IOSR-JBM   Volume-16 ~ Issue-11 ~ Nov. 2014

Abstract: The Paper Addressed Six Sigma And Business Environment In Nigeria. Process Improvements Are Actions Taken For Improving Organizational Processes, The Need For Making Process Improvements Continually Is Imperative For The Survival Of Organizations Because Of The Need To Respond Rapidly To Ever-Changing Environments In The Face Of Stiff Competition. The Paper Examined The Environmental Influence On The Application Of Six Sigma Strategy In Nigeria. The Survey Method Was Adopted. The Instrument For Data Collection Was Built On A Likert-Scale System. The Questionnaire Has A Reliability Coefficient (R) Value Tested With Cronbach's Alpha Statistics. Based On The Findings Of The Paper, It Is Discovered That Six Sigma Adds Significant Value To The Organization That Adopt The Strategy. The Study Also Revealed That The Environmental Factors Positively Affect The Application Of Six Sigma Strategy In Nigeria. Six Sigma Strategy Could Be Better Implemented And Better Result Achieved When Environment Is Conducive Than When It Is Not. The Paper Recommends That Government Should Create A Conducive Business Environment For The Application Of Six Sigma. Also Managers In The Sectors Should Constantly Review Or Scan The Environment Should Be Encouraged To Avoid The Unforeseeable Troubles

[1]. Beer, M.. Voelpel. S. C.: Leihold. M., & Tekie. K. Ii. (2005). Strategic Management As Organizational Learning: Developing Fit And Alignment Through A Disciplined Process. Long Range Planning. 38(5).
[2]. Betts, M. (1994) "Reengineering Construction : A New Management Research Agenda", Construction Management And Economic, Vol. 4.
[3]. Bhuiyan, N. & Baghel, A. (2005). An Overview Of Continuous Improvement: From The Past To The Present. Management Decision, 43(5).
[4]. Boer, H. & Gertsen, F. (2003). From Continous Improvement To Continous Innovation: A (Retro) (Per)Spective. International Journal Of Technology Management, 26(8).
[5]. Brown. S. & Blackmon, K. (2005). Aligning Manufacturing Strategy And Business-Level Competitive Strategy In New Competitive Environments: The Case For Strategic Resonance. Journal Of Management Studies, 42(4).

Abstract: Until December 24th 1970 when the Nigerian Copyright Act came into operation, the Nigerian copyright is being governed by the English Copyright Act of 1911 which was made applicable to Nigeria by virtue of an order- in-council No.912 of June 24, 1912. The shortcoming of the 1970 Act gave birth to the copyright Act 1988 which was further amended in 1992 and 1999. However, the copyright Act CAP C28 laws of Federation of Nigeria 2004 is the current legislation which establishes a commendable institutional framework and foremost agent in the fight against piracy and for the enthronement of effective and efficient copy right legal regime. The discourse within the purview of this paper is to dissect legal provisions that empower this institutional infrastructure with a view to understanding its prospects and challenges and the possible area of reforms.

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Abstract: India is a federal country comprising 29 States and seven Union Territories. It gained independence in 1947. After following relatively inward-looking economic policies for several decades since gaining independence, India adopted an open economy- open-society strategy of economic growth in 1991, with the aim of integrating with the world economy in a market-consistent manner (Kelkar, 2004). As India addresses the challenges of the twenty-first century and manages its rise globally, constructing and implementing a modern social security system represents one of its major imperatives. A modern social security system can enable India to cushion the burden on workers of restructuring public and private organizations; to increase the legitimacy of further reforms; and to encourage individuals and firms to engage in entrepreneurship and make creative career choices. All three are essential for India to emerge as a resilient knowledge-driven economy and society. The purpose of this paper is to understand the investment pattern for security against risk of uncertainty of an individual depending upon different demographics.

Key words: Social security, individuals, investment pattern, LIC (Life insurance Policy).

