IOSR-JBM   Volume-16 ~ Issue-5 ~ May-2014

Abstract: In the 2P‟ Century, businesses, especially small and medium enterprises (SME,) face high Complexity and competitiveness. In order for the Less Developed Countries (LDC,), such as Nigeria in easily industrialize; they need to do this through the development of the SMEs, which should be strategically positioned to achieve this goal. This paper is aimed at exposing the modern management techniques of "blue-ocean" strategy, which enables SME"s in LDCs to look beyond the traditional fierce competitors‟ boundaries of large companies (especially the multinational companies) to achieve high growth. After an exploratory analysis of these strategies, this is paper conclude that applying the "blue-ocean" strategies of breakthrough by SMEs in form of niching and customization, offer them opportunities to compete with larger companies and meet up with global competitiveness. These strategies have been successfully implemented in Europe, U.S and especially the Emergency Asian Countries of Japan, South Korea, China, India, and many others. in Nigeria, with vast untapped resources, the "blue-ocean" strategies will be suitable for implementation and managing SMEs to compete with larger companies and to achieve global competitiveness is however recommended that the Federal Government of Nigeria throng/i its "Central Banks and SME agents should substantially finance the SMEs to enable their managers to implement the "blue—Ocean" strategies to achieve the goals of high growth and global competitiveness

[1]. Akinyemi, A.O. (1988), The Nigeria Entrepreneur, June,. Nigerian Association of Small Scale Industrialists.
[2]. Azeez , B. (2008), Round Table Conference January, on the Global Economic Crisis, Lagos, Nigeria.Bankers' Committee, Nigeria, 2009.
[3]. Chan Kun, W. and Mauborgne, R. (2005), Blue-Ocean Strategy: How to Creat
[4]. UncontestedMarket Space and Make the Competition Irrelevant, (Cambridge, M.A. Harvard Business SchoolPress). Davidson, P. Entrepreneurs Reap Riches from Net Niches, US.A. Today, July, 2002.
[5]. Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (2004), Principles of Marketing (Person Education mc; Singapore Second Indian Reprint), P.253.

Abstract: This research is aimed to determine direct and indirect effects of entrepreneurship orientation on marketing performance via competitive advantage. This research also examines the role of learning orientation in this relationship. The location of this research in Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) export in Great Malang Territory Indonesia. Result show that there were effect of entrepreneurship orientation on the performance of marketing. The role of competitive advantage as mediators of marketing performance was very important, but it was not followed by learning orientation, because there was no significant affect between this variable on marketing performance.
Keywords: effect, competitive advantage ,mediator variable, entrepreneurship orientation and marketing performance

[1]. Klobor, P.L, Ini dia lima koperasi indonesia berkelas dunia, JaringNews.com, 13 JUli 2012
[2]. Suarja, W.A.R, Kebijakan pemberdayaan UKM dan koperasi guna, menggerakkan ekonomi rakyat dan menanggulangi kemiskinan, (LPPM. IPB, Bogor, 2007)
[3]. Zhou, K.Z., Yim, C.K.B. and Tse, D.K., "The effects of strategic orientations on technology – and market-based breakthrough innovations", Journal of Marketing, 69, 2005,42-60.
[4]. Voss, G. B and Voss, Z. G., Strategic orientation and firm performance in an artistic environment, Journal of Marketing, 64, 2000
[5]. Ferdinand, A., Sustainable competitive advantage : sebuah eksplorasi model konseptual. (Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Diponegoro. Semarang , 2003)
[6]. Lumpkin, G.T. and Dess, GG, Clarifying the entrepreneurship orientation construct and linking it performance. Academy of Management Review. 21(1), 1996, 135-172.

