IOSR-JAP   Volume-12 ~ Issue-4 ~ Jul. – Aug. 2020

ABSTRACT: Naturally occurring radioactive materials are widely spread in the earth's environment, being distributed in soil, rocks, water, air, plants and even within the human body. All of these sources have contributed to an increase in the levels of environmental radioactivity and population radiation doses. This paper presents the activity level due to the presence of226Ra,232Th and40K in soil samples of Naushera area in Rajouri District. The measured activity of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in collected soil samples ofNausheraregion was found to vary from 13±10 to 55±10 Bq kg-1, 14±9 to 101±13 Bq kg-1 and 150±81 to 1310±154 Bq kg-1, respectively. The radium equivalent activity in collected soil samples was found to vary from 47 to 211 Bq kg-1. The total absorbed gamma dose rate in this area was found to vary from 22 to 93 nGyh-1. The distribution of these radionuclides in the soil of study area is discussed in details.

Key Words: Radionuclides, soil samples, 226Ra, 232Th and 40K

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[4]. Shanbhag, A. A., Sartandel, S. J., Ramachandran, T. V.and Puranik, V. D. Natural radioactivity concentrations in beach sands of Ratnagiri coast, Maharastra. J. Assoc. Environ. Geochem. 8, 304 - 308 (2005).
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ABSTRACT: Résumé La température se présente comme une manifestation de l'énergie cinétique moyenne de translation des molécules d'une substance, due à l'agitation calorifique. Elle est une traduction à l'échelle macroscopique d'un état énergétique de la matière à l'échelle microscopique. Ses valeurs revêtent un intérêt particulier du fait qu'elles soient quelques fois liées à une situation à "risque" pouvant générer des phénomènes exceptionnels souvent dommageables tels que les vagues de chaleur, les éruptions volcaniques, ... C'est ainsi que l'Observatoire Volcanologique de Goma (OVG) mesure les températures des fissures du volcan Nyiragongo à l'aide des capteurs thermiques.....

[1]. Alain PAVE et Claudine SCHMIDT, (2008), La modélisation au coeur de la démarche scientifique et à la confluence des disciplines, article, Lyon.
[2]. B. ABERRAHMANI et al. (2015),Analyse et Modélisation des extrêmes de température au niveau de quelques stations types du Nord-Ouest Algérien, article scientifique
[3]. BAHAYA B. Siméon, (2013), Modélisation des températures des fissures volcaniques et des données météorologiques autour du volcan Nyiragongo dans le Rift Est Africain, Mémoire DEA, Faculté des sciences, Département de Physique, Université Pédagogique National (UPN), Kinshasa, RDCongo.
[4]. Célestin MAHINDA, (2017), L'éruption aura lieu sans qu'on sache quand, dans journal le monde.
[5]. Claude GRASLAND, (2000), Cours d'initiation aux méthodes statistiques en Sciences sociales, université, Paris VII

ABSTRACT: In this work we present the solution of the Dirac equation with sine and cosine functions as extensions. In both cases, we find the same probability distribution which is a continuous spatial function with locally bound states. It is also observed that the particle has periodic momentum. It is expected from this work that the equation will have applications in condensed matter physics and nanophysics

Keywords: Modified Dirac equation, Space dependent probability, periodic momentum, Gaussian probability

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[2]. P. Strange, "Angular momentum of a relativistic wave packet," Physical Review A, vol. 96, no. 5, p. 052103, 2017.
[3]. Q. Zhang and J. Gong, "Perfect zitterbewegung oscillations in the," Physical Review A, vol. 93, no. 3, p. 032 117, 2016.
[4]. I. Bialynicki-Birula and Z. Bialynicka-Birula, "Relativistic electron wave packets carrying angular momentum," Physical review letters, vol. 118, no. 11, p. 114801, 2017.
[5]. B. Sutherland and D. C. Mattis, "Ambiguities with the relativistic d-function potential," Physical Review A, vol. 24, no. 3, p. 1194, 1981..

