IOSR-JAP   Volume-2 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov–Dec 2012

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Estimation of Build-Up of Nuclide during Irradiation by Solving Ode through Adomian Decomposition Method (Adm).
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Faweya, E.B, Enoch,O, Adesakin ,G.E, Faweya, O
	:	10.9790/4861-0260109
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Abstract: In this work, we considered first order differential equation (FODE) for nuclide build-up during irradiation of Gold (Au) with neutron. The approximate solutions to FODE are obtained using the Adomian Decomposition Method (ADM). Results have been found to be accurate and effective when compared with analytical solutions. Numerical computation was carried out using force.3 software.
Keywords: Adomian, Build-up, Differential equation, Gold, Neutron

[1] Abdusalam, H.A and Alabdulatif, M (2006). Exact and numerical solutions of the telegraph model of dispersive variability. Applied
Numerical Mathematics. Far East. J. of Dynamic System 8(1):65.
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[3] Antoaneta, E, Ana, P, Carmo, F and Alina, B (2011). EDXRF and INAA analysis of soils in the vicinity of a metallurgical plant.
Rom.Journ Phys. 56(7-8): 993-1000.
[4] Ellis, D.V (1987).Well logging for Earth scientists. 1st Ed. Elsevier: 523.
[5] Ellis, D.V and Singer, J.M (2008). Well logging for Earth Scientists. 2nd Ed. Springer: 629.
[6] Essiett, A.A, Uwah, E.J and Uwak, S.O (2011). Elemental analysis of soil around Ikot Abasi, aluminum smelter plant, Nigeria by
Instrumental Activation Analysis (INAA). Archives of Applied Science Research 3(1): 25-32.
[7] Evans, D.J and Raslan K.R (2004). The Adomian decomposition method for solving delay differential equation. International
Journal of Computer Mathematics 0(0):1-6.
[8] Hassan, A.M (2008). Modern trends in neutron activation analysis. Application to some African Environmental samples. Proceedings
of the 3rd Environmental Physics Conference, 19-23, 2008, Aswan, Egypt. 27-40.
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Int. J. Mol. Sci. 9: 434-453.
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Abuja metropolis. Middle-East Journal of Scientific research 494): 254-262.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Studies on Tensile Properties of Some Plant Fibers
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Gajendra Nath Sarma, Manoranjan Talukdar
	:	10.9790/4861-0261013
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Abstract: The linear density of the raw and degummed plant fibers such as ginger (zingiber officinale), turmeric (curcuma longa) and java galangal (alpinia galangal) fibers has been determined by the use of a Vibromat M. The stress-elongation curves for the fibers were drawn by using a Tensile Tester with electric strain gauges 'Fefegraph' for each of the specimen fiber; at temperature 250 C and 65% R.H. Various tensile parameters have been calculated from the stress-elongation curve obtained by using the Tensile tester with electric strain gauges 'Fefegraph'; and the linear density by a 'Vibromat M'. It is observed that the tenacity is linearly related with the linear density. From various investigations it has been concluded that all the plant fibers in present investigation are hygroscopic in nature and the hygroscopicity does not change due to irradiation and degumming.
Keywords: zingiber officinale, curcuma longa, alpinia galangal, vibromat M, fefegraph, hygroscopicity.

[1] Thakur R, Sarkar C R and Sarmah R, Indaian J of Fiber and Textile Research, Vol. 24, Dec. 1999, p. 277.
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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effect of different copper precursor layer thickness on properties of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films prepared by sulfurization of thermally deposited stacked metallic layers
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Kasim Uthman Isah, Jibrin Alhaji Yabagi, Umaru Ahmadu, Mohammed Isah Kimpa, Martiale Gaetan Zebaze Kana, Anthony Aghagbudutema Oberafo
	:	10.9790/4861-0261419
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Abstract: Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films were fabricated by sulfurization of thermally evaporated metallic precursors on glass substrates. While the Zinc and Tin thicknesses were kept constant at 300 and 200nm respectively, three Copper layer thicknesses of 100, 150 and 200 nm were used to obtain the metallic precursors. The precursor films were sulfurized for 3 hours at 550 0C with an initial ramping rate of 10 0C/min. X-ray diffraction studies reveal polycrystalline films exhibiting Kesterite structures with preferential orientation along [112] direction. The films with lowest Cu layer thickness exhibited binary metal alloy contents, which disappears with higher Cu precursor layer thickness. The surface morphology and elemental composition of CZTS thin films was determined from scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis respectively. The grain size become large with increasing Cu/(Zn + Sn) ratio, exhibiting an enhancement of the grain growth under Cu – rich condition. There is a nominal increase in the optical band gap from 1.49 to 1.51 eV with increase in Cu content. The samples resistivities are in the range of 0.8 to 1.5Ωcm
Keywords: CZTS, Sulfurization, Thermal evaporation. XRD, SEM.

