IOSR-JAP   Volume-2 ~ Issue-5 ~ Nov–Dec 2012

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The maximum amount of rotational energy transfer in F2-He system and hard ellipsoid potential model.
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dharmendra S. Firozia, Narendra K. Dabkara
	:	10.9790/4861-0250105

Abstract: The importance of the classical limit of the maximum rotational energy transfer, (ΔE)max, has been reviewed for a two dimensional hard ellipsoid potential model over a wide range of energies, reduced mass of the system, potential functions and potential parameters for the F2-He system. It has been found that (ΔE)max, predicted by the hard ellipsoid potential is comparable to a well-known parameter lΔEl* given by the two parameter Power- gap law. The numerical equivalence of (ΔE)max and lΔEl* has been verified for various types of potential surfaces, collision energy and the mass of the system. Such equivalence suggests that the value of (ΔE)max can be used as one parameter lΔEl* of the power -gap law. ,

[1] M. T. Bell and T. P. Sotley, Molecular Physics 107, (2009) 99.
[2] W. M. Smith, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45, (2006) 2842.
[3] Smith, ed., Low Temperatures and Cold Molecules (Imperial college press, 2008).
[4] R. Krems, W. Stwalley and B. Friedricheds. ,Cold molecules, Theory, Experiment Applications (Taylor and Francis,2009).
[5] M. Kriste, L. Scharfenberg, J. Klos, F. lique, M. H. Alexander, G. Maijer, and S. Y. T. Vande Meerakker, phy. Rev. A 82, (2010) 42717.
[6] P. J. Dagdigan, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 48, (1997) 95.
[7] M. T. Sun, J. Liu, W. Z. Sun, X. L. Chen, B. Jiang, G. H. Sha, Chem. Phys. Lett. 365, (2002) 244.
[8] P. A. Barrass, P. Sharkey, I. W. M. Smith, Phys. Chem. Phys. 5, (2003) 1400.
[9] J. Mc Caffery, M. J. Whitaker, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 37, (1986) 223.
[10] Schiffman, D. W. Cchandler, Int. Rev. in Phys. Chem. 14, (1995) 371.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Investigation of the Effects of Using Gas Flare to Dry Tapioca (Kpokpo-Garri) at Gana Flow-Station in Agbarha,Delta State, Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	K. Emumejaye
	:	10.9790/4861-0250610

Abstract: Local women in the Niger Delta use oil companies' gas flare sites to dry a popular cassava base food, kpokpo-garri (tapioca).This work is on the investigation of the effects of using gas flare to dry tapioca in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Two samples of tapioca dried with gas flare at Gana flow station, Agbarha were analyzed using a Unican 929 atomic absorption spectrophotometer for the presence of hazardous heavy metals. Fe, Mn, Pb, Cd, Ni and Zn were found in the dried tapioca in quantities above WHO safe limits. These make the dried tapioca unsafe for consumption. There is therefore the need for alternative means such as sun or oven to dry tapioca.
Keywords: Tapioca, Flare, Gana, Flow- Station, Heavy metals

[1] Chijioke, E. Gas flares on companies and polities in Nigeria Ebola Scourge Time magazine. May 29, 1995 Ps 50-53.
[2] William P.C and Barbara W.S Environmental science. A global concern sixth edition mackraw –Hil companiesInc.London, 2001
pp 39
[3] Ababio O.Y New school chemistry for senior secondary school. Third edition African publishers Ltd 2005 pp 104-120.
[4] Mac Donald, M, Chadwick, M. and Aslanian G. The environmental management of low-grade fuels 1996pp 50-55.
[5] Splender D, and Sexton, K. Air pollution A public health perspective science 1983 221 (4605): 11
[6] Strosher MInvestigation of flare gas emissions is Alberta in energy utilities Board and the CanadianAssociation of petroleum
producers 1996.
[7] Sonibare, J.A and Akeredolu F.A, Environmental degradation potential of valural gas flares in upstream petroleum operation, Niger
delta, Nigeria 2005 56(3), 125-135.
[8] Godifeld, M. Herzstein J, Jackson, R.J, and Schenker M.B Environmental medicine 1995 pp 603.
[9] Casarett and Doull Heavy metals and health world resources institute, Washington 1996.
[10] Manahan, S.E, Environmental chemistry, 6th edition. Lewis publishing, London, 1994 ISBN.1 56670- 088-4.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Integrated Geophysical Survey In A Refuse Dumpsite Of Aarada, Ogbomoso, Southwestern Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Sunmonu L.A., Olafisoye E.R., Adagunodo T.A., Ojoawo I.A., OLADEJO O.P.
	:	10.9790/4861-0251120