[1]. "Women and Individual social Security accounts in Chile, Australia and UK", Sophie M Korczyk, Phd Analytical Services (2003)
[2]. Thailand, Social Security Office, Benefits of insured persons, (2010). www.sso.go.th/wpr/category.jsp?lang=th&cat=109 (in Thai).
[3]. Markowski, A. and Palmer E. (1979), "Social Insurance and Saving in Sweden". In von
[4]. Furstenberg, G. M. (ed.) Social Security versus Private Saving in Postindustrial Democracies, Vol. Ballinger. Cambridge, Mass.
[5]. Eriksen, T. And Palmer, E. (1994). "The Deterioration of the Swedish Pension System" in Ditch, J. Glennmerster, H and Hills, J. (eds.) Beveridge and Social Security 50 Years On. Oxford University Press. Oxford

Abstract: As staff at Japanese-style hotel must provide meticulous hospitality, the way staff members are allocated can have a significant effect on the evaluation of the hotel. In order to increase customer satisfaction, it is absolutely vital that the allocation of staff takes such factors into account to prevent the quality of service from deteriorating. Additionally, as customer preferences differ depending on the customer, it is also necessary to quickly and effectively allocate staff based on customer information. At the same time, staff allocation must also take into account both CS and employment costs.Thus, this research investigates the hospitality provided at high-class Japanese-style hotel and proposesa staff allocation methodusing mathematical programming to take into account employment costs and CS. This allocation method enables the optimum staff to be allocated for each situation, and also allows for unexpected changes.

Keywords: Services in guest rooms, Staff allocation, Mathematical programming

[1] M.A. Spinelli, and G.C. Canavos, Investigating the relationship between employee satisfaction and guest satisfaction, The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 41(6), 2000, 29–33
[2] M.D. Hartline, and K.C. Jones, Employee performance cues in a hotel service environment: Influence on perceived service quality, value, and word-of-mouth intentions,Journal of Business Research, 35(3), 1996, 207–215
[3] D. Okihara, M. Nakamura, and K. Amasaka,Establishment of a staff allocation method reflecting customer information: example of services in guest rooms at Japanese-style hotel, Proc. The Fourth International Symposium on Operations Management and Strategy, Yokohama, 2014, 25.
[4] A.T. Ernst, H. Jiang, M. Krishnamoorhty, and D. Sier, Staff scheduling and rostering: A review of application, methods and models, European Journal of Operational Research, 153(1), 2004, 3-27
[5] G.C. Christina, and G. Dogan, Employee satisfaction, customer satisfaction, and financial performance, an empirical examination, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28(2), 2009, 245-253

Abstract: This study examined the quality of accounting graduates based on a survey of employers in Nigeria. The study was prompted by a perceived gap between the skills possessed by accounting graduates and the skills needed by employers. Specifically, the study investigated the private and public sectors perception of the quality of accounting graduates for skills required by employers, whether educational institutions provided the skills most vital to the graduates and as needed by employers and employers' perception of the differences among the accounting graduates. The study adopted a survey research design method. The population of the study consisted of all private and public business enterprises in the area. Sample for the study consisted of 350 respondents made up of 225 and 125 private and public business enterprises, respectively. Data were collected through the use of copies of well structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics of frequency, rated mean and mean rankings were used in analyzing the data. The hypotheses were tested using student t-distribution statistics with the aid of a MINTAB Student computer software. The findings of the study showed that today's accounting graduates were computer literate and possessed insufficiency of skills in accounting procedures and principles, as well as initiatives. More so the study found out that there were significant differences between the private and public employers' perception of the quality of accounting graduates, in the quality of accounting graduates as needed by the private and public employers and in the skills most vital to accounting graduates as perceived by the private and public employers. Based on the findings of this study, it was recommended that the National Universities commission and other agencies should work in synergy with the business world to get the latest input on business developments and requirements, which can be achieved by organizing trainings and workshops

[1]. Adamu and Dandago (2013). Assessment of Views of business education graduates on the effect of technological advancement on their employment in Nigeria labour market. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 2(3).
[2]. Ahmed, I. (2009). Guide to career development in Nigeria. Unpublished paper presentation at Career Day held at Government Secondary School Gadabuke on 20 August.
[3]. Aziza, Elham, Bahrain, and Manaf (2000). Employers perception of the quality of accounting graduates in Malaysia: A paper presented at the seminar on Accounting and Information Technology Convention Center, University Utara Malaysia.
[4]. Bennis, W.G. and O'Toole, J. (2005). How business schools lost their way. Harvard business review, 82(5).