[1] N. Kamoun, H. Bouzouita and B. Rezig Fabrication and characterization of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films deposited by spray pyrolysis
technique, Thin Solid Films, 51(15), 2007, 5949–5952
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Journal of Applied Physics, 27(11), 1988, 2094-2097.
[3] J. Emsley, The Elements, 3rd ed., (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).
[4] B.A. Schubert, B. Marsen, S. Cinque, T. Unold, R. Klenk, S. Schorr and H.W. Schock., Cu2ZnSnS4 thin film solar cells by fast coevaporation, Progress in Photovoltaic Research and Application, 19, 2011, 93–96.
[5] H. Katagiri, K. Jimbo, W. Shwe Maw, K. Oishi, M Yamazaki, H. Araki and A. Takeuchi, Development of CZTS based thin film
solar cells, Thin Solid Films, 517 (7), 2009, 2455–2460..
[6] J. J. Scragg, D.M. Berg and P.J. Dale, A 3.2% efficient Kesterite device from electrodeposited stacked layers, Journal of
Electroanalytical Chemistry, 646 ( 1–2), 2010, 52–59.
[7] J. S. Seol, S.Y. Lee, J. C. Lee, H.D. Nam and K. H. Kim, Electrical and optical properties of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films prepared by rf
sputtering process, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 75(1-2),. 2003, 155–162.
[8] T. Tanaka, T. Nagatomo, D. Kawasaki, M. Nishio, Q. Guo, A. Wakahara, A. Yoshida and H. Ogawa, Preparation of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films by hybrid sputtering, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 66(11), 2005, 1978–1981.
[9] F. Liu, Y. Li, K. Zhang, B. Wang, C. Yan, Y. Lai, Z. Zhang, J. Lie and Y. Lu, In situ growth of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films by reactive
magnetron co-sputtering, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 94(12), 2010, 2431–2434.
[10] Q. Guo, H. W. Hillhouse and, R. Agrawal, Synthesis of Cu2ZnSnS4 nano crystal ink and its use for solar cells, Journal of the
American Chemical Society, 131(33), 2009, 11672–11673.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Critical Current Density Enhancement in High Temperature Superconductors by Flux Pinning
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Manzoor A. Malik
	:	10.9790/4861-0262021
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Abstract: Technological applications of High Temperature Superconductors (HTSC) are limited by "Flux Creep", an undesired magnetic vortices movement, creating a pseudo-resistance that depresses both critical current density and critical field. For practical applications (like energy storage systems, current limiters, magnetic bearings, etc.), it is desired to have high values of Critical Current Density (JC) even at higher applied field. Flux Pinning is an established mechanism of enhancing JC in HTSC by Swift Heavy Ion irradiation. This paper explains as to how JC can be enhanced in HTSC and thereby make HTSC technologically more useful. Some recent works and our initiatives in this direction are also discussed.
Keywords: Superconductivity, High temperature, Transport properties, Critical Currents, Flux Pinning

[1] D. K. Avasthi and G K Mehta, Swift Heavy Ions for Materials Engineering and Nanostructuring, Springer, 2011.
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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Image Quality Studying based on lightness
Country	:	Iraq
Authors	:	Zaid mohammed abdul kaleq
	:	10.9790/4861-0262226
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Abstract: The distortion which occur in the image affects mostly its included information , decreases its sharpness and decreases its contrast . Hence , this leads to overlap of details of different regions and then the spatial resolution of the image decreases . Image quality may be controlled too far by using focusing in accordance to the object to be image and light exposure time of the film or the sensor in the camera . these characteristics have many parameters which may be controlled in order to have good image with high sharpness . Most important details of the image are included in edges regions , but most standards of image estimation don't depend upon specifying the edges in the image and measuring their edges , but they depend upon the general estimation or estimating the uniform region , so we dealt , in our study , with image estimation depending upon calculating the contrast of edges regions . Specifying the edges in the image is made by using soble operator . Also , several different and new methods were proposed to calculate the contrast . Contrast is one of the most standards of the checking image quality.
Keywords: exposure of camera , contrast of image , measure of image quality .