Abstract: Job satisfaction and employee performance has been a topic of research for decades. Whether job satisfaction influences employee satisfaction in organizations remains a crucial issue to managers and psychologists. That is where the problem lies. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to trace the relationship between job satisfaction and employee performance in organizations with particular reference to Nigeria. Related literature on the some theories of job satisfaction such as affective events, two-factor, equity and job characteristics was reviewed and findings from these theories indicate that a number of factors like achievement, recognition, responsibility, pay, work conditions and so on, have positive influence on employee performance in organizations. The paper adds to the theoretical debate on whether job satisfaction impacts positively on employee performance. It concludes that though the concept of job satisfaction is complex, using appropriate variables and mechanisms can go a long way in enhancing employee performance. It recommends that managers should use those factors that impact employee performance to make them happy, better their well being and the environment. It further specifies appropriate mechanisms using a theoretical approach to support empirical approaches which often lack clarity as to why the variables are related.
Keywords: Job satisfaction, employee performance, traceability, organizations, Nigeria

[1]. Adams, J. S. (1963). Toward an understanding of inequity, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67,422-36
[2]. Armstrong, M (2003). A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice, 9th edition, London: Kogan Page.
[3]. Butler, M. & Rose, E. (2011). Introduction to Organizational Behaviour, Edited London: Chartered Institute of Personnel & Development
[4]. Brief A.P. & Weiss, H.M. (2002). Organizational Behaviour: Affect in the workplace. Annual Review of Psychology, 53,279-307
[5]. Brief, A. P & Robertson, L. (1996). Job attitude organization: An exploratory study. Journal of applied Social Psychology 19: 717-24
[6]. Campbell, L., Simpson, J.A., Stewart, M. & Manning, J. (2003) 'Putting Personality in Social Context: Extraversion, emergent leadership, and the availability of reward.

Abstract: The study examines the challenges of small scale industries in sustainable development and employment generation in Anambra State, Nigeria. A sample size of 204 (managers of small scale industries in Anambra State) respondents determined at 5% level of significance for sample error, using Eastman Kodak's sample size for inventory population was selected from a population of 12,627 managers using stratified random sampling method for the purpose of questionnaire administration. Z-test statistic for population proportion was conducted to test the variation of opinion on challenges' affecting small scale industries sustainability and employment generation. Results revealed that small scale industries in Anambra State exist in an environment characterized by both internal and external challenges which impact negatively on sustainability and employment generation. Variables identified as hindrances and were termed: credit is not often assessable; managerial competence; technology; research and development; and credit records are internal factors. While corruption and crime; multiple taxation; high competition and infrastructural base are external factors. The study calls for the financial regulatory system and government intervention in today's volatile operating environment. Therefore, the financial system is urged to extend credit facilities with mineral interest rates and stimulus packages to small scale industries while the various tiers of government should deal decisively with crime and corruption in both public and business communities coupled with streamlined taxation and improvement in infrastructural base.
Keywords: Employment Generation, Environmental Challenges, Small Scale Industries, Sustainable Development,

[1]. S Olabisi, A.A. Olagbemi, and A.A Atere, A. A, Factors affecting small-scale business performance in informal economy in Lagos State-Nigeria: A gendered based analysis, Journal of Business and General Education, 5(1), 2013, 25-37.
[2]. E.M. Onwuka, and C.M. Ile, Entrepreneurship development: conceptual, theoretical and practical framework- company goals (Ekwulobia: Jossy Printing Press, 2006).
[3]. C.P. Okenwa, Entrepreneurship development in Nigeria: A practical approach (Enugu: Snaap press Ltd, 2005).
[4]. U.D. Ikoni, Women productivity and poverty alleviation, Journal of Economics and Social Research, 3(1) 2004, 1-12
[5]. J.E. Ogbuabor, V.A. Malaolu, and T.I. Elias, Small scale enterprises, poverty alleviation and job creation in Nigeria: Lessons from Burnt Bricklayers in Benue State, Journal of Economics and sustainable Development, 4(8), 2013, 120-134.
[6]. UNDP, Human Development Report, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).
[7]. E.I. Idemobi, The problem of sustaining the growth of small and medium enterprises in a typical Sub-Saharan, African context, African Journal of social sciences, 2(1), 2012, 15-24.