Abstract: Surface geophysical survey was conducted around Aarada refuse dumpsite, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria to locate leachate plumes migration pathways using the very low frequency electromagnetic and vertical electrical sounding techniques. Eight VLF-EM profiles of length 70 to 150m with 10m interstation spacing and seven Vertical Electrical Soundings with current electrode separation varying from 150 to 200m were established. The analyzed VLF-EM data revealed the presence of conductive pollutants (leachate plumes) at the subsurface while the geoeletric sections generated from the processed VES data showed that the leachate plumes have actually migrated to a depth of 5.4m in the area which confirmed the VLF-EM results.
Keywords: Groundwater, Health Hazard, Leachate Plume, Vertical Electrical Sounding, Very Low Frequency Electromagnetic.

[1] Adagunodo T.A. and Sunmonu L.A. (2012). Estimation of overburden thickness of Industrial Estate Ogbomoso, Southwestern
Nigeria. Advances in Applied Sciences Research, 3(5), 3129-3141.
[2] Ajayi O, Adegoke-Anthony CW (1988): Groundwater prospects in the basement complex rocks of Southwestern Nigeria: Journal of
African Earth sciences, vol. 7, No1, pp 227-235
[3] Akinloye MK, Fadipe DO and Adabanija MA (2002): A radiometric mapping of the Ladoke Akintola University Campus,
Ogbomoso, Southwestern Nigeria: Science focus vol. 1 pp 55-61.
[4] Atekwana EA, Sauck WA, Werkema Jr DD (2000): Investigations of geoelectrical signatures at a hydrocarbon contaminated site. J
Appl Geophys 44:167-180
[5] Babu RV, Ram S, Sundararajan N (2007): Modelling and inversion of magnetic and VLF-EM data with an application to basement
fractures: A case study from Raigarh, India. Geophysics, 72: B133-B140.
[6] Bernstone C, Dahlin T, Ohlsson T, Hogland W (2000): DC-resistivity mapping of internal Landfill structure: two pre-excavation
surveys. Environ Geol 39:3-4
[7] Carpenter PJ, Calkin SF, Kaufmann RS (1991): Assessing a fractured landfill cover using electrical resistivity and seismic
refraction techniques. Geophysics 56(11):1896-1904
[8] Diersing W, Nancy F (2009): "Water Quality: Frequently Asked Questions". PDA. NOAA.
http://floridakeys.noaa.gov/pdfs/wqfaq.pdf. Retrieved 2009-08-24.
[9] Dodds AR, Ivic D (1988): Integrated Geophysical Methods Used for Groundwater Studies in the Murray Basin, South Australia. In: Geotechnical and Environmental Studies. Geophysics, Vol. II. Soc. Explor Geophys.: Tulsa, OK. 303-310
[10] Folami SL (1992): Interpretation of Aeromagnetic Anomalies in Iwaraja Area, Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Mining and
Geology 28(2) 391-396

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Study of Very Low Frequency Signal by Independent Component Analysis Observed Form DEMETER Satellite
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Shivali Verma, Deepak K Sondhiya , A. K. Gwal
	:	10.9790/4861-0252128

