Volume-9 ~ Issue-1 ~ January-2016

Abstract: This research work investigates the eutrophication status of the surface water of Abuja –Nigeria. Surface water samples were collected using 1000ml HDPE bottles and analyzed for a period of six months in five different sites. The concentration of nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N), phosphorus (PO4 3-) and the COD were analyzed using standard procedure. Temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids (TDS) were measured in situ during sampling. The results show the BOD value ranged from 3.10 at Site 5 to 40.30 at Site 4 (Figure 1). Sites 1-4 had BOD greater than 5 mg/l in October and hence rich in organic waste and prone to eutrophication. The highest value of COD was recorded in Site 4 in with a value of 86.000 ± 0.000 while the lowest value of 8.000 ±1.000 was recorded at Site 5 which is a Dam.

[1]. Ademoroti, C.M.A. (1996) Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology. Foludex Press LTD Ibadan pp 46-49.
[2]. Akin-Oriola, G.A, (2003). On the Phytoplankton of Awba Reservoir, Ibadan, Nigeria.
[3]. Revista De Biologia Tropica 51(1): 99-106
[4]. Anake, W.U, Ehi-Eromosele, C.O, Siyanbola, T.O, Adobor-Osoh, A, Adeniyi, I.O and Taiwo, O.S (2013). Physico-Chemical and Microbial Assessment of Different water sources in Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria. International Journal of Current research 5(07):1797-1801.
[5]. APHA (American Public Health Association) (2005). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater Washington, USA.
[6]. Eckert D.J (1995) Nitrates in Surface water. Retrieved October 10 2012 from http://ohio.osu.edu/agf-fact/0204.html
[7]. Fred, G.L. and Ann, R (1978). Eutrophication of water bodies; Insight for an age-old problem. Environmental Science and Technology 12: (8) 900-908

Abstract: Honey is an extraordinary ad unique sweetening agent synthesized by the honey bees by collecting different nectars from different kinds of flowers. It is a natural product containing both food and medicinal values without causing any adverse effects. Out of all nutrients of the food carbohydrates are the most important nutrient which gives instant energy (power house in terms of energy). These carbohydrates are taking a very crucial role in metabolic activities (biological activities of the body) carried out in the body. They also responsible for the texture of the honey. Thus we have studied and investigated the comparative amounts of carbohydrates. The amounts of carbohydrates are calculated as reducing, non-reducing, and dextrin's. The reducing and non-reducing sugars are given by F/G ratios in each kind of uni-floral honeys of East-Godavari, A.P India. For the above study the samples are collected from different areas in different seasons for A.P. This information can give an idea about the selection of floral honey and the requirement basing on their health condition (diabetes). Origin of honey decided by the pollen analysis of the honey.

Keywords: Meleto Palionology, Frequency classes, Pollen morpho types, Chromoproteins, Metal activators, Unifloral, Multifloral.

[1] Wakhle.Z, D.M.1998, Beekeeping technology production, Characteristics uses of honey and other products, pp.150-186...In: R.C Mishra(Ed), Perspectives in Indian Apiculture. Agro Botanica. Bikaner, India.
[2] Wakhle, D.M.Desai, D.B.1983, Enzymes in Indian honey pp.703-710: In: Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Apic Trop. Climates, IARI, New Delhi.
[3] Weston.R.J. and Brocklebank.L.K.1999. The Oligosaccharide composition of some New Zealand honeys, Food chemistry,64: 33-37
[4] White, Jr.J.W.1975.Pysical properties of honey, pp.207-239; In: Crane(Ed) honey: A comprehensive Survey, Heinemann, and London.
[5] Kirkwood, K.C., Midchell, T.J.and Smith, D.1960. Examination of the occurrence of honey dew honey. Analyst 85: 412-416.
[6] Giri.K.V.1938. Chemical composition and enzyme content of honey. Madras Agric., J., 26:68-72.

Abstract: The effect of sulphate ions in mixing water on performance of cement mortar was investigated. Mortar prisms were made using selected Portland Pozzolana cement and Ordinary Portland cement with sewage, swampy and bore-hole waters, commonly used as mix waters in most peri-urban set up in Kenya. Potable tap water was used as a control. Compressive strength was determined at 2nd, 7th, 28th, and 90th day of curing. Setting time was also investigated. Results showed that sewage and swampy mix waters had significant sulphate content. The sulphate ions reduced the early compressive strength development of cement mortar in both PPC and OPC. Further, sulphate ions retarded both initial and final setting times in PPC and OPC. The use of sewage and swampy waters as mix water containing high sulphate ions could lead to failure of concrete
and/or mortar and hence building and construction.
Key Words: Cement Mortar, Mixing water,OPC, PPC, Sulphate ions.

