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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Construction And Study Of Aridity Index Based On Temperature & Rainfall Data In Ishurdi, Pabna, Bangladesh. |
| Country | : | Bangladesh |
| Authors | : | M.A Rahman, M.K Alam, M.A Ali, M.S Islam |
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: | 10.9790/0990-0110104  |
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Abstract: Changing patterns of aridity index have important implications on agriculture of Bangladesh. Aridity can be equates with a deficiency of rainy days and ground moisture. In this study the Aridity Index in Ishurdi Pabna from time period (1996-2011) has been computed using De Martonne (1926). Linear regression method is used to analysis the trend of Temperature & Rainfall and also has been used for projection. A study has been carried out to assess the increases of both temperature and rainfall in the Ishurdi Pabna. The monthly De Martonne (1926) aridity index is used to evaluate the monthly aridity index and it reveals the irrigation months in the study area. The rainfall characteristic is also analyzed which is used to compute the rainfall distribution within a year. An increasing trend of precipitation concentration is also observed in the study area. These results may be a first indication of the precipitation response to global warming.
Keywords: Aridity, Precipitation, Temperature, Irrigation
[1]. Banglapedia National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh. Dhaka, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh (2003).
[2]. Shahid S. Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Droughts in the Western Part of Bangladesh, Hydrological Processes, 2008, Vol. 22(13), 2235-2247
[3]. Shahid, S. and Behrawan, H. Drought Risk Assessment in the Western Part of Bangladesh, Natural Hazards 2008, Vol.46 (3), 391-413.
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[6]. De Luis, M., Raventos, J., Gonzalez-Hidalgo, J.C., Sanchez, J.R., and Cortina, J. Spatial Analysis of Rainfall Trends in the Region of Valencia (East Spain), Internal Journal of Climatology, 2000 Vol. 20, 1451-1469.
[7]. Isaaks, H.E., and Srivastava, R.M. An Introduction to Applied Geostatisitics, 1989 New York, Oxford University Press.
[8]. Rashid, H.E. Geography of Bangladesh, Dhaka: University Press Ltd. 1991.
[9]. Study of the Agricultural Status of The Western Barind Tract, Northwest Bangladesh Using Remote Sensing and GIS Technology, SPARRSO Annual Report, September1996, p.17
[10]. Yu, B., and Neil, D.T. Long-term variations in regional rainfall in the south-west of Western Australia and the difference between average and high intensity rainfalls, International Journal of Climatology, 1993 Vol. 13, 77–88.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | DHI Analysis Using Seismic Frequency Attribute On Field-AN Niger Delta, Nigeria |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | Yaqub O. Adepoju, Joseph O. Ebeniro, Chukwuemeka N. Ehirim |
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: | 10.9790/0990-0110510 |
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Abstract: Effect of hydrocarbon gas on the seismic frequency attributes was studied and considered for applicability as Direct Hydrocarbon indicator (DHI) in the AN reservoir in the Niger Delta basin. Matching Pursuit algorithm for the spectral decomposition was adopted for frequency attributes analysis at 10Hz to 35Hz, along the interpreted reservoir top. Three frequency surface attributes were co-rendering and color blending to highlight the effect of gas in the reservoir. Gas filled sand exhibits distinctly higher frequency amplitudes at low frequency bands of 15Hz to 25Hz despite a subtle hardness of the sand relative to the overburden thick shale. High frequency amplitude expression in the low frequency (15Hz-25Hz) band observed in the gas reservoir is found to be a consistent character of overpressured gas reservoirs within the Niger Delta basin. It was concluded, therefore based on time-frequency seismic character of the gas sand, that frequency attribute can be used as a direct hydrocarbon indicator for the sandstone gas reservoir in the Niger Delta.
Keywords: Seismic attribute, Spectral Decomposition, Niger delta.
[1] Partyka, G., Gridley, J. and Lopez, J., Interpretational Applications of Spectral Decomposition in Reservoir Characterization: The Leading Edge, 18(3), 1999, 353-360.
[2] Burnett, M. D. and Castagna, J. P., Advances in Spectral Decomposition and Reflectivity Modeling in the Frio Formation of the Gulf Coast, 2004, Search and Discovery Article 40113.
[3] Chen, G., Mattucci, G., Fahmy, B. and Finn, C., Spectral-decomposition response to reservoir fluids from a deepwater West Africa reservoir: GEOPHYSICS, 73 (10), 2008, 23–30.
