IOSR-JAP   Volume-1 ~ Issue-6 ~ Sep–Oct 2012

Abstract: Landfill siting should take into account a wide range of territorial and legal factors in order to reduce negative impacts on the environment. The suitability of selected site for disposal center affects the amount of generated energy and the cost of disposal generation. Suitable sites should be determined on the basis of technical, economical and socio-environmental issues. GIS along with appropriate models and spatial analysis method can be used to define the suitability of different locations for the construction of disposal centers. This research focused on determining suitable locations for construction of a suitable disposal centers. Our study area is Saqqez city in Kurdistan province in North West of Iran. At the first, important parameters in hazardous material disposal center sitting for studied area were identified. Then, the maps of studied area were prepared and integrated. Boolean, index overlay, and fuzzy logic models were used for integrating of maps. The suitable locations for the waste material disposal center were selected using each model. Finally, in index overlay and fuzzy logic model, 0.12% and 0.17% of the study area was selected as suitable, respectively. In both of the methods, the majority of suitable area was located in south east of city, where waste demand is more than other places.
Keywords- Waste disposal; Site selection; GIS; Saqqez city.

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Abstract: Snow is a highly unstable and porous material which is composed of frozen water (ice) and air. It undergoes constant change due to ambient conditions and becomes essential matter in earth's climate system. This makes snow physical parameters as an important tool to study global climate change especially when satellite data provide timely and efficient information about large land area. In the present paper, one of the snow physical parameters (i.e snow grain size) has been estimated using spectral angle mapper (SAM) method and validated with existed grain index (GI) method. Study was carried out by using NASA's hyperspectral EO-1 Hyperion sensor. The analysis procedure consists of Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Spectral Hypercubes (FLAASH) atmospheric correction code derives its physics-based algorithm from the Moderate Resolution Transmittance (MODTRAN4) radiative transfer code as well as topographic correction to retrieve surface reflectance. The spectral reflectance of different types of snow grain size, vegetation-mixed snow and boulder-mixed snow has been collected in field, using optical spectro-radiometer and compared with satellite derived spectra. The study reveals a good agreement between the grain size classes i.e. fine, medium and coarse and quantitatively retrieved grain sizes using SAM theory.
Keywords: Hyperion, FLAASH, MODTRAN, GI, SAM

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Abstract: G.P. fitting method has been used to find energy absorption buildup factor for some soils taken from different states of India. Field of study has been spread over wide energy region 0.015-15.0 MeV up to a penetration depth of 40 mfp. Variation of EABF with incident photon energy and penetration depth has been studied. We observed that chosen soils have maximum value of EABF around 0.2 MeV. Variation in value of EABF was due to dominance of different interaction processes in different energy regions. A comparative study on the basis of different properties of selected soils like EBF, EABF, equivalent and effective atomic numbers has been also done.
Keywords- Energy absorption buildup factor (EABF), Exposure buildup factor (EBF), Mean free path (mfp), Shielding.

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Abstract: The dependence of the energy absorption buildup factor (EABF) of flyash samples viz Bituminous Sub bituminous, Lignite, High-Calcium, High-Iron, Low-Calcium and Low-Iron on incident photon energy and penetration depth is investigated in the energy range 0.015 to 15.0 MeV and penetration depth upto 40 mfp (mean free path). It has been found that the energy absorption buildup factor changes significantly with the change of incident photon energy and penetration depth. This change results from the dominance of different interaction processes in different energy regions and the chemical composition of different flyash materials. Comparison of calculated energy absorption buildup factor with standard shows good agreements.
Keywords: Energy Absorption Buildup Factor (EABF), Penetration depth, Equivalent atomic number (Zeq ), Flyash, Shielding, Mean Free path(mfp)

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Abstract:ZnO and Al-doped ZnO (AZO) thin films were grown by Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption an Reaction (SILAR) method on a glass substrate from sodium zincate solution. Doping was achieved with controlled introduction of aluminum chloride. The technique involved multiple dipping of the substrate in an aqueous solution of sodium zincate kept at room temperature and a hot water bath kept at 95oC in which ZnO and AZO thin films were synthesized at 0.125M and 0.25M of sodium zincate (Na2ZnO2) where 100 and 200 dippings were performed for each. The thickness of the layers were determined using Metler PB303 digital balance and a Radicon 10 mini- diffractometer (XRD) for the structural characterization while optical characterization was achieved with the use of a Jenway 6405 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. The results revealed (002) peaks for ZnO thin films and (112) peaks for AZO thin films. Also the transmittances of the ZnO films were higher than those of AZO while AZO films have higher absorbance than those of ZnO films. The energy band gap of both ZnO and AZO were both found to be between 3.71eV and 3.80eV, the values which are slightly higher than most reported values in literature.
Keywords - Absorbance, AZO, Energy bandgap, SILAR, Thin Films, XRD, ZnO

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Abstract: The problem of thermal instability of an infinitely extending homogeneous self-gravitating partiallyionized gaseous plasma, which is permeated by uniform magnetic field, has been investigated in this paper in the presence of radiative heat-loss functions, rotation, viscosity, thermal conductivity, electrical resistivity and Hall current of the medium. With the help of relevant linearized perturbation equations of the problem, a general dispersion relation is obtained for the considered medium and discussed in the longitudinal and transverse direction of propagation by using normal mode analysis method. The longitudinal mode is found to be modified by Alfven speed, rotation, viscosity and Hall current of the medium and it is also found that the condition of radiative instability is independent of the magnetic field, Hall current and viscosity but for the transverse mode of propagation it depends on the strength of the magnetic field. The damping effect is produced due to collision frequency, viscosity and Hall current. The curve shows the stabilizing effects of neutral component, rotation and magnetic field and destabilizing effect of thermal conductivity, electrical resistivity and density-dependent heat-loss functions on the growth rate of instability of the system.
Keywords: Jeans Instability; Thermal Conductivity; Radiative Heat-Loss Function; Interstellar Medium (ISM); Collision-Frequency.

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Abstract: A new reflecting surface capable of simulating identical reflecting properties of a metallic plate with rectangular corrugations is reported. The new surface which is fabricated with a low loss dielectric plate of uniform thickness .One surface of the plate is periodically loaded with a grill structure of conducting wires and the other surface is completely metalized with copper. Depending on the grating parameters and the thickness of the dielectric plate, on reflection it is capable of rotating the plane of polarization or producing circular polarization of the incident electromagnetic wave. Compared to existing metallic corrugated surfaces, it is light in weight, less expensive, and mass production of large surfaces is possible by photolithographic method.,
Keywords: Electromagnetic waves, Microwaves, Polarisers, Corrugation Simulated, Reflectors

[1] E.V Jull, "Reflection circular polarisers "Electronic Letters"., Vol.15, No.23, pp. 423-424, 1979. [2] P.O Paul and K.G Nair, "Rotation of plane of polarization of a beam of microwaves by corrugate reflectorsurfaces",ibid,Vol.18,No.8,pp.338-339,April,1998