IOSR-JAVS   Volume-2 ~ Issue-5 ~ MAR-APR-2013

ABSTRACT: Sixteen species of Spirogyra Link 1820 (Zygnemophyceae, Chlorophyceae) were collected during 2008 to 2010 from different freshwater habitats of three districts of Jammu province viz., Samba district, Jammu district and Udhampur district. They were taxonomically determined on the basis of vegetative structure and reproductive structure. Their reproduction was mostly studied during winters and spring seasons. Both lateral conjugation and scalar form conjugation were observed. The scalariform conjugation was most common type of conjugation method among species. S. calcarea, S rectispire, S submarina, S hollandiae and S buchetii were taxonomically determined and have been described for first time in India and Jammu. Their reproduction was observed to occur mostly in winter and spring season. All sixteen species were found abundantly in both lentic and lotic water habitat.

Key words: Spirogyra, Vegetative Structure, Reproductive structure, Lateral conjugation, Scalariform conjugation, morpho-taxonomic, lentic and lotic water bodies.

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ABSTRACT: For the estimation of mid-parent and better-parent heterosis in Linum usitatissimum L. genotypes an experiment was conducted at Department of Agricultural Botany, College of Agriculture, Nagpur during 2009-10 and 2010-11 using line x tester analysis. All the 60 F1 hybrids and their parents (20 males + 3 females) were planted in a randomized complete block design with two replications. Out of 60 hybrids, significant negative mid-parent and better-parent heterosis were estimated in 9 and 21 hybrids for plant height, in 20 and 35 hybrids for days to 50% flowering, in 18 and 30 crosses for days to physiological maturity and in 10 and 22 crosses for budfly (Dasyneuralini) infestation, in 17 and 32 crosses for alternaria blight (Alternarialini) respectively. Positive significant heterosiswere estimated in 51 and 41 crosses for number of branches plant-1. However, significant positive mid -parent and better-parent heterosis were recorded in 57 and 55 hybrids for no of capsule plant-1, in 39 and 20 hybrids for 1000 seed weight, in 45 and 34 hybrids for yield plant-1 respectively. Among parents, Karthika, ACC NO 4/47, PKVNL-260, EC-9825 and GS-234 proved to be superior when used as parents in most of the hybrid combinations. Maximum positive significant heterosis over better-parent were observed in crosses Padmini x ACCNO4/47, Karthika x JRF-5, Padmini x LCK-8605, PKVNL-260 x ACCNO4/47, PKVNL-260 x Eita and Karthika x EC-9825 for early flowering and plant height, branches plant-1, days to physiological maturity, yield plant-1, number of capsules plant-1 and 1000 seed weight respectively. From present experiment crosses PKVNL-260 x ES-44 and PKVL-260 x EC-9825 were found best for budfly infestation and alternaria infestation respectively.

Keywords: heterosis; mid-parent; better-parent; Linum usitatissimum; Line x Tester analysis

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[9]. Mishra, V.K., M. Rai, 1993. The Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding Volume 53: 161-164
[10]. Naushad Ali Turi1 et al., 2006; Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science.1: 6-10

ABSTRACT: Seed quality of wheat is a vital issue for nutritional purpose. Deficiency of amino acids and proteins, etc. may lead to malnutrition in human. The results suggest that superiority of bread wheat seeds obtained from most common local varieties of Sindh, which are commonly consumed for flour/chapatti, cake and biscuits making. The seeds of three wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties T.J-83, Anmol-91 and SKD-1 were checked for amino acids, pH, EC and moisture content, amino-acids were determined by thin layer chromatography. Almost all the varieties showed optimum pH values but the little variation has been observed in Anmol-91 (6.78). Higher conductivity readings were also noted in T.J-83 as compared to other varieties. Arginine, glycine, hydroxyproline, histidine, -phenylalanine and were noted in, Anmol-91 and SKD-1 varieties, respectively. However, maximum quantity of known amino acids as well as un-known amino acids was recorded from both T.J-83 and SKD-1 varieties, respectively. Seeds obtained from all varieties had higher moisture content than T.J-83.

Keywords: amino acids, chromatography, Triticum aestivum L., wheat seeds.

[1] FAO, FAO outlook. Food and Agricultural Organization of United Nations, Rome, May No.2, 2002, pp. 36.

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[5] Umrani, J.H and V.M. Pahoja. (2013). Biochemical properties of wheat varieties of Sindh. Sci., Int (Lahore), 25(1): 111-114.