[4] Castagna, J. P., On the use of seismic data in reservoir characterization: in D. J. O'Meara, (Ed), Reservoir Characterization, (PennWell. 2006).
[5] Sinha, S., Routh, P. S., Anno, P. D., and Castagna, J. P., Spectral decomposition of seismic data with continuous-wavelet transform: Geophysics 70, 2005, 19 - 25.
[6] Mallat, S. G., and Zhang, Z., Matching Pursuits with Time-Frequency Dictionaries, IEEE Transaction of Signal Processing, 41, 1993, 3397-3415.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Direct Current Resistivity Investigation of the Groundwater Potential and Basement Structure in Parts Of Pompo Village, Minna, Nigeria |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | Chikwelu, E. E., Udensi, E. E. |
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: | 10.9790/0990-0111119 |
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Abstract: A direct current resistivity investigation of parts of Pompo village opposite Federal University of Technology, Gidan Kwano Campus, Minna, was carried out using conventional Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) method. The aim of this survey is to determining the ground water potential of the area and to locate those areas that could be useful for civil engineering workers. The data obtained were interpreted using computer-based program called Zohdy, which showed a laterally and vertical varying succession of high and low resistive geoelectric layers throughout the area. The resulting (Interpreted) models were used to produce depth to basement map, regolith map, iso-resistivity contour maps at different depth and the vertical sections through each profile. The interpreted earth-layered model suggests the existence of three geoelectric layers with resistivity in the range of 20Ùm-200Ùm and 200Ùm-900Ùm for the first and second layers respectively, while the fresh basement forms the third layers with resistivity value above 1000Ùm. The aquifer system of the study area is generally characterized by relatively low resistivity value between 200Ùm and about 800Ùm in the weathered basement and supported on some VES points by fractured basement and its thickness ranges from 5m to >20m. The most promising region of the site lies on west and south-eastern part, while the civil and the environmental works will be best located at the northern and southern part where the fresh basement is uplifted.
Keywords: groundwater potential, vertical electrical sounding, investigation.
[1]. Aboh O. H, 1996: A Regional Geophysical Investigation of the Groundwater Potential of Iyara, Ijumu Local Government Area, Kogi State using the Electrical Resistivity and VIF methods. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Almadu Bello University, Zaria.
[2]. Adeniyi, J. O, Udensi, E. E. and Okosun, E. A., 1988: Site selection Survey for a Seismic Observatory Station using Geological and Geophysical Techniques. Unpublished Report; Pp 1-5.
[3]. Ajayi, C. O. and Hassan, 1990: The Delineation of the Aquifer Overlying the Basement Complex in the Western part of the Kubanni Basin of Zaria, Nigeria.
[4]. Ajibade, A. C., 1976: Provisional Classification and Correlation of the Schist Belt in Northwestern Nigeria. Elizabethan Publishing Col, Ibadan, Pp. 85-90.
[5]. Dogara, M. D., 1995: D. C. Resistivity Investigation of the groundwater potential in Romi, Chikun Local Government, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis ABU, Zaria.
[6]. Golden Software Inc., 2002: Surface Mapping System, Surfer Version 8.01 Golden Software Inc, Golden Colarado 80401-1866.
[7]. Instruction Manual: ABEM Terrameter SAS 4000/SAS 1000: ABEM Printed Matter No. 93101.
[8]. Jimoh, M. O. 1998: Six functional boreholes drilled at Federal University of Technology Minna, Permanent Site. Unpublished Report; Pp 6-14.
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[10]. Makama, B.S. and Shekwolo, P.D (1999). Appropriate Bore Hole Design and Construction in Basement Complex Rocks of Niger State. Journal of Geology 8. Pp 4-6.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Spectral Analysis and Magnetic Modeling over Biu – Damboa, Northeastern Nigeria |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | Chinwuko, A. I., Onwuemesi, A. G., Anakwuba, E. K.,Okeke, H. C., Onuba L. N., Okonkwo, C.C. Ikumbur, E. B. |
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: | 10.9790/0990-0112028 |
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Abstract: Four aeromagnetic maps between longitudes 12o00l to 13o 00l E, and latitudes 10o30l to 11o30l N, representing parts of southern Chad Basin and Upper Benue Trough have been assembled and subjected to spectral analysis and 2.0 D modeling. The study will provide the depth of magnetic sources, basement structural trend, and nature of intrusive bodies in the basin amongst other things. The map is dominated by an elongated NE–SW magnetic low anomaly that stretches over a 20 km distance. A negative anomaly of about -160nT near Chibuk suggests a sediment thickness of 2.27 km extending northeast. 2.0 D modeling along three profiles shows that the anomalies are caused by predominantly mafic rocks within the depth range of 0.67- 2.27 km. The presence of large and continuous bodies of mafic rocks indicated by these results suggests that the area is an old rift, affected by the activity of a mantle plume that gave rise to the mafic intrusions.