ABSTRACT:The annual activity concentrations of radiation exposure dose rate from dumpsites in the area of Tin Mining companies in Jos metropolis were measured using a portable radiation meter (Scientific Rad G-10). The activity
concentration of radiation exposure dose rate obtained in area through radiation meter revealed that the dumpsites record mean annual radiation dose rate of 4220.54+48.44S / yr in 2019. This mean value is
higher than the average natural radiation in some cities in Nigeria and the Nigeria mean terrestrial annual effective dose equivalent of 0.29mSv/yr; (1990) recommended terrestrial dose to the public (1mSv/yr) and
UNSCEAR standard of 2.4mSv/yr. Due to high radiation dose rate in the area, radiation related illness is likely to be public found among the inhabitant of Jos City. Environmental radioactivity sensitization programme is
therefore recommended to create awareness on the possible health effects and to provide information that will assist/guide radiation protection scientist and environmental/radioactive waste managers on the appropriate
waste management strategies.

Keyword: Mining terrestrial, Dose rates, Health &Environmental Effect

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[3]. Ajayi, T.R, Torto, N., Tohokossa, P., and Akinlua, A. (2009). Natural Radioactivity and Trace metals in crude oil; Implications for Health Environment Geochem Health, 31, 81-69.
[4]. Avwiri, G.O., Olatubosun, S.A. (2014). Assessment of Environmental Radioactivity In Selected Dumpsites In Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
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ABSTRACT: Résumé Le climat est l'ensemble des phénomènes météorologiques qui caractérisent l'état moyen de l'atmosphère et son évolution au-dessus d'un lieu ou d'une région donnée pendant une période. Malgré les avancées technologiques et l'amélioration des prévisions météorologiques, les risques liés au climat restent grands. L'urbanisation croissante, le volcanisme, la pollution atmosphérique et le réchauffement actuel de la planète conduisent à des profondes modifications des systèmes de prévisions et surtout des valeurs climatiques mesurées sur la surface terrestre dans des endroits où l'intervention de l'homme est omniprésente (aéroport, centre-ville, parcs, ...)...

Keyword: Modélisation, régression linéaire, climat, température, précipitation, pression atmosphérique, humidité de l'air

[1]. A. ROBOCK ;(2000),Volcaniceruptions and climate,Review of Geophysics
[2]. BAHAYA B. Siméon, (2013), Modélisation des températures des fissures volcaniques et des données météorologiques autour du volcan Nyiragongo dans le Rift Est Africain, Mémoire DEA, Faculté des sciences, Département de Physique, Université Pédagogique National (UPN), Kinshasa, RDCongo.
[3]. Cyril BONNEFOY, (2013), Observation et modélisation spatiale de la température dans les terroirs viticoles du Val de Loire dans le contexte du changement climatique, thèse de doctorat, Ecole Doctorale Sciences Humaines et Sociales, RENNES 2
[4]. Éric GONCLAVES DA SIVER. (2011), Méthode, Analyse et Calculs Numériques, HAL, Archives ouvertes.
[5]. HELENA, Les éruptions volcaniques et leur impact climatique en Europe du XVIIIè Siècle à nos jours

ABSTRACT:Principle of Equilibrium, Principle of Correspondence and Principle of Parallelism define the correlation of a property of an object or event to the environment (gravitational field and aging of the universe); the constant correlation between two properties of an object or event in different environments; and the constant correlation between two properties, each of one object or event, in different environments respectively. These three principles are the foundations of Wu's Spacetime Theories. They can be used to explain many phenomena such as Perihelion Precession of Mercury caused by reducing velocity in the large gravitational field of sun and Deflection of Light caused by reducing light speed in the large gravitational field of a star, in addition to Cosmological Redshift caused by the long wavelength from a star of early aging of the universe and Gravitational Redshift caused by the long wavelength from the high gravitational field of a massive star. Furthermore, they are used in the derivation of Wu's Spacetime Equation......