[5]. Cook, E.D. and Finch, B. (1994). Qualities employers seek in new accounting employees. Journal of Education for Business, 71, pp.263-266.

Abstract:The word ``statistics`` has various meanings, all of which are important to us. It can be used to denote
numerical data themselves or aggregate obtained from the data e.g. Proportions, averages, that is why we talk of
agriculture statistics, industrial statistics, business statistics etc.
Oxford advance learner's dictionary, 6th edition defines statistics as a collection of information shown
in numbers. E.g unemployment statistics, crime statistics etc.
Statistics may be also used to designate course of study, which indicates the proper method of
collecting, presenting, analyzing and interpretation of numerical data which vary (from time to time, place to
place, person to person, material to material etc.)

[1]. Enudu, O. T. (2004). Introduction to Business Management: Johnkens and Willy Publications, Enugu.
[2]. Oyeka ,C .A. (2002), Elements of Applied Statistics, Cidac Publications, Enugu
[3]. Unamka .P.C. and Ewurum .U.J.F. (1995), Business Administration; Precision Printers and Publishers.
[4]. Fleming and Nelli, A. (1991). The Essence of Statistics for Business; Prentice Hall.
[5]. Edwin, W. (1986). A Guide to Business Performance Measurement, Macmillan.
[6]. Peter ,M. (1972) Risk in Business Decision Longman

Abstract: The advent of technology brought with it relative ease with which the banking industry transact their businesses especially as it relate to their numerous customers. One of such intricate technology is the introduction of the ATM. This technology has made customer's access to their cash relatively easy as well safe their time from endless queues. However, the ATM machine soon gave rise to certain problems being addressed in this research work. Loss of cash due to failed transactions at ATM across the country. Some people argue that just like any other technology, this one does not work in isolation. Other factors such as power, internet connectivity and so on needs to function optimally for ATM to deliver efficiently but while the debate goes on, customers are been affected negatively their by leading to apathy and discontent in the use of ATM especially in Damaturu metropolis .The research reveals that weak government policy as well as non challant attitudes of customer care services is to blame for the dwindling use of ATM in the country

[1]. Agboola, A. (2006) Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Banking Operations in Nigeria An Evaluation of recent experiences. Retrieved December 25, 2007.
[2]. Akpan, J. (2009) Cross Channel Integration and Optimization in Nigerian Banks Telnet Press release 20(1):1 – 4
[3]. Business Dailies 9/02/2011 – CBN Section Banks for ATM Infraction
[4]. CBN Guidelines on the use of ATM 2010
[5]. David, W.H. (1986), Marketing High Technology: An Insider's Review. New York: Free Press.
[6]. Fanawopo, S. (2006), World without Cash-Nigeria's Payment Card Grows Significantly. Retrieved October 15, 2007.

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to examine the significant factors influencing Malaysian university students' intentions to venture into business through entrepreneurship education. Malaysia is a developing nation has a high rate of unemployment among the young graduates emerging from the universities. The Malaysian government is taking great efforts in transforming into a knowledge-based economy, where the term 'entrepreneur' has been defined as one of its key elements. The problem is how to instil in the minds of students that they should venture into business instead seeking jobs. The literature probes into concepts and conceptualisations of the theories and has proposed a theoretical framework identifying the research issues and the research gap. The research design consists of developing a hypothetical framework with entrepreneurship education as the independent variables to test the dependent variable of entrepreneurial intentions. In addition, demographic characteristics, attitude factors and stakeholder support system factors act as mediating variables. The methodology employed is quantitative, which includes a random sample from final year students studying entrepreneurship as a subject curriculum from four entrepreneurial focused Malaysian universities. Data collection is proposed using questionnaire survey and analysed through SPSS version 22.0 and Structural Equation Modelling, AMOS version 22.0.