Keywords: Aeromagnetic survey, residual anomaly, spectral analysis, Chad Basin and Upper Benue Trough.
[1]. Genik, G. J. (1992). Regional framework, structural and petroleum aspects of rift basins in Niger, Chad and the Central African Republic (C.A.R.). Tectonophysics, 213:169-185.
[2]. Benkhelil, J. (1989). The origin and evolution of the Cretaceous Benue trough (Nigeria). Journal of African Earth Sciences 6: 251–282.
[3]. Wright, J.B. (1968). South Atlantic and Continental drift and the Benue Trough.Tectonophysics , 213: 203–225.
[4]. Coulon, C., Vidal, P., Dupuy, C., Popoff, M., Maluski, H and Hermite, D. (1996). The Mesozoic to early Cenozoicmagmatism of the Benue trough (Nigeria); geochemical evidence for the involvement of the St Helena plume. Journal of Petrology, 37 (6): 1341–1358.
[5]. Barber, W. (1965). Pressure water in the Chad Formation of Borno and Dikwa Emirates, Northeastern Nigeria. Geological Survey of Nigeria Bulletin, No.35: 138.
[6]. Okosun, E.A. (1995). Review of Geology of Bornu Basin. Journal of mining and Geology, 31 (2): 113 – 172.
[7]. Sharma P. V, (1987). Magnetic method applied to mineral exploration. Ore Geology, 2: 323 – 357.
[8]. Fairhead, J.D. and Binks, R.M. (1991). Differential opening of the west central and south Atlantic oceans and the opening of the West Africa rift system. Tectonophysics, 187:191–203.
[9]. Binks, R.M. and Fairhead, J.D. (1992). A plate tectonic setting for the Mesozoic rifts of the Westand Central Africa.Tectonophysics, 213: 41-151.
[10]. Nwankwo, C.N, Ekine, A.S; and Nwosu L.I. (2009). Estimation of Heat Flow variation in the Chad Basin Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences Environmental, 13 (1): 73 – 80.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | 3d Seismic Structural Interpretation of a Part of Aloo-Field, Southwestern Niger Delta, Nigeria |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | Ologe Oluwatoyin, Ola-Buraimo A. Olatunji, Bankole Shereef A. |
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: | 10.9790/0990-0112935 |
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Abstract: Complexity of faulted subsurface configuration causing erroneous deductions in absence of well articulated interpretation approach led to a well refined 3D seismic data of part of ALOO-Field located in offshore southwestern Niger Delta. This study was aimed towards determining its subsurface structural features and retentive capacity of the reservoir for hydrocarbon. The methods employed include analysis of 3D seismic data using Petrel software; horizons and fault deductions from the seismic sectionwere used to generate structural maps which revealed different structural styles present in the studied area. Three distinct horizons were mapped. Depth structural maps generated for all surfaces of interest show subsurface features such as the geometry of the identified horizons, W-E trending growth fault, fault echelonsof which most of them dip to the east and fault assisted closures at the north-western-central part of the studied section. The dipping pattern of the identified faults coincides with that of the growth fault which enhances trapping mechanism for the hydrocarbon. Two principal structural trapping mechanisms present are growth fault and rollover anticline which are synonymous with Niger Delta. The study has demonstrated the importance of seismic structural interpretation in understanding the structural styles present and their retentive ability for hydrocarbon.
Keywords-Fault echelons,Growth faults, Rollover anticline, Seismic Sections, and Structural styles..
[1] G. Jon, and S.Richard,Petroleum Geoscience(USA: Blackwell Publishing, 2004) 54 – 112.