Keyword: Yangton and Yington Theory, Wu's Pairs, Wu's Spacetime Theory, Cosmological Redshift, Gravitational Redshift, Light Speed, Principle of Equilibrium, Principle of Correspondence, Principle of Parallelism

[1]. Edward T. H. Wu, "Yangton and Yington–A Hypothetical Theory of Everything", Science Journal of Physics, Volume 2015, Article ID sjp-242, 6 Pages, 2015, doi: 10.7237/sjp/242.
[2]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Time, Space, Gravity and Spacetime Based on Yangton & Yington Theory, and Spacetime Shrinkage Versus Universe Expansion". American Journal of Modern Physics. Vol. 5, No. 4, 2016, pp. 58-64. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmp.20160504.13.
[3]. Edward T. H. Wu "Hubble's Law Derived from Wu's Spacetime Shrinkage Theory and Wu's Spacetime Reverse Expansion Theory versus Universe Expansion Theory." IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), vol. 11, no. 1, 2019, pp. 03-07.
[4]. Edward T. H. Wu "Mass, Time, Length, Vision of Object and Principle of Correspondence Based on Yangton and Yington Theory" IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), vol. 10, no. 5, 2018, pp. 80-84.
[5]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Principle of Correspondence, Principle of Parallelism and Redshift Based on Yangton and Yington Theory." IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), 12(3), 2020, pp. 14-18..

ABSTRACT: This study is aimed at determining the levels, risks/hazards associated with the use of phosphate rock in the production of super phosphate fertilizer by a company in northwestern Nigeria. This was achieved through sampling and analysis of ten samples of diverse matrices namely; sludge, sediments, phosphate rock, phosphogypsum and dust obtained within and around the company and the results presented. Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis was employed in the analysis of Rare Earth Element, toxic and heavy metals involving ten samples comprising of sludge, soil sediment, dust, phosphate rock and phosphogypsum, collected within and around the super phosphate fertilizer company using standard sampling procedure. The samples were irradiated in a research reactor for 6 hours then counted for 1800 secs and 3600 secs. for 4 and 14 days of cooling, respectively,under a neutron flux of flux of 5×1011 ncm-2s-1. Results obtained indicate the enrichment of some heavy and toxic metals in the materials sampled, with samples of sludge, sediment, dust and phosphate rocks having levels beyond world average while....

Keyword: Environment; Risks; Nigeria; Phosphate rocks, INAA; Heavy metals, Rare elements * Corresponding Author. E-mail address:abbajo786@gmail.com. Mobile no.+234 (0) 080 3357 0797

[1].Atanassov, I. 2007: New Bulgarian soil pollution standards. Bulgarian J. Agric. Sci., 14, 68–75.
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[3].Chirhakarhula E. C., Harriet, W., John W. E. and Kirstin E. R.: 2018: Lead, Zinc, Copper, and Cadmium Content of Water from
[4].South Australian Rainwater Tanks. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1551.
[5].Chiroma, T.M.; Ebewele, R.O.2014. Hymore, K. Comparative assessment of heavy metal levels in soil, vegetables and urban grey waste water used for irrigation in Yola and Kano. Int. Ref. J. Eng. Sci., 3, 1–9..

ABSTRACT:There are three famous equations related to energy namely kinetic theory of gases by Kelvin, Energy Mass equivalence by Einstein and Energy Frequency relation by Max Planck.
Conservation of energy is an established law.In such a scenario, all three relations must be consistent with each other. This paper establishes Higgs Boson as the primitive source of energy. The author provesHiggs Boson is the reason for existence of dark matter or dark energywhichis alsothe common thread between different forms of energy.As an extension it can be shown that each wave is associated with a field proportional to its frequency. The author also provides anew mathematical model to compute the field strength of a wave of a given frequency.