Keywords: Entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial intentionsstructural equation modelling

[1]. Matlay & Carey, Entrepreneurship education in the UK a longitudinal perspective, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 14(2), 252-63, 2007.
[2]. Collins, L., Hannon, P.D., Smith, A., Enacting entrepreneurial intent: the gap between student needs and higher education capability, Education & Training, 46(8/9), 454-463, 2004.
[3]. Katz, J.A., The chronology and intellectual trajectory of American entrepreneurship education, Journal of Business Venturing, 18(3), 283-300, 2003.
[4]. Fayolle, A., Handbook of Research in Entrepreneurship Education – A General Perspective Volume 1 Cheltenham (UK): Edward Elgar, 2007
[5]. Kuratko, D.F., The emergence of entrepreneurship education: development, trends and challenges, Entrepreeneurship Theory and Practice, 29(5), 577-597, 2005.

Abstract: In Thailand, logistics companies (3PL provider) in customer to customer (C2C) online market have been becoming important part of Thai transportation. Logistics companies have been always used to convey product between customers. Thus, the key factors for selecting C2C logistics companies in Thailand have influence to customer. This paper conducts a review of the literature on logistics provider to generate sub-key factors along with key factors. A questionnaire survey and in-depth interview with key stakeholder are conducted by comparison the key factors. The main objective of this paper is to examine the relative importance weight and ranking of key factors that have implication to decision-making of logistics provider's customer. In this paper, proposed a multiple approach to access alternative and help the decision-maker to evaluate the key factor of C2C logistics companies by FAHP. The FAHP is used to simplify numerical calculation of multiple criteria weight by integrating fuzzy Logic and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). In addition, based on the finding the priority of key factors and policy recommendation are provided to enable more effective criteria for selecting logistics companies in C2C online market.

Keywords: key factors, C2C logistics company, 3PL provider, fuzzy AHP, Thailand

[1] Barua, A., & Lee, B. (1997) An Economic Analysis of the Introduction of an Electronic Data Interchange System. Information System Research, 8, 1047- 7047.

[2] Boyson, S., Corsi, T., Dresner, M., & Rabinovich, E. (1999) Managing third party logistics relationships: what does it take. Journal of Business Logistics, 20(1), 73–100.

[3] Burt, S. and Sparks, W. (2003) E-commerce and the retail process: a review, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 10, 275-286.

[4] Buyukozkan, G., Feyzioglu, O., and Nebol, E. (2008) Selection of the strategic alliance partner in logistics value chain. International Journal Production Economics, 113,148 –158.

[5] Chang, H.L., and Yeh, C.C. (2005) Factors affecting the safety performance of bus companies-The experience of Taiwan bus deregulation. Safety Science, 43, 323–344.

Abstract: Corporate governance is increasingly becoming important in organization as an approach of improving performance. Corporate governance is the system through which organizations are directed and controlled. It is concerned with transparency, accountability and power relationship within and outside the organization. There has been an increasing importance in corporate governance in organizations in recent years. Some studies have argued for a positive relationship while others argued that there is a negative relationship between corporate governance and organizational performance. This study sought to determine the effect of corporate governance on organizational performance of sugar manufacturing firms in western Kenya. The research employed correlation survey design. The population of the study constituted of eleven sugar manufacturing firms in Western Kenya. A convenience sample of sugar manufacturing firms in Western Kenya was used for the study. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics was used to summarize the data. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between corporate governance and organizational performance of sugar manufacturing firms, multiple regression analysis was used to determine the effect of corporate governance on organizational performance. Findings revealed that the corporate governance practices were positively related to the performance of sugar manufacturing firms in western Kenya, although not very strongly (r = 0.587, p < 0.05). This means that the corporate governance practices which involve board characteristics, board size, Top management characteristics and Shareholders communication policy and Continuous disclosure had an impact on the performance of Sugar firms in Western Kenya. The study recommended that there are other factors which influence performance of sugar manufacturing firms such as trade liberation and government intervention which normally introduce new variables that have an effect on the performance of Sugar firms in Western Kenya. The study also recommended areas of further research.