[2] H.Doust, and E.Omatsola, Niger Delta, in, Edwads, J. D., and Santogrossi, P.A.,(Eds), Divergent/passive Margin Basins, AAPG Memoir 48, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, , 1990, 239-248.
[3] B.D.Evamy, J.Haremboure, P.Kamerling, F.A. Molloy, and P.H.Rowlands, Hydrocarbon habitat of Tertiary Niger Delta,American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,62,1978, 1-39.
[4] S. Short, and G.Stauble, Outline of Geology of Niger Delta, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,1967 761-768.
[5] C. M. Ekweozor,J.I.Okogun, D.E.U.Ekong, and J.R.Maxwell,Preliminary organicgeochemical studies of samples from the Niger Delta, Nigeria, Part 1, analysis of crude oils for triterpanes,Chemical Geology,27,1979, 11-28.
[6] C. M. Ekweozor, and N.V.Okoye, Petroleum source-bed evaluation of Tertiary Niger Delta,American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 64, 1980, 1251-1259.
[7] D. O.Lambert-Aikhionbare, and A.C.Ibe, Petroleum source-bed evaluation of the Tertiary Niger Delta, discussion, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 68,1984, 387-394.
[8] R. M.Bustin, Sedimentology and characteristics of dispersed organic matter in Tertiary Niger Delta: origin of source rocks in a deltaic environment,American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 72,1988, 277-298.
[9] K. J. Weber, and E.M.Daukoru, Petroleum geology of the Niger Delta, Proceedings of the Ninth World Petroleum Congress, Geology, 2, London, 1975, 210-221.
[10] J.E.Ejedawe, Patterns of incidence of oil reserves in Niger Delta Basin,American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 65,1979, 1574-1585.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | An Integrated Study on Sustainable Development of Groundwater Resources in Coastal Environs, Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh-A Watershed Approach |
| Country | : | Japan |
| Authors | : | Peddada Jagadeeswara Rao, Sumiko KUBO, T. Venkateswara Rao, PVV Satyanarayana |
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: | 10.9790/0990-0113643 |
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Abstract: The study area, centered around the Madhurawada structural dome, lies in Visakhapatnam District of Andhra Pradesh State on the east coast of India. Covering 192 km2, the area consists of two non-perennial drainage basins of the Peddagedda River and Maddigedda rivulet. The average annual rainfall of the area ranges from 1000 to 1200 mm. There are about 50 surface water bodies of which eight are perennial. The population of the area in 2010 is estimated at 63,668. In this study, topographic maps, satellite images and geologic maps of the study area have been used to generate thematic maps of drainage, geomorphology, lineaments and land use/land cover. Cultivation is the major land use in the upper and lower reaches of the Peddagedda River whereas urban built-up occupies the watershed of Maddigedda rivulet. Twenty-four dug wells monitored during pre- and post-monsoon periods in 2010 revealed the area configuration of the water table. Analyses of these data in ArcGIS 9.2 environment helped to delineate zones with groundwater potential. Quality of groundwater revealing higher contents of hardness and fluoride in few villages have been affecting arthritis and mild gastrointestinal disorders as reported by Public Health Center. Following the guidelines of the Groundwater Estimation Committee-1997, studied available groundwater resources, current discharge and future requirements for the year 2025. The study area has been divided into run-off zones (about 57 km2) and recharge zones (about 135 km2) corresponding to hills and plains, respectively. The study area has total groundwater resources of 77,715,280 m3. The groundwater requirement in 2025 is estimated at 1,621 h.m/day. The study revealing surplus groundwater resources, population boom and recent developments have significant impact which leads to stress on groundwater. Keeping in view of this, drainage and geology were intersected and buffered to locate potential areas for artificial recharge of groundwater for sustainable occurrence to meet the future demand.
Key Words: Watershed; Groundwater Estimation Committee; Buffer; Gastrointestinal
[1]. Bahuguna, I.M., Nayak, S., Tamilarsan, V., and Moses, J. 2003. Ground water prospective zones in basaltic terrain using remote sensing. Journal of Indian Society of Remote Sensing 31(2):107-118.
[2]. Bansal, S.K., Vipin Kumar., and Anurag. 2008. Land use/Land cover analysis using remote sensing and GIS Technique: A case of Somb Drainage Basin in Siwalik Hills. Journal of Eastern Geographer XIV:27-32.