[1]. Neville A. Water and Concrete- A love hate relationship point view. Concrete international journal, 2000, 22, 34-38.

[2]. Tibbets DC. Performance of concrete in sea water. Canadian building series: University of Toronto, 1968, pp 178- 180.

[3]. Treadaway K.W.J and Bamforth PB. Minimizing the risk of chloride induced corrosion by selection of concreting materials in corrosion of reinforcement in concrete. Elservier: London, 1990, pp 119-121.

[4]. Taylor H.F.W. Cement chemistry. London: Taylor and Thomas Telford Services LTD; 1997.

[5]. Ding Q.Lu.Hu and Yong H. Preparation of high impermeable and crack resistance chemical admixtures and its mechanism. Material Science Journal,2002, 17, 70-73.

Abstract: The study applies Chemometric techniques in pretreatment of Waste Cooking Oil as a viable feedstock for biodiesel production at optimal reaction conditions using AlCl3 catalyst. The experimental design of three level- two factorial, response surface method (RSM) was able to effectively combine all the factors with factor interaction and response surface plot showing a good interaction of varrying parameters and % free fatty acid (% FFA) conversion as response. Individual effect of factors indicated that Catalyst contributed 26.05 % to the responses while Alcohol-Oil molar ratio and Time combined, contributed 16.45% , all the three factors together had 20.97% effect on the responses. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) succesfully classiffied responses into two groups of moderate (1) to excellent (2), with corrected values after cross-validation having proportions of close to 1.000..

[1]. A.Z. Abdullah, B. Salamatinia, H. Mootabadi, S. Bhatia, Current status and policies on biodiesel industry in Malaysia as the world's leading producer of palm oil. Energy Pol 2009, 37(12):5440–5448.
[2]. N. Abila, Biofuels adoption in Nigeria: a preliminary review of feedstock and fuel production potentials, Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal Vol. 21, No 6, 2010. pp. 785-795.
[3]. V. S Aigbodion, S. B. Hassan, E. T Dauda,; & R. A; Mohammed, (2010). The development of mathematical model for the prediction of ageing behaviour for Al-Cu-Mg/bagasse ash particulate composites. Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, 9(10), 907.

Abstract: The densities, ultrasonic velocities and viscosities of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) in water and in aqueous L-cysteine solutions have been measured as a function of SDS concentration at five equidistant temperatures ranging from 293.15 K to 313.15 K. The density data were used to calculated the apparent molar volume, v, the limiting apparent molar volume, 0
v  and experimental slopes, Sv,derived from the Masson equations. The apparent molar adiabatic compressibilies, s  were also calculated by using both the density and ultrasonic velocity data.

[1]. E.D. Goddard, K.P. Ananthapadmanabhan, Interactions of Surfactants with Polymers and Proteins (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1993).
[2]. J.L. Brash, T.A. Horbett, Proteins at Interfaces II: Fundamentals and Applications, (American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1995) (1).
[3]. S. Deep, J.C. Ahluwalia, Interaction of bovine serum albumin with anionic surfactants, Phys Chem Chem Phys. 3, 2001, 4583–4591.
[4]. A.L. Lehinger, D.L. Nelson, M.M. Cox, Principles of Biochemistry (Worth Publishers, USA, 1993).
[5]. S.K. Singh, N. Kishore, Thermodynamic studies on the interaction of folic acid with bovine serum albumin, J Phys Chem B. 110, 2006, 28–97.
[6]. H. Gharibi, S. Javadian, M. Hashemianzadeh, Investigation of interaction of cationic surfactant with HSA in the presence of alcohols using PFG-NMR and potentiometric technique, Colloids Surf, A. 232, 2004, 77–86.
[7]. E.L. Gelamo, R. Itri, A. Alonso, J.V. Silva, M. Tabak, Small-angle X-ray scattering and electron paramagnetic resonance study of the interaction of bovine serum albumin with ionic surfactants, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 277, 2004, 471–482.