Keyword: Primitive energy, Fundamental particle, Fundamental Field, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Laser drilling

[1]. Prof Oruganti Subba Rao, Magnetic field around current carrying conductor, IOSR Journal Of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) e-ISSN: 2278-4861.Volume 12, Issue 3 Ser. II (May – June 2020), PP 46-49, DOI : 10.9790/4861-1203024649
[2]. Kenneth D. Oglesby,Deep Geothermal Drilling Using Millimeter Wave Technology, DE-EE0005504 Final Report, Impact Technologies LLC, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1169951 (2014)
[3]. Dirk Biermanna, Markus Heilmanna, Analysis of the Laser Drilling Process for the Combination with a Single-Lip Deep Hole Drilling Process with Small Diameters,(2011) (doi:10.1016/j.phpro.2011.03.138,
[4]. Nan Shen, Jeff D. Bude, Sonny Ly, Wesley J. Keller, Alexander, M. Rubenchik, Raluca Negres, And Gabe Guss, Enhancement of laser material drilling using high-impulse multi-laser melt ejection, (2019),https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.27.019864
[5]. A Bharatish, B Kishore Kumar, R Rajath, H N Narasimha Murthy, Investigation of Effect of CO2 laser parameters on drilling characeristics of rocks encountered during mining (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2017.12.003

ABSTRACT: The study, compaction as affected by bulk density and dry density of a soil in Maiduguri has been evaluated and achieved. Appropriate techniques were employed to find the moisture content, depth, particle size, dry density and bulk density in order to determine their effects on soil compaction collected at ten (10) different locations: Ramat Poly, Bololri, Limanti, Gamboru, Shehuri North, Gwange, Bulabulin, Polo Ground, National Stadium and Teachers Village.respectively and at different depths; 0.5m, 1.0m, 1.5m, 2.0m. A graph of Dry Density vs Moisture Content obtained from Standard Proctor Compaction Test for the ten (10) locations have been drawn showing, the Maximum Dry Density (MDD) and the corresponding Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) under each compaction. The values of MDD....

Keyword: Soil; Compaction; Bulk Density; Dry Density; Moisture.

[1]. Eric K. A. Twum and SethNii-Annang. Impact of Soil Compaction on Bulk Density and Root Biomass of Quercus petraea L. at Reclaimed Post-Lignite Mining Site in Lusatia, Germany. Applied and Environmental Soil Science. Volume 2015, Article ID 504603, 5 pages.
[2]. Ahmad K, Yamusa YB, Bin Kamisan MA. Effects of Soil Recompaction on Permeability. Science World Journal. 2018: 13(3).
[3]. Lestariningsih ID, Widianto K, Hairiah, K. Assessing soil compaction with two different methods of soil bulk density measurement in oil palm plantation soil. Procedia Environmental Sciences. 2013: 17: 172 – 178.
[4]. Mada DA, Ibrahim S, Hussaini ID. The Effect of Soil Compaction on Soil Physical Properties Southern Adamawa State Agricultural Soils. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES). 2013: 2(9): 70 – 74.
[5]. Talukdar P and Sharma B. NES –Geocongress 2014 18th October 2014, IIT-Guwahati.

ABSTRACT: The kinetics of crystallization of different crystalline phases of Fe73.5Ag1Nb3Si13.5B9 has been studied by differential thermal analysis (DTA). DTA diagrams of amorphous ribbons were taken in nitrogen atmosphere with continuous heating rate of 10 -50°C/min in step of 10°C. The primary exothermic peaks temperature for α-Fe (Si) was found 6030C and the secondary exothermic peak temperature for Fe2B phase was found 7680C at the same heating rate 200C/min.The kinetics of glass formation and crystallization in composition is studied as affected to differential thermal analysis. Thermal analysis experiment and from the obtained data the activation energy is found 4.37eVand 4.45eV respectively. For primary crystallization product,α-Fe(si) phase of the ribbon and nanocrystalline state was evaluated by XRD. The alloy has been annealed in a controlled way in the temperature range of 4500 C to 8000C for 30.....

Keyword: DTA, XRD, VSM, Activation energy,Lattice Parameter and Curie Temperature