Abstract: Very low frequency signals (VLF) which are observed by DEMETER satellite is often corrupted by atmospheric and manmade noise. These noises affect the quality of the VLF signal. So for quality improvement denoising of VLF signal is must. The denoising methods which are used for VLF signal often consider noise nature as Gaussian. But the nature of atmospheric and manmade noise is non-gaussian. Due to this fact denoising methods which are considering noise nature as Gaussian is not effective for the denoising of VLF signals. So in the present work we applied a statistical signal processing method for the denoising of noise being non-Gaussian is known as the independent component analysis (ICA) in which signal and noise considered to be independent and non-Gaussian.ICA based preprocesses boost the higher order correlation (bispectrum).This study also shows improvement in the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and visualized the suppressed frequency of VLF signals in the spectrogram.
Keywords: Denoise,Gaussian,Independent componemt analysis

[1] R. Barra , D. Llanwyn Jonesb, C.J. Rodgerc ELF and VLF radio waves Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 62
(2000) 1689-1718.
[2] Morris B. Cohen, Umran S. Inan, and Evans W. Paschal "Sensitive Broadband ELF/VLF Radio ReceptionWith the AWESOME
Instrument" IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING, VOL. 48, NO. 1, JANUARY 2010 pp3-17
[3] Masashi Hayakawa, "VLF/LF Radio Sounding of Ionospheric Perturbations Associated with Earthquakes" Sensors 2007, 7, 1141-
1158.
[4] A. Rozhnoi, M. Solovieva1, O. Molchanov, O. Akentieva, J. J. Berthelier, M. Parrot, P. F. Biagi, andM. Hayakawa, "Statistical
correlation of spectral broadening in VLF transmitter signal and low-frequency ionospheric turbulence from observation on
DEMETER satellite" Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 8, 1105–1111, 2008.
[5] Cesidio Bianchi and Antonio Meloni, "Natural and man-made terrestrial electromagnetic noise: an outlook" ANNALS OF
GEOPHYSICS, VOL. 50, N. 3, June 2007.
[6] T. Onishi , J.J Berthelier Latmos, "Synthetic characterization of VLF electric field spectra from the ICE experiment on DEMETER
Automatic Recognition and Characterization of natural and man made emissions", Notes of IPSL Planetary Group, ISSN 1768-
0042,June 2010.
[7] Hanna Rothkaehl,Nataly Izohkina,Igor Prutensky,Sergey, "17 Ionospheric disturbances generated by different natural processes and
by human activity in Earth plasma environment", Annals of Geophysics ,Vol. 47 , N. 2/3, 2004,pp.1215-1225.
[8] J.J Berthelier,M.Godefroy ,F.Leblanc ,M Malinger ,M.Menvielle.D. Lagoutte, J.Y.Brochot,F. Colin,F. Elie, C.Legendre, C.
Legendre,P.Zamora, D.Benoist ,Y Chapuis,J Artru,R.Pfaff, "ICE,the electric field experiment on DEMETER" ,Planetary and Space
Science April 2006,pp.456-471.
[9] Imola K. Fodor and Chandrika Kamath, 2003. "Denoising Through Wavelet Shrinkage: An Empirical Study", Journal of Electronic
Imaging, Vol. 12, pp.151-160.
[10] Galvao, Roberto Kawakami Harrop "Comparative study on instrumental signal denoising using Fourier and Wavelet transforms",
Quím. Nova [online]. 2001, Vol.24, pp. 874-884.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A Magnetic Distance Sensor with High Sensitivity Based on Double Secondary Coil of Fluxgate
Country	:	Indonesia
Authors	:	Widyaningrum Indrasari, Mitra Djamal, Wahyu Srigutomo, Ramli
	:	10.9790/4861-0252935

