IOSR-JAP   Volume-4 ~ Issue-6 ~ Sep–Oct 2013

Abstract: The natural radioactivity concentrations from 40 different locations of waste dump sites in Owerri, Imo state Nigeria, has been measured using a gamma – ray spectrometer. The results indicate that the ranges of activity concentrations of 40K, 226Ra and 323Th in the samples were ˂17.2 – 686.17 BqKg-1 , ˂ 4.2 – 103.51 BqKg-1 and ˂ 5.1 – 65.28 BqKg-1 respectively. The highest outdoor effective dose obtained was 65.28 μSv.y-1 which is less than the world average outdoor value of 70 μSv.y-1 given by United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation ( UNSCEAR )

Keywords: Activity Concentration, Radiation Emission, Waste Dumpsites, Absorbed Dose rate, Effective Dose Equivalent

[1]. Farai I. P., Oni O. M. 2002. Natural radionuclide concentrations in aquatic species and absorbed dose equivalent to the dwellers in the coaster areas of Nigeria. Nig. Journals of Physics 14. P94-97
[2]. Imitiaz M. A., Aleya B, Molla A. S., Zaman M. A. 2005. Measurement of radioactivity in books and calculations of resultant eye doses to readers. Health phys. 88.P169-174
[3]. Jibiri N. N., Farai I. P., S. K. Alausa, 2007. Activity concentration of Ra- 226, Th- 228 and K-40 in different food crops from high background radiation area in Bisichi Jos Plateau state, Nigeria. Radia. Environ. Biophysics, 46. P53-59
[4]. Jibiri N. N., Alausa S. K.,Owofolaju A. E., Adenira A. A. 2011. Terrestrial gamma dose rate and physical- chemical properties of farm soils from ex- tin mining locations in Jos- Plateau Nigeria. African Journals of Environmental Science and Technology Vol 5(12). P 1039-1049.
[5]. Nworgu O. D. osahon O. D., Obinyan F. E. 2011 . Measurement of Gamma Radiation in Automobile Mechanic Workshops in an Area of Benin city, Nigeria. Advanced Material Research. V367. P801- 805.
[6]. Obed R. I., Farai I. P., Jibiri N. N. 2005. Population dose distribution due to soil radioactivity concentration levels in 18 cities across Nigeria. Journ. of Radiological Protection 25. P 305- 312.
[7]. Ojoawo S., Agbede O., Sangodoyin A. 2011 . On the Physical Composition of Solid Wastes in Selected Dump sites of Ogbomosho land, South – Western Nigeria. Journal of Water Resources and Protection. Vol 3. P661- 666.
[8]. Olubosede O., Akinnagbe O. B., Adekoya O. 2012. Assessment of Radiation Emission from Waste Dumpsites in Lagos State Nigeria. IJCER. Vol 2.( Issue No 3) P. 806- 811.
[9]. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation ( UNSCEAR ) 2000. Report to the General Assembly ( New York: United Nations )

Abstract: Single phase of CuInS2 nanoparticles was prepared by solid state melt growth process. The structural, morphological and elemental analyses were studied by using X-ray diffraction, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-rays. The differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) confirms the phase transformation and stability of CuInS2 with its annealing effect at 200ºC. Micro-Raman studies evidencing a strong Raman A1 mode at 285 cm-1 and 302 cm-1, corresponds to totally symmetric vibration of anion  sub lattice of CuInS2 structure.

Keywords: Chalcopyrite type CuInS2 nanoparticles, Crystal Structure, Surface morphology, Elemental Composition, Microstructure and phase Transition

[1] A. P. ALIVISATOS, J. PHYS. CHEM., 100 (1996) 13226.
[2] C. B. Murray, C. R. Kagan, M.G. Bawendi, Annu. ReV. Mater. Sci., 30 (2000) 545.

[3] W.U. Huynh, J.J. Dittmer, A.P. Alivisatos, Science, 295 (2002) 2425.

[4] Arici, E.Meissner, D.Schaffler, F.Sariciftci, N.S., Int.J. Photoenergy, 5 (2003)199.

[5] I.Gur, N.A. Fromer, M.L. Geier, A.P. Alivisatos, Science, 310 (2005) 462-465.

[6] X. Peng, Nano Res. 2 (2009) 425-447.

[7] I. Riedel, J.Riediger, J.Ohland, J.Keller, M. Knipper, J.Parisi, R.Mainz, and S.Merdes, Solar Energ. Mater. and Solar Cells, 95, (2011) 270-273.

[8] F. Smaili, M. P. Brown and K. Austin, Appl. Phys. Letters 54, (2011) 10304

[9] N.A. Goryunova, The Chemistry of Diamond like Semiconductor, MIT, Cambridge, MA (1965) 142.

[10] F. Fray, P. Lloyd, Thin Solid Films 58, (1979) 29.

Abstract: Evaporation suppression is the reduction of evaporation bycontrolling the rate at which water vapor escapes from water surfaces. The need for water saving is greatest in areas of little rainfall and low runoff. Water losses by evaporation from storage reservoirs must be minimized for greatest utility of limitedsupplies. Using trash of polyethylene with different densities (800, 875 and 900 kg/m3) as floating cover to the water filling cylindrical container with 8 cm diameter led to reduce the evaporation rate. A suitable trash density of 800 kg/m3 gave reduction in evaporation rate of 57% from the theoretical results calculated using equation (4) which is a good result if compared with previous researches.

Keywords: evaporation rate, evaporation suppression, water reservoir.

[1]. Mike Hightower and Gary Brown(2004), Evaporation Suppression Research and Applications for water management, Identifying Technologies to Improve Regional Water Stewardship: North-Middle Rio Grande Corridor.
[2]. Emma Prime et al. (2012),New Technology to reduce Evaporation from Large Water Storages.
[3]. Hardyw, B.,(1919), The Tension of Composite Fluid Surfaces and the Mechanical Stability,(1913),The Tension of Composite Fluid Surface,No.2 .Proc, Roy.Soc., Ser. A., Vol.88.
[4]. LANGMUIR, I. (1917), The shapes of group molecules forming the surfaces of liquids. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., vol. 3, no. 4, p. 251-7.
[5]. Finn, N. and Barnes, S. (2007). The benefits of shade-cloth covers for potable water storages. CSIRO Textile and Fibre Technology.
[6]. MartínezÁlvarez, V., González-Real, M.M. Baille, A. and Molina Martínez, J.M. 2007. A novel approach for estimating the pan coefficient of irrigation water reservoirs: Application to South Eastern Spain. Agricultural Water Management.
[7]. Howard, E. and Schmidt, E. (2008). Evaporation control using Rio Tinto's Floating Modules on Northparks Mine, Landloch and NCEA. National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture Publication 1001858/1, USQ, Toowoomba.
[8]. Heymann, E., and Yoffe, A., 1942, Tie stability of multimolecularfilms of hydrocarbon oils, containingspreaders, on water surfaces: Faraday Soc. Trans.,v. 38, p. 408-417.
[9]. Heymann, E., and Yoffe, A., 1943, The equilibrium betweenlens and unilayer in the system hydrocarbonoil-oleic acid-water, in relation to the interfacial film:Faraday Soc. Trans., v. 39, p. 217-219.
[10]. Stephen R. Turns(2000),An Introduction to Combustion: Concepts and Applications, Second Edition,McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

Abstract: The results from the variable moment of inertia (VMI) and cubic polynomial (CP) models with the available experimental information on transition energies for the yrast band levels in all studied nuclei. These models has been generalized so as to be applicable to transitional and vibrational nuclei by requiring that the extended models reduce at low angular momentum, to the polynomial dependence which gives excellent fits to the experimental spectra in the spherical, transitional and deformed regions. The level structure indicate a transition from collective to few-particle characteristics at high spin, possibly suggesting a change shape from prolate through triaxial to oblate. The loss of collectivity occurs at much lower angular momentum than predicted by calculations. The calculated Qt-value of the yrast band of the nucleus with N = 90.

Key Words: Rotational Parameter/Moment of Inertia/ Quadrupole moment/ Back- bending.

[1]. N.A. Mansour and A.M. Diab Indian J. Phys.77A (4)377(2003).
[2]. N.A. Mansour, Arab J. Nucl. Sci. Appl. Vol.39 No.3, 200(2006).
[3]. N.A. Mansour, Int.J. Nan electronics and materials 2, No.1, 91(2009).
[4]. N.A. Mansour, Bulg. J. Phys. 35(2008)182 – 190.
[5]. N.A. Mansour, and A.M. Diab Indian J. Phys. 77A (3)289 – 291(2003).
[6]. N.A. Mansour, and A. Farhan Arab J. Nucl. Sci. Appl. Vol.38 part I, 83(2005).
[7]. Z. Xing, I Ragnarsson and T. Bengtsson Phys. Letts.B177 (1986)265.
[8]. N.A. Mansour, and A. M. Diab Arab J. Nucl. Sci. Appl. Vol.34 part I, 257(2001).
[9]. M. Guttormen and H. Hubel, Nucl. Phys. A380 (1982)502.
[10]. M. Guttormen, Y.K. Agarwal,C. Gunther,K. Hardt,H. Hubel,A. Kalbus, R.Kroth, G. Mikus, J. Recht and P. Schuler, Nucl. Phys. A383 (1982)541.

Abstract: The images of a straight edge in coherent illumination, produced by an optical system with circular aperture and apodised with amplitude filters have been studied. The image quality assessment parameters such as edge-ringing, edge-gradient and edge-shift of the edge fringes have been studied as a function of apodisation parameter for various degrees of defocus, Coma and primary spherical aberrations. It is found that, at certain combinations of aberrations the quality of the image of straight edge objects can be improved. Keywords: Aberrations, Apodisation, edge-ringing, edge-gradient, edge-shift and Optical system.

[1]. G. B. Parrent, Jr. and T. J. Skinner, Opt. Acta 8, 93 (1961).
[2]. C.J.R. Sheppard and D.K. Hamilton, Opt. Acta, 31, (1984) 723.
[3]. W. T. Cathey, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 55, 1035 (1965).
[4]. R. A. Shore, B. J. Thompson, and R. E. Whitney, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 56, 733 (1966).
[5]. J. G. Meadors, Opt. Acta 12, 379 (1965).
[6]. R. A. Shore, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 58, 1484 (1968).
[7]. K. Singh and H. S. Dhillon, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 59, 397 (1969).
[8]. K. Singh and B. N. Gupta, Opt. Acta 17, 609 (1970).
[9]. R. W. Smith, Opt.Commu.6, 8(1972).
[10]. R. W. Smith, Opt.Commu.9, 61(1973).

Abstract: Background: Malaria, a non-fatal disease if detected promptly and treated properly, still causes many deaths in malaria-endemic countries. The present study is intended to find out changing pattern of malarial morbidity and mortality in western India Methods: A retrospective record base study was conducted on malarial cases reported at medical out-patient door (OPD) of SMS Hospital Jaipur (Rajasthan) during last decade i.e. from 1st Jan 2003 to 31st Dec 2012. Available data regarding socio-demographic and mortality profile was collected and analyzed. Case fatality Rates and Proportional Death rates were found out along with cause of death in malaria cases. Chi-squire test was used to find out the significance of difference between proportions. Results: Out of total 3748 malaria cases, maximum cases were reported in Aug to Oct i.e. 2614 (69.74%). Mean age of diseases was 37.4 years with 3.2 M:F Ratio. Maximum Case Fatality Rate was reported in 2003 which decreases with time with sum ups and downs and in 2012 it remains only 1.8%. Most frequent (33%) cause of death was cerebral malaria. Conclusions: Malaria has seasonal variation with maximum cases in post monsoon season affecting mainly middle aged persons. Although there is no certain trend on malarial morbidity but malarial mortality has significantly declined trend.

Keywords: Morbidity, Mortality, Case Fatality Rate, Proportional Death Rate

[1]. Shuman S: Structure, mechanism, and evolution of the mRNA capping apparatus. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol 2000, 66:1-40 [2]. World Malaria Report 2011,(World Health Organization, Geneva,2012)
[3]. Kumar A, ValechaN, Jain T, Dash AP. Burden of Malaria in India:retrospective and prospective view. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007, 77 (Suppl 6) 69-78
[4]. Dash A.P., Valecha N, Anvikar A. R. and Kumar A 2008. Malaria in India: Challenges and opportunities; J. Biosci. 33 583-592
[5]. Kumar A, Valecha N, Jain T and Dash A P 2007 Burden of Malaria in India: Retrospective and Prospective View; Am. J. Trop. Med.Hyg. 77 69–78

[6]. Yadav RS, Bhatt RM, Kohli VK, Sharma VP. The burden of malaria in Ahmedabad city, India: a retrospective analysis of reported cases and deaths. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2003 Dec; 97(8):793-802
[7]. Mharakurwa S, Mutambu SL, Mberikunashe J etall. Changes in burden of Malaria following scale-up of malaria control interventions in Mutasa district, Zimbabwe. Malar. J. 2013 Jul 1:12:223

[8]. Anirudh R. Acharya et al Trend of malaria incidence in the state of Karnataka, India for 2001 to 2011 Arch. Appl. Sci. Res., 2013, 5 (3):104-111

Abstract: There is increased use of nuclear energy after the Second World War which results in increase in artificial radioactivity on our planet. The objective of this article is to show the estimated amount of artificial radioactivity on earth surface and its effect by comparing it with the radioactive decay which took place in Hiroshima bombing by 'little boy'. There is estimated amount of 100 trillion curie of radioactivity on earth surface for human use. This man made radioactivity on earth surface has capacity to change temperature of the earth by 0.97oC if heat is evenly distributed and unfortunately Hiroshima bombing did not stop but continued at rate of 39 'little boy' bombing of the earth per second. Every second 39 atomic bombs of 'little boy' size are dropped. One can see the large amount of bombing taking place on the earth by artificial radioactivity and the bombing should be stopped and further analysis of artificial radioactivity should also be done.

Key words: nuclear energy, radioactivity

[1]- Glasstone, S., Dolan, P. J., 1977: The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, 3rd Ed. Department of Defense, Department of Energy.

[2]- Nuclear Weapons Technology Military Critical Technologies List (MCTL) PART II: Weapons of mass destruction technologies and NATO handbook on the medical aspects of NBC defensive operations part I-Nuclear October 21 1998.
[3]- Peter D. WISE Uranium project , Uranium radiation properties Jan 29, 2010., http://www.wise-uranium.org

[4]- Paul Zimmerman, introduction, A Primer In The Art of deception The cult of nuclearists, uranium weapons and fraudulent science, 2009.
[5]- Nuclear energy, Health Physics Society, February 22nd , 2009http://www.hps.org/publicinformation/ate/faqs/radiationtypes.html [6]- Lorna Salzman, Wasting Away: Radioactive Waste Disposal is the Achilles Heel of the Nuclear Industry , New Ecologist, Number 6, Nov/Dec 1978.

[7] John M. LaForge, Chernobyl : A Global Tragedy. Earth Island Journal. Summer 1997.

[8] Fairlie, Ian, The TORCH Report Executive Summary. UK & Sumner, David UK . 2006. Commissioned by The Greens EFA in the European Parliament.
[9] Kevin Crowley, John F. AhearneManaging the Environmental Legacy of U.S. AMERICAN scientist,Nuclear-Weapons Production, November-December 2002 Volume 90, Number 6,Page: 514.
[10] "Nuclear Power Plants Information. Number of Reactors Operation Worldwide". International Atomic Energy Agency. http://www.iaea.org/cgi-bin/db.page.pl/pris.oprconst.htm. 2008-06-21.

Abstract: This thesis explains the expansion rate of the universe and establishes the relationship between the expansion rate and the number of black holes in the universe andInspiralling binary neutron stars, white dwarfs and binary systems of black holes , black hole merges and supernovae, hyper novae and all other catastrophic explosions taking place in the universe and which in turn establishes the relation between the expansion rate of the universe and the age of the universe.

.........................,

Abstract: In this paper, we have calculated the molar heat capacity for cubic zinc blende (cZB) BN and GaN binary semiconductors at high pressure-temperature (PT). For the calculation of heat capacity, we firstly obtained the Debye temperature (ϴD) variation with temperature and at higher temperature it becomes constant with temperature in quasi-harmonic approximation limits. We have also calculated the static Debye temperature (ϴD) from elastic constant for the both BN and GaN binary semiconductors. The elastic constants are calculated from the energy-strain relation using plane wave method in DFT approach. All the calculated results are well consistence with experimental and reported data.

Keywords: Debye temperature, DFT, LDA, PDOS, QHA, USPP etc.

[1] I.Vurgaftman, J. R. Meyer and L. R. Ram-Mohan, JAP 89 (2001) 5815-5875.

[2] G. Chris, Van de Walle, Jorg Neugebauer, JAP 95 (2004) 3851-3879.

[3] Tetsuya Tohei, Akihide Kuwabara, Fumiyasu Oba, and Isao Tanaka, Phys. Rev. B 73 (2006) 064304.

[4] Hao Yan-Jun, Cheng Yan,Wang Yan-Ju, and Chen Xiang-Rong, Chin. Phys. Soc. 16(1) (2007).

Abstract: Magnetic properties of CoCrTa alloy thin films were studied as function of the deposition pressure. Films deposited at low deposition pressure showed low coercivity and high loop squareness ratio. At relatively higher deposition pressurean increase in the samples' coercivity, and decrease in both the magnetic loop squareness ratio, andthe strength of the exchange interaction amongst the grains of the films were recorded. The observations indicate the films to have properties quite suited for recording media application as well as magnetic memory devices.

Keywords: sputtering pressure, magnetic domains, magnetic interactions, nanostructure, Lorentz microscopy

[1]. R.S. Ningthoujam, R.N. Panda, N.S. Gajbhiye, Mater. Chem. & Phys. 134 (2012) 377 – 381
[2]. P. D. Woolliams, P. M. Weaver, T. M. Correia, M. G. Cain, A. Pickwell, R. A. Dorey, Sensors & Actuators A 194 (2013) 47 – 51
[3]. L. A. Rodríguez, C. Magén, E. Snoeck, C. Gatel, L. Marín, L. Serrano-Ramón, J. L. Prieto, M. Muñoz, P. A. Algarabel, L. Morellon, J. M. DeTeresa, M. R. Ibarra, Ultramicroscopy 134 (2013) 144 – 154
[4]. R. Belhi, A. A. Adjanoh, J. Vogel, J. Magn. &Magn. Mater. 324 (2012) 1869 – 1877
[5]. W. O. Rosa, L. G. Vivas, K. R. Pirota, A. Asenjo, M. Vazquez, J. Magn. &Magn. Mater. 324 (2012) 3679 – 3682
[6]. L. Klein, Y. Rats, A. F. Marshall, J. W. Reiner, J. H. Geballe, M. R. Beasley, A. Kapitulnic, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84(2000)6090
[7]. S. N. Piramanayagam, J. Appl. Phys. 102(2007) 011301
[8]. J. M. Hu. Z. Li, J. Wang, C. W. Nan,J. Appl. Phys. 107(2010)093912
[9]. M. Janowski, J. W. M. Bulte, P. Walczak, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 64 (2012) 1488 – 1507
[10]. W. Guo, T. Liu, H. Zhang, R. Sun, Y. Chen, W. Zeng, Z. Wang, Sensors & Actuators B 166 – 167 (2012) 492 – 499

Abstract: Poly-aniline is one of the most important conducting polymers. The poly-aniline has many applications in the electronic fields such as batteries, sensors, controlling systems and organic displays. It is good environmental stability, easy conductivity control and cheap production in large quantities. In this study poly-aniline samples in nan-structure were irradiated with α- particles with different fluences (1.16 x 108- 1.20 x 109 alphas/ cm2) and constant energy (5.32±0.23 MeV). The damage is almost regular along the path length of alpha particles in poly-aniline samples. The modifications in the morphology and optical properties induced by the radiation were measured. It was found a strong correlation between absorbance and the alpha particle fluences at wavelength 600 nm for the samples after irradiations. Also, the results showed increase the number of carbon atoms per cluster in the poly-aniline samples after irradiations.

Keywords: Poly-aniline, Alpha particles, bandgap energy, cluster size

[1] Kim, B., Koncar, V. and Devaux, E., Electrical properties of conductive polymers: PET – nanocomposites' fibers, AUTEX Research Journal 4(2004) 9-13.
[2] Park, J. K. and Kwon, O-P., Enhanced electrical conductivity of polyaniline film by a low magnetic field, Synth. Met. 160 (2010) 728-731.
[3] Gerard, M., Chaubey, A. and Malhotra, B. D., Application of conducting polymers to biosensors, Biosensor Bioeleton., 17 (2002) 345-359.
[4] Smith, J. D. S., Intrinsically Electrically Conducting Polymers. Synthesis, Characterization and their Applications, Prog. Polym. Sci., 23 (1998) 57-79.
[5] Wessling, B., From conductive polymers to organic metals, Chem. Innov., 31 (2001) 34-40.
[6] Cho, Y. H., Cho, M.S., Choi, H. J., and Jhon, M. S., Electrorheological characterization of polyaniline-coated poly(methyl methacrylate)suspensions, Colloid Polym. Sci., 280 (2002) 1062-1066.
[7] MacDiarmid, A. G., Synthetic Metals": A Novel Role for Organic Polymers (Nobel Lecture), Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40 (2001) 2581-2590.
[8] Stejskal, J. and Gilbert, R. G., Polyaniline preparation of conducting polymer. Pure Appl. Chem., 74 (2002) 857–867.
[9] Choi, H. J., Cho, M. S., Kim, J.W., Kim, C.A., and Jhon, M. S., A yield stress scaling function for electrorheological fluids, Appl. Phys. Lett., 78 (2001) 3806-3809.
[10] Durrani, S.A. and Bull, R.K.., Solid State Nuclear Track Detection: Principles, Methods and Applications, Pergamon Press, Oxford, (1987)

Abstract: This study is aimed at assessing the cause of air pollution and Environmental health effect on people living in Cross River State using cigarette smokers as a case study. Data was gathered through a well designed and articulated oral and written questionnaires, direct and first-hand observation of the environment, and comprehensive interview sessions were carried out with community Heads (Royal Authorities where possible), patients and youths. A total of one hundred and seventeen thousand (117,000) questionnaires were randomly distributed evenly to men of about 20-75years old in all the Eighteen (18) Local Government Area in Cross River State. Eighty seven thousand, five hundred and thirty three (87,533) valid questionnaire were received back. Nine hundred (900) of the people reported that they do not smoke any cigarette. Table 1 shows the total number of people who smoke cigarette. Table 2a,b show the total number of patients with smoking related diseases. Most of these patients with smoking related diseases such as decrease in lung function, increase of heart attack, Respiratory diseases, cancer, asthma, and other health effects are having those disease conditions as a result of their smoking habits.

Keyword: Cross River State, Cigarette smokers,Air Pollution, and Environmental health effect.

[1]. Agency for toxic substance and Disease registry http//ww.atsdr. cdc. gov/general/theair.html Accessed on 5th February, 2013 by 5:30pm.
[2]. Air Pollution and respiration Health http.//www. cdc. gov/nceh/airpollution accessed on the 5th February, 2013 5:59pm.
[3]. Air Pollution and respiratory health; centre for disease control and prevention http://www.cdc.gov. retrieved 21/07/2013; 4:17pm.
[4]. Air pollution: http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health. retrieved 21/07/2013; 05:15pm.
[5]. Air quality (out door) http:// haldon. ca/cms/one aspx? Portalld= 8310 & page 1d=1247 retrieved 2/5/2013 at 6.01pm.
[6]. Air Quality and Atmospheric and health. http://www.springer.com. Retrieved 21/07/2013; 4:015pm.
[7]. Air quality and health http://www.who. int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/index.html Accessed on the 5th February, 2013.
[8]. Air Quality and health http://www.who.int/media. retrieved 21/07/2013; 05:10pm.
[9]. Air Quality: ministry of health; http://www.health.gov.bc. Retrieved 21/07/2013. 04:50pm.
[10]. Air Quality: Minnesota department of health. http://www.health.state. Retrieved 21/07/2013 4:08 pm.