Key Words: Corporate governance, Performance, Sugar firms

[1]. Abdullah, S. (2004), 'Board Composition, CEO Duality and Performance among Malaysian Listed Companies, ' Corporate Governance, 4(4), 47-61.
[2]. Abdullah, H. & Valentine, B. (2009). Fundamental and ethics theory of corporate governance Middle Eastern finance and economics 4, 88-96
[3]. Abhayawansa, S & Johnson, R.(2007). 'Corporate Governance Reforms in Developing Countries: Accountability versus Performance', in R Johnson (ed.), Reading in Auditing Volume 2, John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd, Milton,Qld, pp. 84-98.
[4]. Abor, J & Adjasi, C. (2007). Corporate governance and the Small and Medium Enterprises sector; theory and implications, corporate governance, International journal of business in society. 111-122
[5]. Abor, J & Biskpe ,N. (2005). Does Corporate Governance affect the Capital Structure decisions of Ghanian SME? (Working paper) University of Stellenbosch Business School, South Africa.

Abstract: This article contributes to the development of a national draft policy for the Micro and Small to Medium size Enterprises (MSME) for the Ministry of Small to Medium Enterprise and Cooperative Development of Zimbabwe. The focus of this study was to collect information to enhance existing strategies geared at effectively implementing MSME registration, licensing and operations. A survey incorporating observations and semi-structured interviews was conducted amongst fifty entrepreneurs running MSMEs at the Market Square; a City of Harare designated business area. Findings from this survey showed that the business entrepreneurs had no infrastructure to work from, as they have to work in the open and are exposed to the vagaries of the harsh weather conditions resulting in poor revenues. They are neither registered nor licensed. The findings of the study confirmed the importance of formulating MSME formalization strategies as recommended by 2012 Fin Scope Survey Report and the 1998 ILO Geneva Conference Recommendation 189. The study recommends incorporation of proposed strategies into the Ministry of Small and Medium Enterprises and Cooperative Development policy draft.

Keywords: Business and Enterprise Development, Entrepreneurship, Micro and Small to Medium size Enterprises

[1] Fin Scope Report (2012) http://www.finmark.org.za/wp-content/uploads/pubs/FinScope_Zimbabwe_Broch13FNL.pdf
[2] Small Enterprises Development Corporation Amendment (H.B.9,2010) Zimbabwe Government.
[3] http://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2014/02/
[4] http://in.linkedin.com/pub/msme-registration/38/4b0/801 visited 21/10/2014)
[5] (http://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2013/04/05/msme-finance-expanding-opportunities-and-creating-jobs
[6] Khrystyna, Mirmulstein and Romalho (2010) Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Around the World: How many are there And

Abstract: The objective of our research project is to focus & study on Premium Ice Cream segment in India. The project is divided in three parts; Premium Ice cream segment with respect to Amul Rich cream premium ice cream, with respect to national competitors and with respect to international brands. To analyse the market by analysing consumer behaviour and retailers who sale ice cream of different brands.The ice cream market in India is estimated to be around INR 3,000 Crores, of which over 40% belongs to the organized sector growing at about 15% Y-o-Y. Amul leads the pack with about 36-38% market share (5% of its total revenues), followed by Kwality Walls &Vadilal with about 12-14% share each. These players not only have to fight the small local and cottage industry players, but also the fact that the Indian cuisine itself offers a large variety of desserts which are still preferred by most Indians. Bulk of the sales happen during the summer months of April-July, while the sales witness a significant dip during winter months of November-February. Additionally, the seasonality of events like marriages affects sales in a big way, although institutional sales provide some cushion.