Abstract: A magnetic distance sensor with high sensitivity based on double secondary coil of fluxgate has been investigated and discussed in this paper. Fluxgate sensor element is made using conventional methods, based on double secondary coil design, consists of four primary winding and two secondary windings. Secondary coil is located in the center core and is flanked by the primary coil. Effect of the number of pick-up coil on sensitivity and sensor work area were investigated by making four pick-up coil configurations with a fixed number of winding excitation. Sensor sensitivity increased significantly with increasing the number of pick-up windings while the coil excitation is fixed. Characterization of distance sensor is using permanent magnets as magnetic source and flux meter as calibrators, by changing the position of the magnet on flux meter. We found that the output voltage and sensitivity of sensor is inversely proportional to the distance range of the sensor. The relative error of sensor measurement to the measurement results of flux meter has a maximum value of 3.97 %. . For distance sensor, we found that the maximum relative error of measurement is 4.77 %.
Keywords: Distance sensor, fluxgate, magnetic sensor, secondary coil, sensitivity

[1] F. Primdahl, The fluxgate magnetometer, J.Phys. E: Sci. Instrum. 12, 1979, 241-253.
[2] J. Lenz, A review of magnetic sensors, Proc. IEEE 78 (6), 1990, 973-989.
[3] M. Janosek and P. Ripka, PCB sensors in fluxgate magnetometer with controlled excitation, Sensors and Actuators A 151, 2009,
141–144.
[4] P. Ripka, Magnetic sensors and magnetometers (Artech; London, 2001).
[5] P. Ripka, Review of fluxgate sensors, Sensors and Actuators A 33, 1992, 129-141,.
[6] W. Srigutomo, T. Kagiyama, W. Kanda, H. Munekane, T. Hashimoto, Y. Tanaka, H. Utada, M. Utsugi, Resistivity structure of
Unzen Volcano derived from time domain electromagnetik (TDEM) survey, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 175,
2008, 231–240.
[7] H.S. Park, J.S.Hwang, W.Y.Choi, D.S.Shima, K.W.Na, and S.O.Choi, Development of micro-fluxgate sensors with electroplated
magnetic cores for electronic compass, Sensors and Actuators A,114, 2004, 224-229.
[8] M.H. Acuna, Space-based magentometers, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 73 (11). 2002, 3717–3736.
[9] P.Ripka and P. Navratil, Fluxgate sensor for magnetopneumometry, Sensors and Actuators A,60, 1997, 76-79.
[10] P. Ripka and A. Zikmund, Magnetic Tracker with High Precision, Procedia Engineering, 25 ,2011, 1617 – 1620.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Mean-Residence Time of Groundwater in the Basement Complex Terrain of Kano Metropolis (Nigeria) Estimated from Tritium Radioisotope
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Sani M.G., Nasiru R., Sadiq U
	:	10.9790/4861-0253641

Abstract: Groundwater potential of an area covers not only exploration and quality assessment of the available reserves, but also determination of recharge age of groundwater in order to evaluate the sustainable yield of the resource. Tritium concentrations in groundwater system of the Basement Complex Terrain of Kano metropolis (Nigeria) has been used to determine mean-residence time of groundwater in the Aquifer. This groundwater is exploited for both domestic and industrial use. Using Isotope Techniques in groundwater samples collected from 28 selected motorized boreholes in the year 2010, the results generally, indicated that recharge to groundwater of the area is 'Modern' (water younger than 50 years). However, one borehole showed insignificant tritium of 0.0±0.2 TU. This, in effect, implied that only minimal recharge took place in groundwater around this borehole after the early 1950s, which informs the need for judicious exploitation of this part of the aquifers for sustainability.
Keywords: Basement Complex, Isotopes, Paleowater, Recharge Tritium.