Abstract: A novel attempt to synthesize Polypyrrole (PPY) through cationic surfactant Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) assisted in situ polymerization method. The structure and properties of PPY have been evaluated through analytical methods based on Fourier transform infrared spectra and simultaneous thermo gravimetric analysis reveals the formation of Polypyrrole. Sulphonated Polysulphone binded electrodes over 316 stainless steel substrate were fabricated and the supercapacitance (Cs, F/g) of PPY has been evaluated with reference to Ag/AgCl through cyclic voltammetry at scan rate (V/s) ranging 0.05–0.2 in KOH (1.0 M). A regular increase in Cs has been observed irrespective to scan rates. PPY shows 36.01 Cs (F/g) at a scan rate of 0.05 V/s indicates the cyclic stability of the PPY with decrease in capacitive behavior during the first 50 cycles at a scan rate of 0.1 V/s. The corrosion performances of the PPY coating were investigated by AC impedance spectroscopy. It was seen that bare steel coated PPY film provided better protection for long exposure times in 1.0M KOH solution.

Keywords: Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, Cyclic Votammetry, Electrochemical performance, Polypyrrole, Supercapacitor.

[1]. Choi, H. and Yoon, H. Nanostructured Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Capacitor Applications, Nanomaterials, 5: 2015, 906-936.
[2]. Stejskal, J.; Bober. P.; Trchova, M.; Horsky, J.; Pilar, J. and Walterova, Z. The oxidation of aniline with p-benzoquinone and its impacton the preparation of the conducting polymer, polyaniline. Synth Met, 192:, 2014 66 -73.
[3]. Kim, H.; Lee, Y.S.; Sharma, A.K. and Liu, C.G.. Polypyrrole/Carbon Composite Electrode for High- Power Electrochemical Capacitors, Electrochimica Acta. 52: 2006, 1727-1732.
[4]. Jiang, J.; Zhang , L.; Wang, X.; Holm, N.; Rajagopalan, K.; Chen, F. and Ma, S. Highly ordered macroporous woody biochar with ultra-high carbon content as supercapacitor electrodes, Electrochimica Acta, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.09.121.
[5]. Goel , S.; Mazumdar, N .A . and Gupta, A . J. Nanosci.Nanotechnol., 11(11): 2011 10164–10172.
[6]. Mudila, H.; Rana, S.; Zaidi, M.G.H. and Alam, S. Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures, DOI:10.1080/1536383X.2013.787604 .

Abstract: Computational energy calculations (semi-empirical and abinitio) were performed on geometrically optimized thione and thiol forms of the title compound. Minimum energy values, Heats of formation, dipole moments of the optimized geometries are evaluated, electrostatic potential, total spin density, total charge density maps and HOMO, LUMO surfaces are generated. Theoretical calculations are compared with the experimentally obtained data. Synthesized PNBTSC was characterized by LC-MS, IR, UV-Visible, 1H NMR, 13C NMR. CuII and HgII complexes of it were prepared and characterized by various spectro-analytical techniques like elemental analyses, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility measurements, LC-MS, IR, UV-Vis, 1H NMR, ESR, TGA and DSC. Elemental analyses and LC-MS studies reveal the composition of complexes as ML. The complexes showed good activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria.

Keywords: antibacterial activity, bidentate nature, distorted octahedral geometry, semiemperical calculations, thermal analysis

[1] S. Chandra, M. Tyagi and M. S Refat, Journal of Serbian Chemical Society, 74 (8-9), 2009, 907-915.
[2] A. R. Cowley, J.R. Dilworth and P.S. Donnelly, John Woollard-Shore, Dalton Transactions, 2003, 748 -754.
[3] I. C. Mendes, L. R.Teixeira, R. Lima, H. Beraldo, N. L. Speziali and D. X. West, Journal of Molecular Structure, 559, 2001, 355-360.
[4] S. A. Elsayed, A. M. El-Hendaway, S. I. Mostafa and I. S. Butler, Inorganica Chimica Acta, 363, 2010, 2526-2532.
[5] J. Wiecek, D. Kovala-Demertzi, Z. Ciunik, J. Wietrzyk, M. Zervou and M. A Demertzis, Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications, 2010, Article ID 718606 7.
[6] P. F. Raphel, E. Manoj and M. R. Prathapachandra Kurup, Polyhedron, 26, 2007, 818-828.
[7] E. N. Nfor, S. N. Esemu, G. A. Ayimele, E. A. Eno, G. E. Iniama and O.E. Offiong, Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia, 25(3), 2011, 361-370.