Keywords: Amul, Crème Rich, Magnum, Premium Ice Cream, Extrusion Bars.

[1]. Schiffman and Kannuk, Conumer Behaviour ,Publisher : Pearson 4th edition , (1991)
[2]. Chunnawala SSA , Compendium of Brand Management, Himalaya Publishing House Mumbai,(2004).
[3]. Marketing management ,Ramaswamy Namkumari , Himalaya Publishing House
[4]. Robert l Steiner ,"Does advertising lower consumer price ?"Journal of Marketing 37,no.4 Oct 1990.
[5]. www.amul.com
[6]. www.kwalitywalls.in

Abstract: Young generation especially students in Higher Education Institutions (HEI), needs to play a role in accomplishing government initiatives to foster social entrepreneurship culture in Malaysia. They must have an in-depth understanding of the concept before applying it in creating social enterprises. Social entrepreneurship development in this country is still at the beginning stage (General Entrepreneurship Monitor 2009, 2011). However its potential also contributes to sustainable and balanced environment in the community's quality of life. A strong belief in capability and determination must be anchored by the theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen, 1991), which is associated to the theory of cognitive learning (Bandura, 1977). This study focused on self-efficacy construct towards a strong belief in social goal and sustainability in handling the problem of marginalised group through social entrepreneurial activities. The objective of this survey was to test the validity of social entrepreneurial self-efficacy (SESE) instrument. Questionnaires were distributed to 321 students who were members of ENACTUS club in HEI all over Malaysia to gather their perception towards this study. This instrument was adapted from social entrepreneurial self-efficacy by Urban (2013) and was analysed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The result found that the loading factor was more than 0.70 and fit indices including goodness-of-fit of Relative Chi-Square was less than 0.50 with CFI, GFI, and TLI values were greater than 0.90 and RMSEA value was less than 0.08. Convergent validity with AVE was more than 0.54 and good construct reliability with Cronbach's alpha value was more than 0.83. More specifically, no violation of discriminant validity exists between social vision and sustainability of SESE instrument. The findings indicate that the SESE instrument met the psychometric characteristics from validity aspect and reliability to cultivate students' aspiration to become social entrepreneurs. The implications of the findings were discussed.

Keywords: Social entrepreneurial self-efficacy, social vision, sustainability, social entrepreneurship, ENACTUS, Malaysia

[1]. Ajzen, I., The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 1991, 179-211.
[2]. Alter, K., Social enterprise typology, 2007, Retrieved October 29, 2012 from http://www.virtueventures.com/files/setypology.pdf
[3]. Austin, J., Stevenson, H. & Wei-Skillern, J., Social and commercial entrepreneurship: same, different, or both? Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 30(1), 2006, 1-22.
[4]. Bagozzi, R.P. & Yi, Y., On the evaluation of structural equation models. Academy of Marketing Science, 16 (1), 1988, 74-94.
[5]. Bandura, A., Self-efficacy: towards a unifying theory of behavioural change. Psychological Review 84, 1977, 191-215.
[6]. Bandura, A., Social foundations of thought and action: a social cognitive theory (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1986).