[1] CENSUS (2006). Kano State Population by Local Government. National Population Commission, Abuja Nigeria.
[2] GNS SCIENCE (2006). Water age dating for testing groundwater security. American. Geophysics Union. Special. Publication,
(Edited by Kroner, A.), 259-271.
[3] Zuber, A.( 1986). Mathematical models for the interpretation of environmental radioisotopes in groundwater systems. In: Handbook
of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry, Vol. 2, p.1-59, Elsevier.
[4] Fontes, J.C.( 1980). Environmental isotopes in groundwater hydrology. Handbook of environmental isotope geochemistry, 75-140,
Elsevier, Amsterdam.
[5] Onugba, A. and Aboh, H.O. (2009). The tritium content of precipitation and groundwater at Yola, Nigeria, Science World Journal
Vol 4 (No 2), p 23 – 28.
[6] Osman, M. (1999). Geological and geochemical investigation of lateritic profiles around Kano, with special reference to the
distribution of base metals (V, Cr, Mn, Co, and Ni). Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
[7] Ahmed, K. (2007). Physical environment of Kano state. http://www.kanostate.net/penvironment.html
[8] Mohammed, I. (1984). Hydraulic properties of the Basement Complex and Chad Formation Aquifers of Kano state based on test
pumping of selected boreholes. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
[9] Federal Ministry of Water Resources/Federal Rural Water Supply Progamme (2004). Appropriation Act 2004 – Motorised
boreholes progress report (Kano state).
[10] Libby, W. F. (1946). Atmospheric helium-3 and radiocarbon from cosmic radiation. Phys. Rev. 69: 671-672.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Evaluation of the Discriminating Capacity of Rock and Attribute Properties Using Statistical Methods
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	C.N. Ehirim, K. J. Abia
	:	10.9790/4861-0254247

Abstract: Statistical rock physics analysis of petrophysical logs for reservoir characterization has been carried out in a Niger delta field. The objective of the study is to determine the discriminating capacity of these rocks and attribute properties in 2-D cross plot space. Classifications were done in terms of Pearson's coefficient of correlation (R2) of the cross plotted property pairs. Low R2 value gives the most non-linear data clusters with good separation and highest discriminating capacity, while high R2 value gives linear and poorly separated data clusters and least discriminating capacity. Results indicates that the discriminating capacity of rock and attribute properties were in the order of ρ, PI, λρ, Poisson ratio, VpVs ratio, Zp and Vp for fluid, while ρ, μρ, Zs, Zp, and Vs are for lithology. In all cases of cross plot pairs, ρ appears to have the highest discriminating capacity, while Vs vs VpVs ratio cross plot the least. ρ exhibits dual property because of its heightened sensitivity to lithology and pore fill. The relative value of R2 and the degree of discrimination into distinct lithology units and fluid types for the investigated properties depends on the quality of well log data used in the analysis and the characteristic property of the reservoir parameters.
Keywords: Discriminating capacity, Coefficient of correlation, Cross plot, Factor and Variable

[1] Reinaldo, J.M., Kevin, S.G., and Patricia, E.R., Facies Probabilities from Multidimensional cross plots of Seismic attributes:
Application to tight gas Mamm creek field, Piceance Basin, Colorado. The Leading Edge, Vol.30, No1, 2011, Pg. 23-29
[2] Gorsuch, R. L., Factor Analysis. Hillsdale, NJ. Erlbaum, 1983.
[3] Darlington, R. B., (2004); Factor Analysis. Educational Research. Retrieve from
http://comp9.psych.cornell.edu/Darlington/factor.htm.
[4] Stacher, P., Present understanding of the Niger Delta hydrocarbon habitat, in Tuttle; Tertiary Niger Delta,Petroleum System, Niger
Delta Province, USGS Open-file report 99-50-H, 1995.
[5] Tuttle, M. L. W., Charpentier, R. R. and Brownfield, M. E., The Niger Delta Petroleum System; Niger Delta Province, Nigeria,
Cameroun and Equatorial Guinea, US Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado, 1999.
[6] Etu-Efeofor, J. O., Fundamentals of petroleum geology, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, 1997.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Determination of temperature and density of the stars using the new intensity formula
Country	:	sweden
Authors	:	Bo Thelin
	:	10.9790/4861-0254853