Abstract: Transport studies across natural biological and artificial membranes are very important from experimental and theoretical point of view. Transport through bio membranes follows the principle of selective permeability and is very important to study drug membrane interactions. Non equilibrium thermodynamics plays an important role in studying transport phenomenon. In the present investigation membrane is prepared by mechanical compression of cation exchange resin Indion 236 with adhesive araldite. Equivalent pore radius for membrane for different concentrations of aqueous solutions of glucose and sucrose at different temperatures have been determined. The cation exchange membrane has been characterized in terms of membrane constant A/l. The present study tries to establish a relationship between equivalent pore radius ,concentration of solutesand temperature of study.

[1]. O.Brien, "Molecular anatomy of membranes" F.E.B.S. symposium,(1970):20,33
[2]. N. Lakshminarayanaiah, Chem. Rev., (1970): 2,203
[3]. N. Lakshminarayanaiah, "Transport through Membranes" ,Academic press,New York, (1969):2
[4]. H.T.Tien, "Bilayer Lipid Membranes, Marcel Dekker,Inc., New York,(1974):4
[5]. K.Sollner, Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci., (1953):l 57,177
[6]. F.Helfferich, "Ion – Exchange" ,McGraw Hill, New York,(1962):351
[7]. Pagenelli,C.V. and A.K. Solomon 1957 "The rate of exchange of tritiate

Abstract: A quantitative analyses of the intermolecular interactions in the crystal structures of some indole derivative have been performed. Analysis of the nature of intermolecular interactions is of utmost importance in the field of crystal engineering to facilitate the design of new materials with desirable properties and for crystal structure prediction of a given set of molecules. To get a better understanding of the contribution of intermolecular interactions to the crystal packing, it is important to get a quantitative evaluation of these interactions. A better understanding of these interactions and their influence on the crystal packing can be obtained by evaluating the energetics associated with these interactions. The lattice energy of all the compounds has been calculated by using PIXELC module in Coulomb London Pauli (CLP) package and is partitioned into corresponding coulombic, polarization, dispersion and repulsion contributions.

[1] G. R. Desiraju, ―Hydrogen bonds and other intermolecular interactions in organometallic crystals‖ J Chem Soc Dalton Trans. 2000, pp. 3745-3751.

[2] D. Dey and D. Chopra, ―N–H…π induced configurational isomerism andthe role of temperature in the Z to E isomerization of 2-fluoro-N′-(3- fluorophenyl)benzimidamide‖ Cryst Eng Comm. Vol. 17, 2015, pp. 5288-5298.

[3] R. Vishnupriya, J. Suresh, S. Sivakumar and R. R. Kumar, ―N-H…O and N-H…N interactions in three pyran derivatives‖ Acta Cryst. Vol. C69, 2013, pp. 642-646.

[4] K. B. Wiberg, K. M. Lambert an W. F. Bailey, ―The Role of CH...O Coulombic Interactions in Determining Rotameric Conformations of Phenyl Substituted 1,3-Dioxanes and Tetrahydropyrans‖ J Org Chem Vol. 80, 2015, pp. 7884-7889.

[5] R. Shukla and D. Chopra, ―Crystallographic and computational investigation of intermolecular interactions involving organic fluorine with relevance to the hybridization of the carbon atom‖ Cryst Eng Comm. Vol. 17, 2015, pp. 3596–3609.

[6] A. Elahi and R. Kant, ―Contribution of weak intermolecular interactions in 3-acetyl coumarin derivatives‖ Eur Chem Bull. Vol 3, 2014, pp. 763-769.

Abstract: The constant increase in the industrial usage of eucalyptol (cineole) as an additive in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and confectionary industries, and the tendencies of the greater population to retire from active chemotherapeutics to herbal and natural practices, made this research an interesting if not compulsory exercise so as to ensure safety and industrial feasibility. Sample of "Silver Bird" brand eucalyptol, the most commonly available brand in the country, was obtained from a local pharmaceutical chemist. It was then utilized in the determination of iodine and saponification values, which were found to be 17.956 and 15.848mg KOH/g respectively. The two chemical parameters determined are very essential in understanding the potentials of an oil or fat, especially in the soap making industry.

Keywords: Eucalyptol, Iodine Value, Saponification Value, Silver Bird.

[1] M.N. Boukhatem, F.M. Amine, A. Kameli, F. Saidi, K. Walid, S.B. Mohamed, Quality assessment of the essential oil from Eucalyptus globules Labill of Blida (Algeria) origin, International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy, 17(3), 2014, 303-315.
[2] P. Matthews, Advanced chemistry (Cambridge University Press: New York, 2011).
[3] G.O. Ojokuku, Practical Chemistry for Schools and Colleges (Gbabeks Publishers Limited: Ibadan- Nigeria, 2001)