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ABSTRACT: Despite the numerous records on the productidon, processing and marketing of cassava in Ebonyi State, Nigeria, there seems to exist no empirical record on the production and gender factors challenges affecting the production of the product in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. The study specifically identified and analysed those gender related factors affecting cassava production in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. The study adopted a combination of multi-stage and purposive sampling techniques in the selection and collection of data from120 male and 120 female cassava farmers. Data collected were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics in line with objectives of the study. Analysis of the data collected shows that at P ≤ 0.05, the income level, access to market, equipment and appropriate technology, level of education, access to eucation, access to extension services, and technology and training were the identified challenges to cassava production. Similarly, the income level of women, the poor entrepreneurial attitude of women, poor access to technology and training, women gender, poor access of women to western education, their poor access to production capital, and access to market were identified to have strong effect significance as being significant on the production of cassava in the area. The study further revealed that women produce much of the product in the State, cultivating an average of 4.1 hectares against the 2.5 hectares cultivated by the male gender. Again, majority of the women (58.3%) grow the crop as mono crop while 36.4% of the male gender grew the crop as mono crop. Based on the study recommended appropriate lending mechanisms to enhance gender participation in cassava production in the State, establishment of effective marketing system that will safe and adequate delivery of the product from the point production to incentive driven areas.

Key words: Gender, factor, challenges, cassava, production.

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[2]. Ezedinma, C., Dixon, A. G. O., Sanni, L., Okechukwu, R., Akoroda, M., Lemehi, J. Ogbe, F. and Okoro. E. 2006. Trends in Cassava Production and Commercialization in Nigeria. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture.
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[4]. Makarau, B. S., Garba, A. O., Zagi, I., and Shekari, K. C. 2011. Constraints to cassava processingamong rural women in Zangon Kataf LGA OF Kaduna State, Nigeria. Proceeding of the 25th conference of Farm Management Association of Nigeria. Pp. 228 – 233.
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[8]. Nwibo, S. U. Ezike, K. N. N. and Odoh, N. E. 2011. Cassava production, commercialization and value addition. Proceeding of the 25th conference of Farm Management Association of Nigeria. Pp. 173 - 179

ABSTRACT: The ruminant animals may be considered as the foundation of animal agriculture because they served mankind all the way through many millennia. They are best adapted to utilize the fibrous feed components. Lignocellulose will therefore always be important in ruminant diets, and even in intensive systems is incorporated into the ration because it is both economical and necessary for normal healthy rumen function. Improvement in the ability of the rumen microbiota to degrade plant cell wall is generally highly desirable and usually leads to improved animal performance. The symbiosis between animal and microbe in the rumen allows for a cooperative system in which both the host and animal derive a benefit. The rumen is a capacious pre-gastric fermentation chamber that sustains a rich community of microorganisms that rapidly colonize and digest feed particles. The end products of this fermentation are fatty acids, which form a major metabolic fuel for the ruminant and microbial cells that are a major source of protein and amino acids when absorbed in the lower digestive tract of the animal. Tropical buffaloes can grow properly with low quality roughage, agricultural and industrial waste with basic structure high lignocellulose as main energy source. On the other hand, conversion of feed crude fiber to animal product was not optimum in intensive animal farming (especially dairy cattle and buffaloes). Only 15-45% energy from crude fiber can be used, while 20-70% undigested cellulose were carried out with faeces. This is because the ruminal digestion of plant cell walls are not complete.

Keywords :- Fiber degradation, Buffalo calves, rumen metabolites.

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ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper is to assess the availability of food to poor and nutritional situation of national households. The growth of production of food grains is 2.12 per cent in 2000-01 to 2010-11, where as in 1980s, 2.85 per cent and overall growth in area of food grains has increased from 0.23 per cent in 1980s to 0.37 per cent in 2000-01 to 2010-11. But, subsequent declines can be observed in area and production of coarse cereals, pulses and total fibres. In addition, total investment on agriculture and allied Sectors has increased from Rs.90710 crore in 2006-07 to Rs.133377 crore in 2009-10. In the contest of per capita net availability of food grains have been increased by around10 per cent over the last 56 years. And India's hunger index declines from 24.1 to 23.7 registering a decline of just 1.7% in the period of 2001 to 2011 and all India average for malnourished children is 47% in 2005-06. However, essential efforts to cope a food production with the population growth and remained self sufficient in food, establishment of adequate buffer stocks has ensured availability of food stuffs within affordable cost even during the times of drought and sustainable intensification of agricultural production.

Keywords: food security, malnutrition, Investments on agriculture, Buffer stocks, Procurement prices

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ABSTRACT:Field surveys conducted at Gulmarg, Kashmir during the years of 2006-08 revealed presence of 31 butterfly species distributed in 8 families and 27 genera. During the present preliminary field investigations documented for the first time the dominant family was found to be Nymphalidae (36%) followed by Pieridae (23%), Satyridae (19%), Lycaenidae (10%) whereas Danaidae, Hesperiidae, Libytheidae and Papilionidae were represented by 3% each. The butterflies were active from April to November and highest distribution was in summer season. Diversity was calculated by Shannon-Weiner, Simpson and Margalaf's diversity indices and the values obtained by these indices indicated that the area is rich in butterfly diversity. However, human pressure due to tremendous flow of tourists was found a major threat to the environment of the area. 11 host-plants distributed in 8 families and 11 genera are being reported for the first time and highest number of butterflies visited the members of Asteraceae.