Abstract: The practices of microfinance services for the poor have grown immensely since its beginning in the 1970s. It has become one of the most popular poverty reducing strategies in the world. The study used Grameen bank model and development as freedom theory to analyze the effect that microfinance had on poverty reduction. The study aimed at exploring the contribution of microfinance products such as microcredit, micro insurance and micro saving to the youth who make up to more than 60% of the country's population. The contribution involved the role of microfinance in enhancing entrepreneurship development, sighting problems surrounding the credit barriers, and creation of employment through innovative business activities. The research employed descriptive research design using simple random sampling which enables every member of the population to have an equal and independent chance of being selected as respondents and also simplest, most convenient and bias free selection method. The data was collected by use of questionnaire thereafter analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative techniques. The study results showed that MFIs have role to play in economic empowerment of the youth. Loan repayment default was largely a result of non supervision of borrowers by the MFIs, as well as inadequate training of borrowers on utilization of loan funds before they received loans. The study recommended that for sustainability all the costs involved need to be recovered and kept minimum to ensure a continuous sustainable growth of both the MFIs and the youth in poverty alleviation.
Key Words: Microfinance, microcredit, micro insurance, micro saving, entrepreneurship development

[1]. CGAP (2010), Characteristics of MFIs, Consultative Group to Assist Poor Available on http//www.cgap.org
[2]. CGAP (2003), Research paper on Assisting the Poor and Eradication of Poverty Consultative Group to Assist the Poor Nairobi
[3]. Churchill C (2006), Protecting the Poor; a Microfinance Compendium Geneva ILO.Retrieved from www.ilo.org.com
[4]. Denis L (2010), The Role of Regulation and Supervision of Microfinance Institutions Evidence from South Africa and it's implication for the Development of Non-Deposit Taking Micro Finance Regulations in Kenya. Italy University of Bergamo
[5]. Dondo and Oketch(2001),Microfinance Development in Kenya. Africa Economic Policy paper No.70.Nairobi K-Rep Bank

Abstract: Theglobal software & services industry grew by 4.6% in 2012 to reach a value of $2,596 billion. The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of the industry in the period 2008–12 was 4.8%. In 2017, the globalsoftware & services industry is forecast to have a value of $3,223.4 billion with an anticipated CAGR of 4.4% for the five-year period 2012 - 2017. Information Technology (IT) services are the largest segment of the global software & services industry, accounting for 48.3% of the industry's total value. Americas account for 36.2% of the global software & services industry.

Market Line Industry Profile, Global Software & Services,

October 2013 Rob van der Meule; Gartner, IT Spending Forecast, 2Q13,

July 2013 Beñat Bilbao-Osorio, Soumitra Dutta, and Bruno Lanvin,

The Global Information Technology Report, 2013 The Global Information Technology Report 2009–2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum

 

Abstract: The valuation profession is critical for the property market in emerging markets. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors that cause discrepancies in the actual value stated in valuation report. This paper included Thailand and Malaysia as representative of valuation professionals in Asian counties to perceive the effective use of valuation standards, methodologies, and processes. The commitment to ethical conduct also addressed. A comprehensive review of previous studies related to standards, process and ethical conduct of valuers in several counties were presented. The findings contribute to the perceived of importance factors which significantly affect the decrease in variation in value and increase in investor confidence. Regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses; the two dependent variables were tested including the Variation in Actual Valuation and Investor Confidence

[1]. Adair, A. and Hutchison, N. (2005), "The reporting of risk in real estate appraisal property risk scoring", Journal of Property Investment and Finance, Vol.23 No. 3, pp. 254- 268.
[2]. Amidu, A., R. and Aluko, B., T. (2007) "Client Influence on Valuation: Perceptual Analysis of the Driving Factors", International Journal of Strategic Property Management, pp. 11, 77-89.
[3]. Amidu, A., R., and Aliko, B., T. (2007), "Client Influence in Residential Property Valuations: An Empirical study", Property Management, Vol.25 No.5, pp. 447- 461.
[4]. Avittey, J., Gyamfi-Yeboah, F. and Gambrah, A. (2006), "Valuers: Value Investors or Assessors", Valuations and quantity surveying, Promoting land administration and good governance 5th FIG Regional Conference, Accra, Ghana, 8-11 March 2006, (accessed 10 December 2010). [5]. Babawale, G. K. and Omirin, M. (2012) "An assessment of the relative impact of factors influencing inaccuracy in valuation", International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp.145 – 160.

Abstract: Green marketing is a phenomenon which has developed particular important in the modern market. This concept hasenabled for the re-marketing and packaging of existingproducts which already adhere to such guidelines.Additionally, the development of green marketing has openedthe door of opportunity for companies to co-brand theirproducts into separate line, lauding the green-friendliness ofsome while ignoring that of others. Such marketingtechniques will be explained as a direct result of movement inthe minds of the consumer market. As a result of thisbusinesses have increased their rate of targeting consumerswho are concerned about the environment.

[1]. J.A Ottman, et al, "Avoiding Green Marketing Myopia",Environment, Vol-48, June-2006
[2]. www.greenmarketing.net/stratergic.html
[3]. www.epa.qld.gov.au/sustainable_ industries
[4]. www.greenpeace.org/international
[5]. www.google.com
[6]. http://www.iocl.com/AboutUs/environment%28GFA%29.aspx

Abstract: Management cum governance is considered as a proactive controlling mechanism for protecting best interests of all the stakeholders of any companies. Despite a lot of initiatives has been taken around the world in the form of codes / laws for ensuring good governance for corporate sector, the issue of mutual fund governance had not been discussed in detail. But, in view of the growth of that industry and the magnitude of public funds the mutual fund companies are managing over the years, a renewed interest on its governance mechanism is the need of the hour. Here, in this paper, an attempt has been made to enquire the governance practices of Indian mutual fund industries.

[1] Adams, R and Mehran, H. (2003). Is corporate governance different for bank holding companies. Economic Policy Review, April, pp.123-41.
[2] Bhargava, B., Dubofsky, D. (1998). Exploiting international stock market correlations with open end international mutual funds. Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 25, pp.765-773.
[3] Chalmers, J., Edelen, R. and Kadlec, G. (2001). On the perils of financial intermediaries setting security prices: the mutual fund wild card option. The Journal of Finance, 76(6), pp.2209-2236.
[4] Del Guercio, D. and Tkac, P. (2002). The determinants of the flow of funds of managed portfolios: mutual funds versus pension funds. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 37, pp.523- 557.
[5] Del Guercio, D., Dann, L. and Partch, M. (2003). Governance and boards of directors in closed-end investment companies. Journal of Financial Economics, 69, pp.111-152.

Abstract: Customer satisfaction is a feeling of pleasure or disappointment resulting from comparing a products perceived performance or outcome in relation to his or her expectations.In this paper we found that 60%of respondents to know the advertisement of Honda Bike through media, 90 percent of the respondents were completely satisfied with the mileage and performance of the bike, 73% of respondents are satisfied with pick-up of the Honda Bike , 56% of the respondents are attract the quality of the service to choose this bike, 50% of the respondents are satisfied with the design of the bike, 54% of the respondents considered the price of the Honda, 60 % of the respondents felt the explanation to be "excellent". According to the chi-square test find that there is significance difference between the preferable factors like mileage, pickup, price and design.

[1]. Philip Kotler 2000/e- Marketing Management
[2]. G.C. Beri- Marketing Research
[3]. Aaker Myers "Advertising Management" prentice Hall of India pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.
[4]. Kothari. C.R,(1998)."Research Methodology", H.S. Poplai for WishwaPrakashan, New Delhi.
[5]. Philip Kotler., Grey Amstrong.,(1999) "Principles of Marketing", AshokeK.Ghose., New Delhi.
[6]. PhilipKotler.,(1999) "Marketing Management" AshokeK.Ghosh., New Delhi.

Abstract: This paper undertakes a review of parents' opinions on the influence of TV advertising to children based on a study conducted in Buruburu estate in Nairobi, Kenya. For the purpose of collecting data, the author selected Buruburu estate because it is one of the oldest middle-class estates whose residents show general characteristics associated with the class. The model of survey research was used in answering research questions. The sample population comprised of parents of children aged between 6 and 13 years, exposed to TV advertising. A total of 70 children from Buruburu estate were interviewed.

[1] W. F. Arens and C. F. Bovee. Contemporary Advertising. Sydney Australia: Irwin Publishers, 1994.
[2] D. Ingman. Television Advertising. London: Business Publications Limited, 1970.
[3] Marketing Society of Kenya (MSK), 2005
[4] M. Ogutu. "Advertising Agencies in Kenya: Their nature and operations", M.A. Thesis. University of Nairobi, 1983.
[5] T. Mutiso. "Evaluation of the Relationship between Advertising and the Media house in Kenya", MA Thesis, University of Nairobi, 1989.

Abstract: This paper identifies best practices in employee diversity management. Data was generated through face to face structured interviews with core managers in human resources and administration as well by an analysis of documentary information from University records. The findings reveal a significant gap between international best practice in managing employee diversity and practices in the (Open and Distance Learning ODL) institution. The study also revealed some barriers in implementing employee diversity programs. The study recommends that the human resources department should have a written employee diversity policy which will be a guideline in developing diversity programs in the ODL institution.

[1]. Aronson, D. (2002). Managing the diversity revolution: Best practices for 21st century business. Civil Rights Journal, 6, 46-66.
[2]. Carr-Ruffino, N. (1996).Managing diversity: People skills for a multicultural workplace. Stamford, CT: Thompson Executive Press.
[3]. Campbell, J.D. (2006). Changing a cultural icon: The academic library as a virtual destination. Educause Review, 41, 16-30.
[4]. Cox, Jr. T. (2001). Creating the Multicultural Organization: A strategy for Capturing the Power of Diversity, Jossey-Bass, San Fransisco, pp. 3-16.
[5]. Friday, E., & Friday, S.S. (2003). Managing diversity using a strategic planned change approach.
[6]. Journal of Management Development, 22, 863-880.

Abstract: This research is conducted to analyze management strategy in improving traditional fishers' welfare. Firstly, probability sampling is used to determine the sample of 125 fishers and collected by using questionnaire. Data are analyzed quantitatively using 'SWOT (Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats) to formulate the management strategies. Secondly, non probability sampling is used to identify 16 informants and collected data by using 'Analysis Hierarchy Process ('AHP')' questionnaire. It is analyzed by using 'AHP' (analytical hierarchy process) program to identify priorities of variables, indicators and strategies which effectively affect the improvement of traditional fisher's welfare. Results show that the variables and indicators improvement of the traditional fishers' welfare are: (1) environmental change, (2) adaptive behavior, and (3) coastal development. Management strategies to improve fishers' welfare include (1) human resource development; (2) income generating/investment and business development; (3) infrastructure development; (4) tourism development; and (5) law and regulation enforcement.
Keywords: management strategies, fisher's welfare, analyitical hierarchy process (AHP), strengths weaknessess opportunities threats (SWOT), coastal management.

[1] D.I.E. Sundah, A. Suman, Soemarno, and P. Kindangen P, How coastal development, environmenta change, and adaptive behavior affects fishermen‟s welfare? (A study of traditional fishermen from the coastal area of Manado Bay, Indonesia). IOSR-Journal of humanities and social sciences, 17 (4), 2013, 24-34.
[2] F. Siaosi, H. Huang, C. Chuang, Fishery development strategy for developing Pasific Island Countries: Case study of Tuvalu. Ocean and Coastal Management, 66, 2012, 28-35.

[3] S. Wunas, and J.H Lumain, Dampak Reklamasi Pantai terhadap perubahan Sosial Ekonomi dan Sosial Budaya Penduduk di Kota Manado. Jurnal Penelitian Enjiniring, 9 (3), 2003, 325-330.
[4] F. P. Kalalo, Kebijakan reklamasi pantai dan laut: implikasi terhadap hak masyarakat pesisir dan upaya perlindungannya. Jurnal hukum dan pembangunan, 39 (1), Juni-maret, 2009,102-118.
[5] Badan pusat statistik kota Manado. Manado dalam angka, (Manado: Badan Pusat Statistik, 2011).