[3]. Bishat, K.S., Sokhi, B.S., and Taragi, R.C.S. 1995. Studying town morphology through remote sensing. Journal of Indian Society of Remote Sensing 23(1):13-22.
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[5]. Groundwater Estimation Committee. 1997. Report of Groundwater Estimation Committee-1984, 1997 (constituted by Government of India). [6]. Handbook of Statistics, Visakhapatnam District. 2006-2008. The Chief Planning Officer, Visakhapatnam District.
[7]. Jagadeeswara Rao, P., Harikrishna, P., and Suryaprakasa Rao, B. 2004. An integrated study on groundwater resource of Peddagedda watershed. Journal of Indian Society of Remote Sensing 32(3):307-311.
[8]. Jagadeeswara Rao, P., Harikrishna, P., and Suryaprakasa Rao, B. 2006. Studies on silt deposition in Gambhiram reservoir-A Remote Sensing Approach. Journal of Indian Geophysical Union 10(4):285-292.
[9]. Jagadeeswara Rao, P, Srivastav, S.K., Satyanarayana, P.V.V., and Harikrishna, P. 2009. Selection of groundwater potential zones in and around Madhurawada dome, Visakhapatnam district- A GIS approach. Journal of Indian Geophysical Union 13(4):191-200.
[10]. Janardhana Raju., Reddy, T.V.K., Naidu, P.T., and Kotaiah, B. 1994. Estimation of aquifer parameters and ground water balance of the upper Gunjanaeru river basin, Cuddapah District, A.P. Journal of Bhu-Jal News 1.9(1):11-15.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | An insight into the economics of groundwater exploitation - southeast Nigeria |
| Country | : | Nigeria. |
| Authors | : | Igonor E. E. , Oko, A. A., Oden, M. I. |
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: | 10.9790/0990-0114448 |
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Abstract: The rate of unemployment in the world is rising and the probability of getting a job is on a steady decline since economies are not able to generate sufficient employment opportunities to absorb growth in the working-age population. Since it is evident that global economies are failing and would be so for some time, what is needed now for a global solution are entrepreneurs. On this background, geoscientist are called upon to look at the marketability of groundwater exploration and exploitation for commercial purpose in the face of the gross global unemployment crisis, as a means of not only surviving the harsh times, but also helping mankind to satisfy and quench their thirst. Groundwater borehole drilling is a viable venture for a geoscientist as the profitability is high.
Keywords: business, economic geology, entrepreneur, groundwater, Oban and Obudu massif.
[1]. Oteri, A. U., "Groundwater Resources of Nigeria," Waterfront, 2003, 19-22.
[2]. Kapos, S. And Sparreboom, T. Global employment Trends 2011 – the challenge of a jobs recovery. Int. Labour Office (ILO), Geneva. 2011, 107
[3]. Keane, C. And Gonzales, L. 2011. A global view of the geosciences profession: updates from the IUGS taskforce on the Global Geosciences Workforce. Geophysical Research abstracts. EGU general assembly. EGU 2011 – 1799. Vol. 13
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[5]. Reyment, R.A. 1965. Aspects of the geology of Nigeria. Ibadan Univ. Press, Ibadan. Nigeria.
[6]. Cratchley, C.R. and Jones, J.P. An interpretation of the geology and gravity anomalies of the Benue valley, Nigeria. Overseas Geol. Surv. Geophysics. 1965, Paper 1:1-26.
[7]. Murat, R.C., Stratigraphy and Palaeogeography of Creataceous and lower Tertiary in southern Nigeria. In: T.F.J. Dessauvagie and A.J. whiteman (eds), African Geology. Ibadan univ. Press, Ibadan, Nigeria , 1972, p.251-269.
[8]. Petters, S.W. Central West African Cretaceous – Tertiary benthic Foraminifera and stratigraphy. Palaeontographica, Abt. A, 179, 1982:1 – 104.
[9]. Whiteman, A. 1982. Nigeria: its petroleum geology, resources and potential. Graham and Trotman, London.
