Abstract: Event precipitation study was carried out at three sites (the Institute of Pollution Studies Laboratory ambient environment, Eagle Island and Stadium Road environs) with the following parameters analyzed - pH, Conductivity, Turbidity, Cl-, S042-, N03-, Alkalinity, NH4+ using World Meteorological Organization protocols and Standard Methods for water and wastewater protocol (WMO, 1988 and APHA, 1995). The rain water pH was 6.46 obtained at only one station. Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) ranged from +29 to +126 mV for campus, +65 to +70 mV for Stadium Road and +126.0 mV for Eagle Island Station. The temperature ranged from 24.6 - 29.6 0C across all stations............
Keywords: Rain chemistry, RSUST campus, environs, Port Harcourt

[1]. Ayers, G. P. and Gillett, R.W. (1988). Acidification in Austrialia. In: H. Rodhe and R. Herrera (Eds), Acidification in Tropical Countries. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, England, Scope, 36: 347-400.
[2]. APHA, 1995. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 19th edn. APHA, AWWA, WPCF, American Public health Association Washington. DC.
[3]. Ayoade, J. O. 1988. Introduction to climatology for the tropics, John Wiley.
[4]. Cowling, E. B.1982. Acid precipitation in historical perspective. Environmental Science Technology 16: 1109 – 1239.
[5]. Davies, T. D; P. W. Abrahans; M. Transfer; I. Blackwood; P. Briuble Combe and C.E. Vincent. 1984. Black acidic snow in the remote Scottish highlands. Nature, 312: 58-61.

Abstract: Zinc dust, an EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) hazardous waste no. K061 can now be used as a potential raw material for the preparation of zinc zinc oxide. At first zinc was leached from zinc dust in acid medium. The contaminated iron was precipitated out from this solution by oxidation at pH 3.95-4.05. Then zinc was precipitated from this solution as hydroxide by raising the pH 6.8-7.2, which on leached with water and filtered followed by two-step drying to produce zinc oxide............
Keywords: Zinc-dust, zinc oxide, particle size, XRD, SEM.

[1]. R.J. Irwin, M.V.Mouwerik, L. Stevens , M.D. Seese, , W. Basham, Environmental contaminants encyclopedia. National Park Service, Water Resources Division, Fort Collins, Colorado, 1997.
[2]. U.S. Patent no. 6,863,873 B1.
[3]. N. Alane, S. Djerad and L. Tifouti "Acid Leaching of Zinc Oxide from ZnO/ Al2 O3 Catalyst" Lebanese Science Journal, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2008, 63.
[4]. A. Hernandezbattez, R.Gonzalez, J. Viesca, J. Fernandez, J. Diazfernandez, A. MacHado, R. Chou, J. Riba. "CuO, ZrO2 and ZnO nanoparticles as antiwear additive in oil lubricants". Wear 265: 2008, 422.
[5]. J.C. Chen, C.T. Tang, "Preparation and application of granular ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst for the removal of hazardous trichloroethylene". J. Hazard. Mater., 2007, 8–96 (142).

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to derive partial derivatives involving generalized H–function of two variables.

[1]. Rainville, E. D.: Special Functions, Macmillan, NewYork, 1960. 2
[2]. Shrivastava, H. M., Gupta, K. C., Goyal, S. P.: The H-Functions of One and Two Variables with Applications, South Asian Publishers, New Delhi, 1982. 3
[3]. Srivastava, H. S. P.: H-function of two variables I, Indore Univ., Res. J Sci. 5(1-2), p.87-93, (1978). 1

Abstract: The adsorption of Pb2+ from simulated aqueous solution with ground plantain peel biomass and the citric-acid-modified form was studied in a batch adsorption system. The adsorption was strongly pH and temperature-dependent as maximum adsorption was recorded at a pH of 5 and temperatures of 328 K (for unmodified biomass) and 318 K (for modified biomass). The kinetics of both adsorption processes was best fitted by the pseudo-second-order reaction and they were endothermic processes. The unmodified biomass was best fitted by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm while the modified biomass...............
Keywords: Adsorption, citric acid, lead (II), plantain peels, unmodified.