Key Words: Gulmarg, Kashmir Valley, butterflies, distribution, diversity indices, host plants.

[1] Anonymous, 2009. Indicators of Regional Development 2007-08. Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning and Development Department, Government of Jammu and Kashmir. pp109.

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ABSTRACT:The leafy spruge hawk moth H.euphorbiae is monophagous insect feed on different species of the genus Euphorbia . The biology of H. euphorbiae was studied in detail during May to November under laboratory conditions. The development of egg, larva, pre-pupa and pupal periods occupied 9.42±1.65, 20.31±2.08, 2.67±0.37 and 57.10±5.97 days, respectively. Total life cycle was 89.5±10.1.The sex of H. euphorbiae can be determined during pupal stage, in the male there are two small points at the fifth segment, while in females there's a line at the same position. Adults became active in the night .All mating observed among caged adults occurred at night. The longevity of the female ranged from 11-16 days with an average of 13.86± 1.73,while in case of male it was 8-11 days with an average of 10.55±1.00

Keywords - Hyles euphorbiae, Euphorbia macrocalda

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ABSTRACT: The present study was conducted at Livestock Research Station, Palamaner, Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh to estimate female reproductive hormone values in Punganur cattle. The blood samples were collected from the twelve Punganur cows on 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21 days of estrous cycle. The serum was separated from the blood samples and was transferred into sterile eppendorf tubes, labeled and stored in deep freeze (-20 oC) until hormonal assay for progesterone and estrogen was carried out. The estrogen level (ng/ml) in Punganur cows during estrus cycle was significantly higher (P<0.01) on '0' day (20.24) and decreased upto 15th days (12.36) and thereafter gradually increased to a level of 22.58 on day '00'.The mean progesterone level (ng/ml) in Punganur cows during estrus cycle increased significantly (P<0.01) upto 15th day of estrus cycle and gradually decreased thereafter with the values ranging from 0.43 ('0' day) to 10.66 (15th day) and from 8.64 (18th day) to 0.34 (day 00).

Key words: Punganur cow, estrus cycle and hormones

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ABSTRACT: Effective communication links among researchers, extension workers, input agencies and farmers will enable new technologies and management practices to be suitably adapted to local conditions. Thus, this study analyzed the organizational characteristics and organizational commitment of extension workers in the Edo State ADP. Specifically, the study examined the social and economic characteristics of extension workers and their commitment to Edo State ADP and described the organizational characteristics of the Edo State ADP. Data used in this study were obtained from 119 extension workers randomly selected from the various 6 units constituting the administrative structure of the Edo State ADP using structured questionnaire. Percentages, mean scores and correlation statistics were used to analyze data obtained in the course of the study. Results showed that most (84%) of the extension workers were married, indicating that the Edo State ADP extension workers were family men and women. About 60% of the respondents were holders of tertiary school certificate, occupying positions ranging from grade level 6 to 10 and some (33%) of them have been in the service of Edo State ADP between 16 and 20 years. More than half (53%) of the extension staff said that there was high intra-organizational relationship which implied that there was enhanced chain of communication among extension staff units in the Edo State ADP. Most (86%) of the extension workers in Edo State received either in-house or external training sponsored by the extension service. Majority (mean = 4.20) of the extension workers exhibited high commitment to the Edo State ADP extension service. Keywords: Organizational characteristics, organizational commitment, extension workers, ADP.

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ABSTRACT: India is the highest milk producer in the world, but the per capita availability of milk still remains half of the world average. One of the reasons for low productivity is poor animal health, particularly mastitis, which is single largest problem in dairy animal in terms of economical loses in India. Mastitis destroys the milk secreting cells. Scar or connective tissue replaces the milk secreting tissue, resulting in a permanent loss of productive ability. Mastitis is a multietiological disease wherein about 95 % of reported cases are caused by Staphylococcus. In this study plasmid DNA of the strain was isolated and the antibiotic sensitivity was done for strain with plasmid and without plasmid in order to found genetic impact of bovine mastitis.