Abstract: In this paper a linear relationship in stellar optical spectra has been found by using a spectroscopical method used on optical light sources where it is possible to organize atomic data in a linear structure. This method is based on a new intensity formula in optical emission spectroscopy (OES). Like the HR-diagram , it seems to be possible to organize the luminosity of stars from different spectral classes. From that organization it is possible to determine the temperature and density of stars using the new intensity formula. These temperature -and density values agree well with literature values. It is also possible to determine the mean electron temperature of the optical layers (photospheres) of the stars as it is for atoms in the laboratory plasmas. The mean value of the ionization energies of the different elements of the stars has shown to be very significant for each star. This paper also shows that the hydrogen Balmer absorption lines follow the new intensity formula.

[1] S. Yngström, Internat. Journal of Theoret. Physics, 33, No 7, 1479 (1994)
[2] B. Thelin and S. Yngström, S, Spectrochim.Acta 41B , 403 (1986)
[3] S. Yngström and B. Thelin, Appl. Spectrosc. 44, 1566 (1990)
[4] W.F. Meggers, C.H. Corliss, and F. Scribner, Tables of Spectral Line Intensities, National Bureau of Standards ,Monograph 32 Part
1,Washington D.C. (1961)
[5] B. Thelin, Eurasian J. Anal. Chem. 4 (3) p.226, (2009)
[6] B. Thelin, African Phys Review, 4 (2010), 121
[7] M.Kaminsky, Atomic & Ionic Impact Phenomena on Metal Surfaces, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg,New York , 1965
[8] D.R. Silva and M.E. Cornell, Astrophysical Journal Suppliment Series, 81, No2, Aug. (1992)
[9] B. Thelin , Fizika B, 19, 4 (2010) 329
[10] K.R. Lang, Astrophysical Formula , Springer Verlag , Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, (1974)

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Measurement of testis absorbed dose in some common medical xray examinations using a Rando phantom
Country	:	Malaysia
Authors	:	Lotf Ali Mehdipour, Elias.B Saion , Halimah M. Kamari, Sidek Abd.Aziz, Nahid.Sadraddini
	:	10.9790/4861-0255456

Abstract: The anatomical position and radiosensitivity of the testis makes it an organ of critical concern in medical radiography, especially in investigations of the pelvis, lumbosacral vertebrae and abdomen regions. This article presents results of testis absorbed dose measured for 12 common general x-ray examinations. Imaging was performed on a Rando phantom using x-ray machine with doses measured using the particular LiF: Mg, Ti thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLD 100). The average measured values for the 12 x-ray examinations ranged from 0.09±0.03mGv for posterior-anterior (PA) chest radiography to 1.89±0.01mGv for anterior-posterior (AP) radiography of the abdomen.
Keywords: testis, absorbed dose, radio-sensitivity, thermoluminescence.

[1] Burke, K., & Sutton, D. (1997). Optimization and deconvolution of lithium fluoride TLD-100 in diagnostic radiology. British journal
of radiology, 70(831), 261-271.
[2] Chougule, A. (2005). Reference doses in Radiological Imaging. Pol J Med Phys Eng, 11(2), 115-126.
[3] Faulkner, K., Jones, A., Walker, A., & Hendee, W. (1996). Safety in diagnostic radiology. AJR-American Journal of Roentgenology,
166(1), 186-186.
[4] IAEA. (1996). International basic safety standarsd for protection against ionizing radiation and for the safety of radiation sources .
vienna: Intarnational Atomic Energy Agency.
[5] ICRP. (1990). Recommendations of international commission on radiological protection (No. 60). Oxford: international commission
on radiological protection.
[6] ICRP. (2008). recommendations of international commission on radiological protection (No. 105): international commission on
radiological protection.