[1]. O. Asim and A. Necip, Equilibrium, thermodynamic and kinetic studies for the adsorption of lead (II) and nickel (II) onto clay mixture containing boron impurity, J. of Ind. and Eng. Chem, 18, 2012, 1751-1757.
[2]. C. Salvatore, G. Antonio, M. Demetrio, M. Nicola and P. Alberto, Pb (II) adsorption by a novel activated carbon - alginate composite material. A kinetic and equilibrium study, Int. J. of Bio. Macromol., 92, 2016, 769-778.

[3]. A. Rais and H. Shaziya, Absorptive removal of Pb2+, Cu2+ and Ni2+ from the aqueous solution by using groundnut husk modified with Guar Gum (GG): Kinetic and thermodynamic studies, Grwater. for Sus. Dev., 1, 2015, 41-49.
[4]. D. Zhuhong, H. Xin, W. Yongshan, W. Shengsen and G. Bin, Removal of lead, copper, cadmium, zinc and nickel from aqueous solutions by alkali-modified biochar: Batch and column tests, J. of Ind. and Eng. Chem., 33, 2016, 239-245.
[5]. L. Bingjie, C. Wei, P. Xiaoning, C. Qiqi, W. Qianrui, W. Dongfeng, M. Xianghong and Y. Guangli, Biosorption of lead from aqueous solutions by ion-imprinted tetraethylene pentamine modified chitosan beads, International J. of Bio. Macromol., 86, 2016, 562-569.

Abstract: All Concepts of source rock are based on biogenic theory of petroleum generation but it is not decided which organic matter is responsible for petroleum generation. Therefore all the source rock (marine, lacustrine & terrestrial) concepts consider all organic matters to be responsible for petroleum generation. Since 1926 AAPG together with USGS tried to find out source rock character by research but the attempt was not successful because technology was not developed. In the present work attempt is made to solve the problem related to which organic matter is responsible for petroleum generation and it has been established that only Lower Paleozoic marine organic matters were capable to generate petroleum. Based on this a unified source rock theory is proposed here suggesting there is only one episode of source rock deposition during Lower Paleozoic in our earth.

[1]. HEDBERG, H.D, 1968, Significance of high wax oils with respect to the genesis of petroleum, AAPG Bulletin, V52, pp.736-750.
[2]. HUNT, J.M. 1995 Petroleum geochemistry & Geology (2nd edition), published by W.H.Freeman and Company, Newyork (pp.63&64).
[3]. KALPESH K. SHARMA, HOLGER SCHUHMANN AND PEER M. SCHENK, 2012, High Lipid induction in microalgae for bio-diesel production, Energies, v-5, pp.1532-1553.
[4]. LODUCA S.T. AND L. PRATT, 2002, Stable carbon isotope compositions of compression fossils from Paleozoic Konservat-Lagerstatten, Palaios 17:287-291.

Abstract: The nano science and nano-engineering is also referred as nano modification, have come into common usage and describe two main avenues of application of nanotechnology in architectural application. Even though a huge and alluring potential of nanotechnology in architecture and civil engineering has been envisaged and enormous efforts throughout the world are being taken unto use nanotechnology in architectural applications, still few of grey areas need to be explored to make the technology more applicable. This paper presents the developments in the field of nanotechnology and nano science research in architectural development.

Keywords: Nano, architecture, concrete, composites, materials.

[1]. MichaelF. Ashby, Paulo J. Ferreira, Daniel L. Schodek, "Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies and Design: An Introduction for Engineers and Architects" Elsevier Ltd. 2009.
[2]. Ritter, Axel. Birkhäuser "Smart Materials in architecture, interior architecture and design"., Berlin, 2007.
[3]. Nanomaterialhttp://www.gitam.edu/eresource/nano/nanotechnology/nano_materials.htm
[4]. Nanomaterials for Today (Narita-International-Airport-Corporation) http://es.cyclopaedia.net/wiki/Narita-International-Airport-Corporation

Abstract: Non-sulphur nitrogen fertilizer use, soil profile, pH and physico-chemical properties contribute to soil sulphur deficiency so distribution of different forms of sulphur in soil profiles of twelve locations in Ogun and Oyo states, Southwestern Nigeria was investigated to know their status with respect to the soil depths of samples derived from sedimentary and igneous/metamorphic rocks comprising of Alfisols (8 profiles) and Ultisols (4 profiles). These were collected at four different soil depths of 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, 40-60 cm and 60- 80 cm respectively from savanna and forest vegetation zones. The soil physico-chemical properties of pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, CEC, clay, silt and sand were determined using standard analytical methods and correlated with the different forms of sulphur (available, organic and total). The results showed that both the available, organic and the total S were positively correlated with these parameters (r = 0.905**) and (r = 0.590**) respectively. The status of the different forms of S fell below the critical limits of 10 mg/kg and as a result, farmers are advised to apply sulphur-containing fertilizers in these soils so as to obtain maximum yields in their crops particularly for leguminous plants..