[10]. Ekwueme, B.N., Nyong, E.E. and Petters, S.W. Geological Excursion Guidebook to Oban Massif, Calabar Flank and Mamfe
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | The Effect of Air Temperature on Water Temperature via Traditional and Statistical Experimental Design In Johor Bahru (Malaysia) |
| Country | : | Malaysia |
| Authors | : | Mohd Hamdan Ahmad, Malsiah Hamid, Mehdi Hanafi Koumleh, Mohammadreza Askaripour Lahiji, Nora Roostapoor |
|
: | 10.9790/0990-0114952 |
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Abstract: The temperature of water in each area is related to the variety of Natural factors in that area. Naturally, any changes in these conditions can influence the temperature of water and change it. However, some Human factors have noticeable impacts on it, too. Allegorically, all actions that can be taken during the process of producing drinking water can cause difference in temperatures of the water. This paper aims to provide some information about water temperature in Johor Bahru and compare it with the weather temperature at the same time. With this information, we can explore the humans' roles in changing water temperature.
Keywords: water temperature, area temperature, Johor Bahru (JB).
[1] Cenno, K. A., Al-Ebus, M., Hirst, B., Milligan, D., & Kratzer, T. (2005).Establishing A Temperature Discharge Relationship To Address Temperature Impairment In The Pequannock River, New Jersey For Tmdl Development. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, 2005(3), 702-716.
[2] Barnett, Tim, Robert Malone, William Pennell, Detlet Stammer, Bert Semtner, and Warren Washington. "The effects of climate change on water resources in the west: introduction and overview." Climatic Change 62, no. 1-3 (2004): 1-11.
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[10] Leavesley, G. H. (1994). Modeling the effects of climate change on water resources— a review. In Assessing the Impacts of Climate Change on Natural Resource Systems (pp. 159-177). Springer Netherlands.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Applicability of surface wave magnitude scale, Ms, and body wave magnitude scale, mb, in the study of seismicity of Northeast India and its adjoining region |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Anupama Devi , Dr. S. Kalita |
|
: | 10.9790/0990-0115363 |
| Downloads : Times | ||
Abstract: Richter gave an empirical relation between surface wave (Rayleigh Waves) magnitude , Ms, and body wave magnitude, mb, ( generally short P type body waves of period 1 sec). At the outset, we have tried to modify the Richter's relation by taking into account of the earthquake data of the North-East India and its adjoining region. Then we analyse the applicability of surface wave magnitude scale and body wave magnitude scale for the seismicity study of the region. Lastly the completeness of the earthquake datafile is checked. Various statistical methods are adopted in this present study. It has been seen that there is not much difference between the values of surface wave magnitude obtained from Richter's relation and modified Richter's relation. Since error is less,it would be better if modified Richter's relation is applied. From the study of applicability it is found that error is less if body wave magnitude is taken in the seismicity study. From the completeness analysis of the datafile it has been found that the datafile is complete from different period onwards for different magnitudes.
Key words: Surface wave magnitude, Body wave magnitude, Richter's relation, Seismicity
[1] C.F. Richter, An instrumental earthquake magnitude scale, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 25, 1935, 1 – 32. [2] B. Gutenberg , Amplitudes of surface wave and magnitudes of shallow earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 35, 1945a, 3 – 12.
[3] B. Gutenberg and C.F. Richter, . Magnitude and energy of earthquakes, Ann. Geofis. (Rome) Vol. 9, 1956, 1 – 15.
[4] M.C. Bonilla, R.X.Mark, J.J. Lienkaemper, Statistical relations among earthquake magnitude, surface rupture length, and surface fault displacement. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 74, 1984, 2379 - 2422.
[5] R.J. Geller, and H. Kanamori, Magnitudes of great shallow earthquakes from 1904 to 1953. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 67, 1977, 587 – 598.
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[9] D.H. Chung and D.L. Bernreuter, Regional relationships among earthquake magnitude scales. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. Vol.19, 1981, 649 – 663.
[10] K. Abe, Magnitudes of large shallow earthquakes from 1904 to 1980. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. Vol. 27, 1981, 72 – 92.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Soil Moisture: An Essential Climate Variable in Indian Monsoon Regime |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Abhishek Lodh, Somnath Jha, Ramesh Raghava |
|
: | 10.9790/0990-0116484 |
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a regional climate model. The model is run on JJAS seasonal scale and analysis is only for the JJAS season each year. Strong positive feedback over mainlands of India and negative feedback over peninsular India has been witnessed. Empirical Orthogonal function (1) of
model rainfall is able to capture the prime JJAS monsoon regions over India with loading of same positive sign.
Key Words: Soil Moisture, Precipitation, Evapotranspiration, Feedback, empirical orthogonal functions
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