Keywords – antibiotic sensitivity, bovine mastitis, plasmid curing, pathogen, Staphylococcus

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ABSTRACT: A central issue around which the recent growth literature has evolved is that of sustainable development. In this perspective, expansions of interest in the analyzing of water resources and the problems to which they are applied should be taken in account. As considered a limiting factor for economic development, water management requires special attention. So, undertaking development of sustainable solutions to 21st century water resource problems becomes a strategic imperative. But, this is combined with some problems relating to the management of water. This article attempts to further analysis of the role of innovation for a better management of irrigation water. It takes into account all potential forms of technological innovation for sustainable development. This analysis is supporting a questionnaire on irrigation practices targeting fifty farmers in the region of Sadaguia. For this purpose, this paper tries to give some possible reflections that help us to develop the analytical tool that may help us to improving the way towards the amplification of the analysis paradigm.

Keywords - sustainable development, water resources, irrigation, innovation, Sadaguia.

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[2] M. Moumen, Utilisation rationnelle des eaux d'irrigation : reconversion de l'aspersion en localisée dans le Lukkos, (2003), Revue H.T.E, n°125.
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[5] Z. Al Atiri, Alimentation en Eau potable des zones rurales : impact des programmes d'AEP (alimentation en eau potable) et de PPI (périmètre public irrigué) sur la vie des femmes en Milieu rural en Tunisie, (2008), colloque AQUASTRESS.ToT course, Tunisia, may 2008.
[6] CAWTAR, Regional Conference on Water Governance Sharing experiences between OECD and Arab Countries, (2009), Tunis, 8-9 July 2009.
[7] A. Slama A. IFAD, Experience in Participatory Irrigation Management in the NENA Region, Forum on Decentralization and Participatory Irrigation Management, Cairo, (2003), Egypt 2-4 February 2003.
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[10] UNDP (United Nations Development Program), Dialogue on Effective Water Governance, (2002), Update.

ABSTRACT: Irrigation is the basic input for the development of agriculture from subsistence to the commercial one. The progress made by the country in respect of creation of irrigation potential and its utilisation is very dismal. The actual utilisation of the available potential is less than 80 per cent, leaving a huge gap between creation and utilisation of the irrigation potential. The main causes of under utilisation of irrigation potential include incomplete land development works, non-maintenance of distribution system, heavy transit and seepage losses, water logging and salinity, unrealistic cropping pattern, and inadequate supply of credit and other farm inputs. There are various measures suggested for conjunctive and judicial use of irrigation water such as lining of canal and distribution system, reduction in transit and seepage losses, use of micro irrigation methods, implementation of rotational water supply system, and harvesting of rain water.

Keywords: Irrigation potential, potential created, irrigated area, transit losses, seepages, micro irrigation, and rotational water supply system.

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[2]. Report of Irrigation Commission, Ministry of Irrigation and Power, Government of India, New Delhi, Vol. I, p.66.
[3]. India infrastructure Report 2011, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2011, p.3.
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[8]. Report of the Study Group for Suggesting Measures to Improve Utilisation of irrigation Potential , Irrigation Department, Government of Maharashtra, Mumbai, 1986, 35-37.
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[10]. Ibid, p.9.

ABSTRACT:In a pot experiment the responses of berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) var. Khadhraoui to the defoliation heights (2.5 -5 -7.5 and 10cm) were evaluated in terms of shoot and root growth, K+, Ca2+ and P inorganic uptake and soluble carbohydrates. Plants were grown in green house under natural light and temperature. The experimental was conducted using a complete randomized block design with 4 repetitions. Berseem was defoliated when plants achieved 50cm of height. Results showed that the cumulative dry material varies with the defoliation height. In the sixth harvest treatment, DM under the 5cm cutting height was significantly higher than in the other treatments. The leaf area (LA) per plant showed a depressive effect of the extreme defoliations: shorter (2.5cm) and higher (10cm), while the cutting heights at 5 and 7.5cm present a LA appreciably similar. The specific leaf area (SLA) decreases with the increase in the defoliation heights and a significant difference is observed between plants defoliated at 2.5 and 5cm, on one hand and those harvested at 7.5 and 10cm, on the other hand. The Stem/Leave ratio is a good index for the appreciation of fodder quality. Indeed, the defoliation heights at 2.5 and 5cm have a fodder quality better than those defoliated at 7.5 and 10cm. Compared to the other treatments, the Shoot/Root ratio under the defoliation height of 5cm was the lowest. K+ content in roots, stems and leaves decreased with the increase in the defoliation heights. Calcium content was not affected by the defoliation heights. The phosphorus decreased significantly with the cutting heights and the time of the harvest in the three organs of the berseem Khadhraoui. The soluble sugar contents in roots, stems and leaves of the berseem showed a severe decline in the root system. Results suggest that soluble carbohydrate reserves in roots can support plants regrowth after defoliation.

Keywords: Berseem, Calcium, Defoliation height, Growth parameters, Phosphorus, Potassium, Soluble carbohydrates.

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