Keywords: Distribution and forms of Sulphur, Soil profiles, Alfisols, Ultisols, Vegetation zones, Correlation and Critical limits.

[1]. Bromfield, (1974). The deposition of sulphur in the Rain Water in Northern Nigeria. Tellus, 26(3), 408 – 411.
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[3]. Kang, B. T. and Osiname, A. O. (1976). Sulphur responses of maize in Western Nigeria. Argon J. 68: 333-336.
[4]. Osiname O. A. and Kang B. T., (1977). Effect of Sulphur sources on maize yield in an Entisol in Western Nigeria. Nigeria Agric. J., 14: 37-39.
[5]. Adetunji, M. T. and Adepetu, J. A. (1989). Sulphur fertilization requirements of Southwestern Nigerian Soils. Ife Journal of Agriculture. 11(1 and 2), 20-31.

Abstract: Two simple, rapid, accurate and precise spectrophotometric procedures have been developed for the determination of memantine HCl (MEM). The first method (A) is based on the interaction of ninhydrin in N, N′-dimethylformamide (DMF) medium, with primary amino group present in MEM. This reaction produced a blue-purple product, which absorbed maximally at 595 nm. Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range of 0.4-19.3 μg/mL with RSD of 0.88 % and molar absorptivity of 1.12×104 L/mol.cm in addition to limits of detection and quantification. In second method (B) MEM..............

Keywords: Memantine HCl; Ninhydrin; Ferric Chloride; Spectrophotometric; Pharmaceutical Analysis; Spiked Human Plasma.

[1]. R. Barry, D. Rachelle, S. Albrecht, S. Frederick, F. Steven, J.M. Hans, Memantine in moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease. The New Eng. J. of Med. 2003, 348, 1333-1341.
[2]. S. Sonkusare, C. Kaul, P. Ramarao, Dementia of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders - memantine, a new hope, Pharma. Res., 2005, 51, 1-17.
[3]. H.F. Steven, Evaluation of memantine for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, Exp. Opin. on Pharm., 4, 2305–2313, (2003).
[4]. S.S. Lon, S. Philip, W. Michael, Treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine of patients in the Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative, Arch. of Neuro. 2011, 68, 58-66.

[5]. S.P. Sulochana, K. Sharma, R. Mullangi, et al., Review of the validated HPLC and LCMS/MS methods for determination of drugs used in clinical practice for Alzheimer's disease, Biomed. Chromatogr. 2014, 28, 1431–1490.

Abstract: ZnO undoped and doped nanocrystals with spherical morphology have been synthesized by a cost effective hydrolysis technique. X-ray diffraction analysis was carried out to evaluate the contribution of dopant ion lattice parameters . The crystallite size calculated is in good agreement with the TEM results. For pristine samples, PL is broad in nature with maxima at various positions in visible region of electromagnetic spectrum. The emission spectra of most ZnO sample show a near-band-edge line (λ=366 nm) followed by a deep level luminescence in lower energy regime..............

Keywords: Nanocrystals, luminescence , excitons , ZnO

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[3]. T. Makino, Y. Segawa, S. Yoshida, A. Tsukazaki, A. Ohtomo, and M. Kawasaki Gallium concentration dependence of room-temperature near-band-edge luminescence in n -type ZnO : Ga Applied Physics Letters 85, 759 (2004)
[4]. Reza Ebrahimifard, Mohammad Reza Golobostanfard, Hossein Abdizadeh, Sol–gel derived Al and Ga co-doped ZnO thin films:An optoelectronic study Applied Surface Science 290 (2014) 252– 259.
[5]. Growth Of Epitaxial P-Type Zno Thin Films By Codoping Of Ga and N Manoj Kumar, Tae-Hwan Kim, Sang-Sub Kim, and Byung-Teak Leea_Applied Physics Letters 89, 112103 2006