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Dielectric properties and Electrical Conductivity Studies on Neodymium and Chromium co-doped Gadolinium Scandium Gallium Garnet (GSGG:Nd:Cr)
Country	:	India
Authors	:	A. Rama Krishna, G. Sathaiah, Lalitha Sirdeshmukh
	:	10.9790/4861-0262731
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Abstract: The dielectric properties (Dielectric constant '' and Dielectric loss 'Tan') of a Neodymium and Chromium co-doped Gadolinium Scandium Gallium Garnet (Gd3Sc2Ga3O12:Nd3+:Cr3+) single crystal were measured in the frequency range from 1 kHz to 1 MHz and in the temperature range from room temperature to 700oC. Electrical conductivity () was calculated using the data on  and tan. DC conductivity was also measured in the same temperature range. The electrical conductivity in this garnet is discussed in light of existing data.
Keywords: Dielectric constant, Dielectric loss, ac conductivity, garnet

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Photoconductive properties of pulse plated AgGaxIn1-xSe2 films
Country	:	India
Authors	:	S. Murugan, S. Dhanapandiyan, C. Manoharan, K. R. Murali
	:	10.9790/4861-0263236
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Abstract: AgGaxIn1-xSe thin films of different composition were deposited at 50 % duty cycle by the pulse electrodeposition technique. The films were polycrystalline possessing single phase chalcopyrite structure. The lattice parameters were observed to change from AgInSe2 to AgGaSe2 side as the gallium concentration increased. The microstrucural parameters were determined. The composition of the films was nearly same as the composition of precursors used. The grain size increases as the gallium content increases and surface roughness increases from 0.25 nm to 3.5 nm with increase of gallium content. Photoconductive studies on the films indicated the films to exhibit photoactivity.
Keywords: I-III-VI2 , electronic material, semiconductor , thin films.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Improvements in geophysical surface soil assessment and classification using modifying Jenny's equation of soil forming factors in the Sudan Savannah
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	S. Usman, P.J.A. Burt, A. Aminu, S.S.Noma, I. Hamisu, U. G. Lawal
	:	10.9790/4861-0263746
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Abstract: Assessment and classification of agricultural surface soil in the Sudan Savannah, Kebbi State Nigeria was carried out from 2008 to 2011 using a modified version of Jenny's equation of soil forming factors. A comprehensive account of major classes of surface soil characteristics was given. The following surface soil components have been covered: temperature and moisture characteristics, topography, parent materials, organisms and land properties. Consequently, the physical agricultural surface soil conditions in five local
government areas of the State: Arewa, Argungu, Augie, Birnin-Kebbi and Dandi are characterised by six major surface moisture characteristics: aquic, aridic, torric, udic, ustic and perudic; 10 topographical classes: backslope, bendy, concave, contour, convex, deeply,flatly, linear-flat and shallow; three major soil biota: ants, earthworms and termites; andseven land characteristics: bad-lands, blown-out-lands, cirque-lands, fertilelands, gulliedlands, miscellaneous and rock-outcrops. The major parent materials are alluvial, colluvial,fluvial and lacustrine. Physically, these parent materials are describe according to theirphysical appearance into fadama clay soils, fadama clay-loam soils, dryland sandy soils,dryland sandy-loam soils, dryland stony soils, and organic-mineral soils. Generally, the studyhas provided a better understanding of the current status of the major physical components ofagricultural soils and overall natural environment for future agricultural economic management in the region.
Keywords: VisualSoil Assessment, Soil forming factors, Soil classification

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Dye Sensitized Solar Cells with Ito Films Prepared By the Acrylamide Sol Gel Route
Country	:	India
Authors	:	G. Ramanathan, R. John Xavier, K. R. Murali
	:	10.9790/4861-0264750
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Abstract: Tin doped Indium oxide films were prepared by the acrylamide Sol gel dip coating method. The films were post heat treated in air at different temperatures in the range 350 - 450°C. The films exhibited cubic structure. The films showed 85 % transmission and exhibited a resistivity of 1.0 x 10-4 0hm cm. Dye sensitized solar cells fabricated with the ITO electrodes/dye/electrolyte/ tin oxide configuration yielded efficiency in the range of 1.59 – 2.20 % at 100 mW cm-2 illumination.
Keywords: Acrylamide route, ITO, Semiconductor, Thin films

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Synthesis, Growth and Characterization of Unidirectional L-Histidine Acetate Single crystal
Country	:	India
Authors	:	G. Prabagaran, S. Arulmozhi, M. Dinesh Raja, J. Madhavan
	:	10.9790/4861-0265155
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Abstract: Unidirectional <100> L-Histidine acetate (LHA) single crystal was grown for the first time and reported. The grown crystal was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies to confirm the crystal structure. The mechanical properties of the grown crystals have been studied using Vickers microhardness tester. The Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) in the sample was confirmed and estimated by Nd: YAG laser employing the Kurtz and Perry powder technique. Thermal stability of the grown crystal was determined by Thermogravimetic (TG) and Differential theromogravimetric (DTG) analysis. Dielectric and photoconductivity studies were also carried out for the grown LHA crystals.
Key words: NLO; Unidirectional growth; LHA; UV-Vis-NIR; Thermal studies

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