IOSR-JBM   Volume-13 ~ Issue-2 ~ Sep-Oct-2013

Abstract: This study is investigated Earning manipulation or Income Smoothing by Timing of asset sales in listed companies of Iran Stock Exchange (ISE). Objective of this study is recognition of earning manipulation by Timing of fixed asset sales and investments sales in ISE. The variables of research (Income/Loss of fixed asset sales, Income/Loss of investments sales and Earning/Loss before Interest and Tax) are analyzed in SAS statistical software from 2010 to 2013. when "Earnings before interest and tax" minus (plus) income (loss) from sale of fixed assets and investments, as compared to last year are increasing, managers try to reduce profit with selling fixed assets and investments to loss or with delaying their sales so as to control that profit and in this way they can achieve their objectives .In other words, it appears to be a negative relation between "Earnings before interest and tax minus (plus) income (loss) of fixed asset sales and investments" and "income (loss) of fixed asset sales and investments. The results of study show that Managers of ISE companies try to attract users of financial statements to increase their confidence in the company in other to achieve their intended objectives. Also, there are instruments or methods by which numbers and digits related to earning are smoothed or controlled. It means that when companies encounter income fluctuations, their managers try to reduce these fluctuations to the expected level so as to show results and actions for financial statements' users desirable.

Key words: earning manipulation, Income Smoothing, Financial Statements and Accounting Information.

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Abstract: Prescribing behaviour is a dynamic and multifaceted process involving the intermediate customers who follow the norm of reciprocity as one of the fundamental guiding principle for taking decisions. The past studies have shown that the prescriber's decisions could depend upon factors from core aspects of drugs to their habitual aspects. The aim of the present study is to find out the impact of psychosocial factors on different age groups and different area of specialty of doctors in Rajasthan, India. A total of 431 doctors responses were gathered through a questionnaire method from different cities of Rajasthan. The results showed that the Paediatricians rated psychosocial (nonmedical) factors as least important factors influencing prescribing as compared to other specialties. Moreover senior doctors who are looked upon as KOL (key opinion leaders) to make rational prescribing decisions based on clinical facts also rated these psychosocial factors as less influencing as compared to younger doctors. The pharmaceutical marketing and doctors relationship is always a debate which raises not only ethical issues but also social issues. The findings of the study would be helpful to the pharmaceutical industry to curb any wasteful expenditure on the marketing of drugs to the doctors and indicate the factors that can act as a meaningful segmentation tool for the pharmaceutical marketers influencing the prescribing behaviour.

Keywords: Doctors prescribing behaviour, Doctors prescribing pattern, Non medical factorsPharmaceutical marketing, psychosocial factors

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[5]. Rahmner Bastholm, Gustafsson Lars, Larsson Jan, Rosenqvist Urban, Tomson Goran, Holmstrom Inger, Variations in Understanding the Drug Prescribing Process: A Qualitative Study among Swedish GP's, Family Practice, 26, 2008, 121-127

Abstract: The essence of a Mutual Fund is the portfolio of investment, which diversifies and reduces the risk by spreading out the investor's money across available different types of investments. Through our study we have analyzed how few selected Mutual Fund Schemes behave during the period of December 2008 to December 2012, i.e. during the global meltdown and the period thereafter. We have analyzed the coefficient of variation of the return generated by the Sensex, Company Scrips and the Mutual Fund Schemes to determine a more stable series, the Managerial Efficiency of the selected Mutual Fund Schemes in stock selection, the Sharpe ratio and the pattern of return generated by the selected Mutual Fund Schemes before 2008 and after 2008.We found that the variability in the return of the Mutual Fund Schemes are between moderate to high and thus these Mutual Fund Schemes may not be as stable as they seem to be. The investors should weigh their options carefully before deciding to invest in a Mutual Fund Scheme.

Key Words: Equity Diversified Mutual Fund Schemes, Sensex Return, Variability in return.

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