Abstract: The study examined the socio-economic characteristics of the cooperatives, pattern of financial linkage between modern and traditional cooperatives with formal financial institutions and problems in linking the formal financial bodies and in mobilizing fund in the cooperatives. The study covered 36 cooperatives out of which were 18 modern and 18 traditional. These cooperatives were selected from 6 agricultural zones of Ebonyi and Enugu states. Thirty six loaders of the associations were purposively selected and 180 members of the cooperatives were samples in both formal and informal associations. Primary data were collected through the use of questionnaires designed differently for the leaders and members of both form of the cooperatives. The data were analyzed by using percentage and chi-square (X2) test. The findings of the study revealed that farmers, civil servants and petty traders dominated the two forms of the cooperatives and majority of these cooperatives were married and had formal education. The study showed that 67.8% traditional and 82.2% of modern cooperation fell within the middle aged group (31 – 50 years). The result further showed that the two forms of cooperatives differed in their linkage with formal financial institutions as 100% of modern and 44.4% of traditional cooperatives were linked with banks. Also 70% of modern and 42.2% of traditional cooperation patronize formal financial institutions. Finance, irregular contribution, lateness and absenteeism to meeting constituted impediment to mobilization of savings. The cooperatives differed significantly in their problems as X2 cal (27.33) was greater than X2 – tab (19.68). The study concludes that government should pass legislation for the promotion of linkage between the formal and informal financial institutions. On the other hand, modern cooperatives should be strengthened by incorporating some existing social mechanism obtainable in traditional associations so as to reduce the financial irregularities prevalent in modern cooperatives.

Keywords: Financial linkage, modern and traditional cooperatives.

[1]. Ijere, M.O. (1982). Directing or Nigerian cooperatives. University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
[2]. Kropp, E., M.T. Marx, B. Pramod, B.B. Quinones and H.D. Saibel (1989). Linking self help groups and banks in developing countries. Bangkok, Thailand: Asian and Pacific Regional Agricultural credit Association (APRACA).
[3]. Marty, D.K. (1985). "Achievement of Cooperative movement in India: Some Lessons for Nigeria". In: M.O. Ijere and A. Okorie (eds), fifty years of Nigerian cooperative movement. C.R.D.C., UNN.
[4]. Nga, G.C. (1992). "Commercial Banks and Agricultural Credit Financing in Nigeria: A case study of Anambra State". An unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Nigeria Nsukka.

Abstract: This study was on fuel wood consumption in Enugu State, Nigeria. The study examined the level of use of fuel wood, effect of socio-economic factors on fuel wood demanded and the problems being experienced by those that use the fuel wood. A cluster random sampling techniques was employed to select the fuel wood users in three urban centers of the State. A total of 120 fuel wood consumers were selected and used for the study. Data were collected through primary sources. The data were analyzed by the use of percentage and multiple regression analysis. The result of the study revealed that majority of the fuel wood consumers had low level of education, low income and were married with large sizes of household. The findings also showed that socio-economic variables that significantly affected fuel wood demand were household size (t = 2.968), income (t = 2.358), prices of fuel wood (t=3.255) and prices of fuel wood substitutes (t=5.668). Fuel wood was mostly used for cooking, heating, preservation and ironing. The result further indicated that large sizes of household use large quantities of fuel wood and kerosene as substitutes. The constraints of fuel wood consumption were high prices of fuel wood, health problems, lack of storage space and attraction or harmful insects such as scorpion. The study therefore advocates that there is need for government to reduce the prices of alternatives energy sources such as kerosene and also carryout poverty reduction programmers in order to increase the income of the low income group that are always associated with the usage of fuel wood.

Keywords: Cooking, Heating, Preservation, Ironing, Socio-economics and fuel wood.

[1]. Alan, B.B. (1996). The Economics of poverty. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
[2]. Chukwu, I. E. W. (2001). "Agricultural Sustainability and farmers: Decision at farmers level. In: Sagory, N. (ed), proceeding of the sixth scientific workshop of sub-sahara African Network (SUSAN) held at the International Institute of Tropical Agricultural (IITA), Ibadan, August, 23 – 27.
[3]. Enugu State (2004). Poverty Reduction Strategy: State Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (SEEDS). Enugu Min. of Human Dev. And Poverty reduction.
[4]. Ezema, F.I. (2001). Conventional sources of energy". In: Ezekesili, N.O. P.O. Uba Chukwu and C.R. Nwagbo (eds), Introduction to Natural Sciences Onitsha: Ne crest publishers.
[5]. Food and Agricultural Organization (1975). Trees Growing by Rural People. Rome Food and Agricultural Organization (1975).