[1]. Mohammad MahmuduzzamanTawhid, Sujit Kumar Shil, Mohammad TahmidShihab, ShibendraShekherSikder, Mohammad
Abdul gofur, "The Crystallization Kinetics, Structural and Magnetic Properties of Amorphous Ribbon as Affected by Annealing" ;
American Journal of nanoreasearch and Application.Vol6,No.3, ,pp.60-66, 2018.
[2]. KaziHanium Maria, Mondal S. P, ShamimaChowdhury, Sikder S. S, Hakim M. A. and Saha D. K; "Effect of annealing temperature
on the soft magnetic properties of Fe75.5Cu1Nb1Si13.5B9 Amorphous alloys", Journal Emerging Trends sciences (JETEAS), 2 (i), 102
- 108, 2011
[3]. Kulik T., Hernando A. and Vasquez M.; "Correlation between structure and the magnetic properties of amorphous and
nanocrystalline Fe73.5Cu1Nb3Si22.5-XB9 [X = Cu, Ag & Au] alloys", J. Magn. Magn.Mater., 133, 310, 1994.
[4]. Jing Zhi, Kai-Yuan He, Li-Zhi Cheng and Yu-Jan Fu; "Influence of the elements Si/B on the structure and magnetic properties of
nanocrystalline (Fe,Cu,Nb)73.5SiXB22-X [X = Cu, Ag & Au] alloys"; J. Magn. Magn.Matter 9, 153 315, 1996.
[5]. Kane S. N, Sarabhai S., Gupta A., Varga L. K, Kulit T.; "Effect of quenching rate on crystallization in Fe73.5Cu1Nb3Si22.5-XB9
alloys"; J. Magn. Magn.Mater., 215-216, 372, 2000.

ABSTRACT: Structural and magnetic properties of Al substituted Li0.8Ni0.1Zn0.5AlxFe2-xO4 ferrites (x=0.0-0.40 in steps of 0.10) prepared by solid state reaction technique have been investigated. Characterization and phase identification of the samples were performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The formation of cubic spinel structure without any secondary phase was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. Lattice constant of the compositions decreased with the addition of Al content obeying Vegard's law. The average crystallite size of the samples calculated using Debye-Scherrer equation varied in the range of 19 nm-73 nm. Also, theoretical and bulk density decreased with the substitution of Al content. Besides, porosity showed opposite trend. The real part of initial permeability of the samples....

Keyword: Nanocrystalline magnetic materials; X-ray diffraction; Particle size,Magnetic properties

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ABSTRACT:A simple model for the temperature dependence of the Fowler-Nordheim carrier tunnelling current through the silicon dioxide in a metal-oxide-semiconductor device in accumulation or inversion is proposed.
The model is based on the premise that the average energy of the electrons in the oxide change exponentially because the number of electrons in the oxide change exponentially due to ionization at high fields giving a
multiplication factor for the carrier tunnelling current. The electron barrier heights or the conduction band offsets in a 4H-SiC MOS device have been computed from the equation for the model at temperatures ranging
from 10 K to 698 K. These have been compared with the experimentally observed barrier heights on commercial n-channel 4H-SiC MOSFETs in inversion. The change in barrier height with temperature is found
to be -2.9 x 10-4 eV/K from the model and -6.86 x 10-4 eV/K from the commercial MOSFETs. The difference is attributed to the inaccurate calculation of the oxide field in the commercial MOSFETs. Similar behaviour is
observed in a Si MOS device of an earlier study.

Keywords: Barrier height, Fowler-Nordheim, Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor, Silicon Carbide, Temperature.

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[3]. H. Okumura, "Present status and future prospects of widegap semiconductor high-power devices", Jpn. J. of Appl. Physics,
2006;45(10A):7565-7586.
[4]. B.J. Baliga, "Power semiconductor device figure of merit for high-frequency applications", IEEE EDL, 1989;10(10):455-457.
[5]. K. Shenai, "The figure of merit of a semiconductor power electronics switch", IEEE Trans. On ED, 2018;65(10):4216-4224

ABSTRACT: Germanium crystal in anHPGe detector containsan inactive layer known as a dead-layer. The influence of this layer on the efficiency of the detection is investigated with the aid of the general Monte Carlo N-Particle Code (MCNP5 version).Monte Carlo calculations using the MCNP5 code are carried out to estimate the Full Energy Peak Efficiency (FEPE)ateight different values of the dead-layer thickness, in the range from 0 mm to 0.7 mm and a 1 mm step-size.Obtained MCNP5 results indicated that the maximum change of the FEPE is observed at low energies, where a change in the thickness of the dead-layer by 0.1 mm causes a relative difference of about 2.35 % at the ɤ-energy line 122.1 KeV, while it causes a relative difference of about 0.9 % at 1332.5 KeV. Experimental measurements are carried out using a set of standard point-like sources, including 57Co, 137Cs, 22Na, and 60Co, to determine the FEPEfor five ɤ-energiesin the range from 122 to 1333 KeVat 5 cm source-to-detector distance.......

