IOSR-JBM   Volume-6 ~ Issue-1 ~ Nov-Dec-2012

Abstract:The government of oil-rich Nigeria strived to attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) through tax incentive, because of its acknowledged advantages as a tool for economic development.However, the trade-off between the sacrificed tax revenue and the expected gains from FDI are inconsistentas there is contentious evidence in the literature that tax incentive is actually the attraction for FDI. This study is aimed at filling this gap, therefore, it examines the impact of tax incentives on foreign direct investments in the oil and gas sector in Nigeria.
Key Words: Central bank of Nigeria, Economic growth, Foreign Direct Investment, Macro-economic statistics,Nigeria, Oil and Gas, Taxation, Tax incentives, Vision 20-20-20

[1] Adeola, F. (2011), Forecast of Investment Climate In Nigeria In The Next Decade. Paper presented at Nigerian Broadband Summit.
Retrieved on August 2, 2012 from http://www.cybershuulnews.com
[2] Albaladejo, M. (2003), Industrial Realities in Nigeria From Bad to Worse. Retrieved on August 2, 2012 from
http://www3.qeh.ox.ac.uk
[3] Alan M. Rugman (1981), Foreign Direct Investment and its determinants in emerging economies. Journal of political
economy.Vol.92, No.35.
[4] Asiedu, E. (2001), On the determinants of foreign direct investment to developing countries: Is Africa different? World
Development , 30 (1):107-19
[5] Ayanwale, B. (2007), FDI and Economic Growth: Evidence from Nigeria. The African Economic Research Consortium. AERC
Research paper 165
[6] Buettner, T. &Ruf, M. (2007),Tax incentives and the location of FDI: Evidence from a panel of German multinationals.Int Tax
Public Finance (2007) 14:151–164
[7] Carkovic, M. and Levine, R.(2002), Does Foreign Direct Investment Accelerate Economic Growth? University of Minnesota.
Retrieved on August 19, 2012 from http://sitesources.worldbank.org/INTFR/Resources/fdi
[8] Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin, Abuja, Nigeria. Retrieved on September 27, 2010 from http://
www.cenbank.orgDunning, H.D. (2011), The institutional and cultural determinants of foreign direct investment in transition
countries. Journal of research in international business and management (ISSN: 2251-0028) VOL.1 (2), pp.171-182 August 2011
[9] Edmiston, K.D, Mudd, S. &Valev, N.T. (2003), Incentives Targeting, Influence Peddling and Foreign Direct Investment . Retrieved
on August 2, 2012 from http://www.aysps.gsu.edu/isp/files
[10] Fakile, A.S. &Adegbile, F.F. (2011), Tax Incentives: Tool for Attracting Foreign Direct Investment in Nigerian economy.
International Journal of Research in Commerce and Management. Volume No.2, Issue No. 2

Abstract:Retail is a buzz word in today's changing business environment. Different industrial sectors are in the phase of transition from conventional business models to innovative, market driven and consumer centric models. In India retail is not a new word, however the emerging formats of retailing are changing the entire scenario and posing tough challenges in front of Indian retailers. They are now designing customized retail products and services and targeting the untapped segment of the market. Presently, nearly 60% of the population resides in rural India and their retail requirements are partially met by the unorganized retail stores. This study is an attempt to explore the potential of rural retail market of India, accessing their needs for products and brands. The study also aims at developing a business model for the rural retail market in India.

1] Alden, Dana L., Jan-Benedict E. M. Steenkamp, and Rajeev Batra , "Brand Positioning Through Advertising in Asia, North
America, and Europe: The Role of Global Consumer Culture", Journal of Marketing, 63(January), 1999.
[2] Allan Fels, "The Regulation of Retailing: Lessons for Developing Countries", Fourth Asia Pacific Retail Conference, 2007
[3] Arpita Mukherjee and Nitisha Patel, "FDI in Retail Sector India" Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations
(ICRIER) New Delhi, 2005
[4] Economic Times 18/6/07 "Is it the return of the License Raj?" The Ministry of Commerce, Urban Development and Labour is
considering this policy
[5] Financial Times 7/2/2007 "Engaging India: Gandhi v Wal-Mart"
[6] Gilly, Mary C. "Sex Roles in Advertising: A Comparison of Television Advertisements in Australia, Mexico and the United
States", Journal of Marketing, 52(April), 1988.
[7] Hawkins, Del I., Roger J. Best, Kenneth A. Coney. (2004) Consumer Behavior: building market strategy. McGraw-Hill: New York,
2004.
[8] Inglehart, R. "Modernization and Post modernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies". Princeton
University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1997.
[9] Jayawardhena, Chanaka "Personal values' influence on e-shopping attitude and behavior. Internet Research, Vol. 14 Issue 2, 2004.
[10] Koh, C.E., Kim, H.J., and Kim, E.Y. (2006). "The Impact of RFID in Retail Industry: Issues and Critical Success Factors," Journal
of Shopping Center Research, Vol. 13, Iss. 1, pp. 101-117.

Abstract:"Necessity always necessitates searching for the alternatives" In developing countries like India, because of low per capita income there would be always scarcity of capital. As a consequence, underutilization of natural resources, unemployment and underemployment, low productivity & technological undergrowth, shortage of skilled labour, economical imbalance and unhealthy balance of payments become more prominent. Countries continuously in need of investment for their development especially in emerging countries like India. To be frank, the source of investment may be obtained through public or private funding, but the total finance required would generally be above the capital which may be available within the country's boundaries. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), therefore, becomes an important financial source for capital projects which would be vital for development of emerging countries.

 

........,

Abstract:The selection of the most appropriated external technological acquisition mode for a specific technological innovation is one of the important strategic decision-makings. To solve the complicated decision making problem, this study aims (i) to identify the multi-attribute criteria which influenced the selection of the external technological innovation acquisition mode and (ii) to illustrate the comprehensive proposed model by applying Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) approach, which was combined of Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) methods. The result can provide the prioritization of the relative important weight of criteria and the final ranking of alternative. This study is expected to effectively assist the managements or the decision-makers to choose the best appropriated alternatives which matched with their business objectives. A study case for the Thai technology-based firm was also applied in this article.
Keywords- Analytic hierarchy process, External technological innovation acquisition mode, Grey relational analysis, Multi-criteria decision-making method.

[1] H. Zhao, X. Tong, P.K. Wong, and J. Zhu, Types of technology sourcing and innovative capability: An exploratory study of
Singapore manufacturing firms, Journal of High Technology Management Research, 16, 2005, 209-224.
[2] M. Radnor, Technological acquisition strategies and a processes: A reconsideration of the market versus buy decision, International
Journal of Technology Management, 6, 1991, 113-135.
[3] D. H. Cho, and P.I. Yu, Influential factors in the choice of technology acquisition mode: An empirical analysis of small and medium
size firms in Korean telecommunication industry, Technovation 20(12), 2000, 691-704.
[4] E. Auster, The inter-organizational environment: network theory, tools and applications, In F. Williams, and D. Gibson (Eds.),
Technology Transfer: A Communications Perspective. Sage, (Newbury Park, CA, 1990), 63-89.
[5] H. Lee, S. Lee, and Y. Park, Selection of technology acquisition mode using the analytic network process, Mathematical and
Computer Modelling, 29, 2009, 1274-1282.
[6] R. