IOSR-JAP   Volume-5 ~ Issue-2 ~ Nov–Dec 2013

Abstract: The break down of hydrodynamic regime of lubricants especially at higher operating temperature promotes direct metal-to-metal contact between surfaces. This often results in wear and tear, overheating and fatigue on the sliding surfaces of engines. This paper determines the actual viscosities of six oil samples (Mobil oil, Abro oil, Con oil, Tonimas oil, Oando oil and Total oil) using their coefficient of viscosities and specific heat capacities obtained in the laboratory. The results indicate that Mobil oil is the most appropriate for oil marine engines; closely followed by Tonimas oil, and Total oil. The results also reveal that Con Oil, Oando Oil and Abro Oil have low viscosities at higher temperatures. This thermo-physical property may render these oils very unstable for marine engines, especially for international voyage.

Key words: Hydrodynamic, lubricants, marine engine, viscosity, temperature and overheating.

[1] Fasina, O. O. & Colley, Z. Viscosity and specific heat of vegetable oils as a function of temperature. International Journal of Food Properties, 11(4), 2008. 738–746

[2] Bienkowski, K. Coolants and Lubricants: The Truth. Manufacturing Engineering. 1993.

[3] Smith D. "Oil's Well That Ends Well, Part 2", Sport Rider, 2009. retrieved 2013-03-20.

[4] Dmitri, K. Classification of Lubricating oil. Substance and Technology: Knowledge Source on Materials engineering. 2012.

[5] Schlosberg, R. H., Chu, J. W., Knudsen, G. A., Suciu, E. N. & Aldrich, H. S. High stability esters for synthetic lubricant applications, Lubrication Engineering, 2001. 21-26.

[6] Lawrence, M. All about motor oil. California Scientific. 2011. Retrieved 2013-03-20.

[7] JASO, Motorcycle Four Cycle Gasoline Engine Oil Application Manual. JASO Engine Oil Standards Implementation Panel. May 2011.

[8] Mihara, H., Ishiguro, T., Fukano, H., Taniuchi, S., & Ogino, K. Effect of crystallization temperature on its crystallization. IV. The influence of Tripalmitoglycerol (PPP) on the crystallization of 1,3-dipalmitoyl 2-oleoyl glycerol (POP) and 1, 2-dioleoyl-3-palmitoyl glycerol. Journal of Oleo Science. 56(5), 2007. 223-230.

[9] Eze, S.O., Alakali, J. S., Ngadi, M. O, Njoku P. C. & Ayuk A. A. Rheological properties of crude palm oil. International Reviews of Chemical Engineering 2(5), 2010. 598-605.

Abstract: Nanocrystalline films of PbS have been deposited on glass sustrates at room temperature by CBD method. The structural parameters of PbS films have been studied by X-ray line profile analysis using Williamson Hall and Modified Williamson Hall method. The crystallite sizes are found in between 4.99-53.9 nm, strain in the films in the range of 7.4x10-4 – 2.82 x 10-3 and dislocation densities are found to be very high ~ 1015-1016 m-2.

Keywords: Chemical Bath Deposition, Dislocation density, Dislocation contrast factor, MWH plot, WH plot

[1] I Ka, D Ma, M A El Khakani, J Nanopart Res 13(2011), 2269–2274

[2] T. L. Remadevi, K. C. Preetha, J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 23(2012), 2017–2023 [3] P.K. Nair, V.M. Garcia, A.B. Hernandez, M.T.S. Nair, J. Appl. Phys. 24(1991), 1466-1472

[4] M. A. Barote, A. A. Yadav T. V. Chavan E. U. Masumdar, Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures, 6(2011), 979 – 990

[5] S. Kaci, A. Keffous, M. Trari, H. Menari, A. Manseri, B. Mahmoudi, L. Guerbous, Optics Communications, 283 (2010), 3355–3360

[6] R Devi, P Purkayastha, P K Kalita, B K Sarma, Bull. Mater. Sci., 30(2007), 123–128

[7] S. Kaci, A. Keffous, M. Trari, O. Fellahi, H. Menari, A. Manseri, L. Guerbous, Journal of Luminescence, 130 (2010), 1849–1856

[8] M.M. Abbas, A. Ab-M. Shehab, N-A. Hassan, A-K. Al-Samuraee, Thin Solid Films, 519 (2011), 4917–4922

[9] Diwaker Kumar, Garima Agarwal, Balram Tripathi, Devendra Vyas, Vaibhav Kulshrestha, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 484 (2009), 463–466

[10] N. Choudhury, B.K. Sarma,Thin Solid Films, 519 (2011), 2132–2134

Abstract: A detailed geological history of quartz and industrial minerals present in different localities of Eritrea is given. Well-grown transparent quartz crystals reflecting the hexagonal crystallographic features and isolated, irregular shaped small milky quartz stones are found in western suburb of Asmara and the area between Molebso and Zara in central northern Eritrea. Mechanism of formation of growth features observed on the habit faces of transparent quartz crystals is briefly explained. Micro-topographical studies carried out on these crystals indicate that to begin with, they grow and develop under high supersaturating conditions. Most of the milky quartz stones are observed to be generally randomly scattered and devoid of gold. However, few such specimens having yellow colored dots on their surfaces contain gold particles. Energy dispersion of Xray analysis (EDAX) indicates high content of gold to the tune of 48% present in such samples. Commercial implications related to quartz bearing gold are discussed. It is proposed that gold exists in large quantity in quartz veins deep beneath the surface of earth in this region.

Keywords: Gold, Quartz, Crystal, Habit, EDAX.

[1] Beraki Woldehaimanot, Tectonic and geochemical characterization of volcanic and granitoids from the madobha belt, Northern Eritrea, J. Afri. Sciences. 30, 4,2000, 817-31

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[5] P.N.Kotru, On the Dissolution of Grown Synthetic quartz inside autoclaves, Kristall und Technik,13,1, 1978,35-41

[6] P.N.Kotru, S.K.Kachroo, and K.K.Raina, Twinning in Hydrothermally grown quartz as revealed by etch structures, Crystal. Res. and Technol, 20, 1, 1985, 27-37

[7] I, Sunagawa, Characterization of crystal surfaces by optical microscopy, Fortschr. Miner, 52, 1975,515

[8] I, Sunagawa, Crystal Growth and Characterization, Proc.ISSCG-2, Spring School Japan, Oxford, 1975,347

[9] R. K.Takoo, Mechanism of various Growth Morphologies of Kutch quartz crystals, Cryst, Res, Technol,21,1,1986,145-150

[10] M.S.Joshi and R.K Taku, Development of (120) faces of natural topaz, Amer.Miner. 57,1972, 1884-89

Abstract: Globalization and its major engines (growing human capital, free markets, increasing cross-border interaction) have created a new world order that has incited passionate debate, pro and con. In recent culture studies, one of the foremost explorations concerns the influence globalization has upon culture. In fact, one of the most common criticisms we hear about the globalization of today‟s world is that it is producing mainly one culture, it is destroying diversity, and it is bringing everyone into the same global culture. Actually, much of the sociological hype about cultural globalization, defined as the diffusion of cultural values and ideas across national borders, sees it as synonymous with homogenization. Cultural globalization is, thus, one of the major concerns of academics, journalists, political activists and leaders of "cultural preservation" movements who despise what they see as the trend toward cultural uniformity. They usually regard global culture and American culture as synonymous and, thus, express serious concerns about their cultural distinctiveness.

[1]. Blakley, Johanna. "Entertainment Goes Global: Mass Culture in Transforming World", The Norman Lear Center Publications, January 2001, pp. 13-17.
[2]. Cowen, Tyler. "French Kiss-Off: How protectionism has hurt French films", Reason, July 1998, pp. 7-10.
[3]. "The Fate of Culture", Wilson Quarterly, Autumn 2002, pp. 1-5.
[4]. Friedman, Thomas "Commentary: Why Those Angry Men Want to Kill America", The New York Times, Aug. 25, 1998, pp. 4-7.
[5]. The Lexus and the Olive Tree. N.Y.: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1999.
[6]. Fukuyama, Francis. Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. N.Y.: The Free Press, 1995.
[7]. Garten, Jeffrey. "Cultural Imperialism is No Joke", Business Week, November 1998, pp. 6-7.
[8]. Gienow-Hecht, Jessica. "A European Considers the Influence of American Culture", The Challenges of Globalization, February 2006, pp. 30-33.
[9]. Legrain, Philippe. "Cultural Globalization Is Not Americanization", The Chronicle Review, May 9, 2003, pp. 1-6.
[10]. Pell, Richard. "American Culture Goes Global, or Does It?", The Chronicle Review, April 12, 2002, pp. 14-18.

Abstract: The contemporary study of American Presidential rhetoric is of great significance. Politics is very largely the use of language. Presidential speech and action increasingly reflect the opinion that speaking is governing. In fact, the power of the presidency depends on its ability to persuade. The application of power is often legitimized through rhetorical persuasion; and, in the case of American Presidents, such power, and its associated rhetoric, becomes the fulcrum upon which many global issues turn.

[1]. Blakley, Johanna. ―Entertainment Goes Global: Mass Culture in Transforming World‖, The Norman Lear Center Publications, January 2001, pp. 13-17.
[2]. Bush, George. A Charge to Keep: My Journey to the White House. NY: HarperCollins Publishers, 2000.
[3]. Coe, Kevin, Domke, David, Graham, Erica, John, Sue, and Pickard, Victor. ―No Shades of Gray: The Binary Discourse of George W. Bush and an Echoing Press‖, Journal of Communication, January 2006, pp. 234-252.
[4]. Coe, Kevin. The Language of Freedom in the American Presidency, 1933-2006. Washington, D.C.: Collet, Tanja and Najem, Tom. Word Choices in Post-9/11 Speeches and the Identity Construction of the Other (http://www.cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2005/Najem.pdf)
[6]. Cowen, Tyler. ―French Kiss-Off: How protectionism has hurt French films‖, Reason, July 1998, pp. 7-10.
[7]. Fukuyama, Francis. Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. N.Y.: The Free Press, 1995.
[8]. Graham, Philip, Keenan, Thomas and Dowd, Anne-Maree. ―A call to arms at the End of History: A discourse-historical analysis of George W. Bush's declaration of war on terror‖, Discourse & Society, 2004, pp. 199-221.
[9]. Kegley, Charles and Wittkopf, Eugene. American Foreign Policy: Pattern and Process. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991.
[10]. Sullivan, Andrew. The Conservative Soul. NY: HarperCollins Publishers, 2006.

Abstract: A numerical calculation of the one photon vacuum polarization corrections in 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p and 3d energy levels of hydrogen atom is presented using Schrödinger solutions taking the Uehling potential as a correction. The relativistic effect on 1s, 2s, 2𝑝 12 and 2𝑝 32 levels are calculated by using Dirac wave functions in the presence of Coulomb potential. The contribution of this correction decreases with the increase in principle quantum number 𝑛 and orbital quantum number 𝑙.

Keywords: Vacuum polarization correction, hydrogen atom, Uehling potential

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Abstract: This study is aimed at verifying the dosimetric performance of a treatment planning system (TPS) and to as well compare the accuracy of the measured absorbed dose of the solid water phantom against the in-house phantom. In this study, a phantom for use in radiotherapy treatment planning of human trunk anatomical region has been designed with six hollows for inserting materials mimicking different biological tissues and the ionization chamber. For the trunk, pure Glycerolwas used for Muscle, 75% to 25% Glycerol-Water was used for liver, Carboxyl-Methyl-Cellulose (CMC)was used for Lungs, 50% to 50% Glycerol-Water was used for Adipose, Sodium Hypochlorite (soda bleach) for Bone and SodiumLaureth Sulphate (Texapon) was used for Kidney. The phantom was scanned with Hi-Speed CT-scannerand images were transferred to a Precise PLAN Treatment Planning System where appropriate beams were applied and verified before it was transferred to the Elekta-Precise Clinical Linear Accelerator.Measurements of the Monitor Units (MU) were conducted using 6 MeV photon beams from the Elekta-Precise Clinical Linear Accelerator with iso-centric set up and the corresponding doses were calculated. The test of the phantom was done using an Irregular Field Algorithm (Clarkson Integration). The maximum standard deviation with large field size of22×24𝑐𝑚2for all sixinhomogeneous inserts and bone only inhomogeneous inserts were −3.39% and 2.93% respectively. And maximum standard deviation with small field size of 5×5𝑐𝑚2was−3.16%. Also, the percentage deviation for the solid water phantom when compared with the in-house phantom with SSD of 85cm for both set-ups was −2.09%. Theseresultsshow that irrespective of the field sizes and tissue equivalent materials, Irregular Field Algorithm compensates for inhomogeneity.

Key words: Phantom, Treatment Planning System (TPS), Irregular Field Algorithm, Clarkson Integration, Computed Tomography.

[1]. Absorbed Dose Determination in External Beam Radiotherapy, Technical ReportsSeries No. 398, IAEA, Vienna (2000).

[2]. Alam R, Ibbott GS, Pourang R, Nath R. Application of AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 23 test package for comparison of two treatment planning systems for photon external beam radiotherapy. Med Phys.1997, 24:2043-54.

[3]. Animesh Advantages of multiple algorithms support in treatment planning system for external beam dose calculations. J Cancer Res Ther.2005; 1:12-20.

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[7]. Fraass BA. "Quality Assurance for 3-D Treatment Planning." In Teletherapy: Present and Future. Palta J, Mackie TR (Eds.). Madison: Advanced Medical Publishing. 1996, 253–318.

[8]. Fraass BA, Doppke K, Hunt M, Kutcher G, Starkschall G, Stern R, Van Dyk J. Med. Phys.1998, 25:1773–1829.

[9]. Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine (IPEM). Physics aspects of quality control in radiotherapy. IPEM Report 81. York: IPEM, 1999.

[10]. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU). Dose specifications for reporting external beam therapy with photons and electrons. 1978 ICRU Report 29, Baltimore, MD: ICRU Bethesda, MD.

Abstract: It is assumed that children are more susceptible to the effects of ionizing radiation and so deserves special attention. Entrance skin doses (ESD) and Effective dose (E) to pediatric patients were estimated during chest, skull, abdomen and pelvis examination in five Nigeria hospitals using DoseCal software. The mean ESD for Chest (PA) in age range 1 – 5 in the five hospitals (H1 – H5) were 70, 139, 130, 105 and 111μGy, respectively. The median ESD values in all the examinations were compared with the NRPB and EC reference level and were found to be lower except for Chest PA and Chest Lateral examinations. The mean effective doses were compared with those found in literature and were found to be comparable. Data shows that there is variation in the result of the ESD obtained and so adherence to guidelines should be demonstrated

Keywords; ESD, x-rays, effective dose, ionizing radiation

[1]. Aroua, A, Decka, I, Burnard B, Vader JP and Valey JF (2002): Dosimetric Aspects of a National Survey of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology in Switzerland. Med. Phys. 29, 2247-2251
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[4]. Davies M. McCallum H, White G, Brown J and Hlem M (1997): Patient dose audit in diagnostic radiography using custom designed software: Journal of Radiography; Vol 3: 17 – 25.
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Abstract: Harmattan, humidity and temperature are amongst some climatological variables that affect solar radiations. In this paper we evaluated the effects of these climatological variables on solar radiation in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. The city Awka has the latitude of 6.06oN and longitude of 7.0oE. We took various readings of temperature and humidity from December, 2012 to July 2013 and we observed as expected that solar radiation increased with increase in temperature, while increase in humidity greatly reduces solar energy. The harmattan effect on solar radiation showed less fluctuations in the value of solar radiation during any particular day. The basic problem during this period is dust, which uniformly reduces the solar radiation during any particular day. Observations during the period of measurement showed that the fluctuations during harmattan and high temperature were essentially due to dust which was responsible for the high diffuse nature and attenuation on the solar radiation. The regression co-efficient for the periods under study in the city were determined for use in predicting solar radiation.

Keywords: Harmattan, Humidity, Temperature, Solar Radiation and Attenuation

[1]. Angstrom, A. (1956), On Computation of Global Radiation from the Records of Sunshine Arkiv, Geophysik, Vol. 3, No. 23, pp 551 – 556.
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Abstract: This work reports the measurements of the radionuclide contents in some widely read daily newspapers published in Nigeria, using gamma spectrometry. The radionuclides detected in the newspapers measured consisted of the natural radionuclides belonging to the series headed by 228Ra and 226Ra as well as the singly occurring radionuclide 40K. The mean activity concentrations obtained for 40K, 226Ra and 228Ra respectively in the newspapers were 183.41±135.43, 9.06±3.64 and 6.11±1.36 Bqkg-1, 139.10±90.38, 7.58±1.87 and 5.29±1.33 Bqkg-1 and 152.10±114.32, 9.62±1.40 and 5.76±1.29 Bqkg-1 respectively from P1, P2 and P3. The doses to the eyes due to the measured activity concentrations in the newspaper samples were determined for a distance of 0.25 m (least distance of distinct vision) from the eyes. The annual effective doses to the eye resulting from the activities of the radionuclides identified with observed regularity in all the newspaper samples, obtained in this study are 0.012±0.010, 0.010±0.009, 0.010±0.009 μSv y-1 respectively for the newspapers. These values show that the doses to the lens of the eye from the Nigerian newspapers assessed in this work are very low compared to the annual dose limit of 15 mSv y-1.

Keywords: newspapers, radioactivity, least distance of distinct vision, effective dose, eyes

[1] UNSCEAR. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, Sources and effects of ionizing radiation: Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes. United Nations, New York. 1993. [2] NCRP. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements: Exposure of the population in the United States and Canada from background radiation, NCRP Report No. 94, Bethesda MD 20814, 1987. [3] A.D.Golnick, Basic radiation technology(Altadena, CA:Pacific Radiation Corporation, 3rd Edition, 1994). [4] G.J.Couch, L.K.Vaughn,Radioactive consumer products in the classroom,The Physics Teacher, 33, 1995, 18–22. [5] M,Yahong,L,Yigang,Z,Guang,and H,Xiaolei, The studies on radiological limits of color – glazed tiles used in home decoration,Health Physics, 82(4), 2002, 510–512. [6] S,Verità,S,Righi,R,Guerra,and M,Jeyapandian, Radon exhalation rates from Zircon sands and ceramic tiles in Italy,Radioprotection 44(5),2009, 445–451.

Abstract: Alfred B. Nobel, a Swedish chemist and engineer who invented dynamite left $ 9 million in his will to establish the Nobel Prize, which are awarded annually, without regard to nationality, in six different areas like Peace, Literature, Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine and Economic Science to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind. Here the complete list of all the Nobel Laureates in Physics since 1901 to 2013 is compiled.

[1]. College Physics By R.L.Webber, K.V.Manning, M.W.White and A.G.Weygand.
[2]. Concepts of Modern Physics By Arthur Beiser.
[3]. http://www.nobel/laureates/physics.