Keywords: Germanium crystal; dead-layer; HPGe detector; Detection efficiency; full energy peak efficiency; MCNP5code; gamma-ray

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[2]. P. MCCLELLAND and V. LEWIS, Editors, Measurement Good Practice Guide No. 34, RadiometricNon-Destructive Assay, 2003.
[3]. E. Andreotti et al, ―Determination of dead-layer variation in HPGe detectors‖,Applied Radiation and Isotopes 87 (2014) 331–335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.11.046
[4]. Loan, T.T.H., Ba, V.N., Thy, T.H.N. et al. Determination of the dead-layer thickness for both p- and n-type HPGe detectors using the two-line method. J RadioanalNuclChem 315, 95–101 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-017-5637-8
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ABSTRACT: For cosmic radiation emerging from cosmic rays, the high energy particles is originating outside the solar system.The flux of incoming Cosmic Rays at the upper atmosphere is dependent on the Solar Activity. The influence of Solar Variability on Earth's climate requires a solar variability, solar –terrestrial interactions and mechanisms determining the response of the Earth's climate system, including solar irradiance variations on both decadal and centennial time scales and their relation to galactic cosmic rays. Cosmic Rays are also responsible for the continuous production of a number of unstable isotopes in Earth's atmosphere. It can be used for validating magnetospheric field models during very severe storms.Measurements of the energy and arrival directions of the ultra-high-energy......

Keywords: Cosmic Radiation, Solar Variability, Global Climate,Airbourne particles

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[5]. Laken, B., and J. Calogovic (2013), Composite analysis with Monte Carlo method: An example with cosmic rays and clouds, J. Space Weather Space Clim., 3, A29, doi:10.1051/swsc/2013051, in press.

ABSTRACT: Absorption coefficients from QT and QL propagation of signal frequency in equatorial ionosphere at sunset have been investigated. Non-deviative and deviative absorption have been identified with known refractive index. Using sunset data, absorption coefficients decrease as the sunset moves into night indicating that absorption coefficients depend on solar intensity. The relationship between electron density, N and the absorption coefficient, K is less of a logarithmic and more of a moving average.

Keywords: Absorption, Quasi-Longitudinal (QL), Quasi-Transverse (QT)

[1]. Nathaniel, E. U., Thomas, J. E. and Akpan, S. S. Analysis of the sunset equatorial ionosphere using absorption data. J. of Applied Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 7, ISSN: 2455-6653, 2020.
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ABSTRACT:Regardless of the accreditation of the reliably making issue, for the most part inescapableness of microbial pollutions and related thriving concerns continue to cause any sort of harm, achieving extended cases of postponed affliction and death. This is demolished by creating antimicrobial resistance that presents threats to the convincing supposition and treatment of microbial burdens. With this concern, different standard or arranged compounds are truly researched for their ampleness in battling microorganisms.
The eugenol is killed from various plants, for instance, cloves, lemon grass, tulsi and cinnamon through different strategies for extraction......

Keywords: Eugenol, Carvacrol, Microbial

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[3]. Hussain A, Brahmbhatt K, Priyani A, Ahmed M, Rizvi TA, Sharma C. Eugenol enhances the chemotherapeutic potential of gemcitabine and induces anticarcinogenic and anti-inflammatory activity in human cervical cancer cells. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2011;26:519-27.
[4]. Jaganathan SK, Supriyanto E. Antiproliferative and molecular mechanism of eugenol-induced apoptosis in cancer cells. Molecules 2012;17:6290-304.
[5]. Al-Sharif I, Remmal A, Aboussekhra A. Eugenol triggers apoptosis in breast cancer cells through E2F1/survivin down-regulation. BMC Cancer 2013;13:600.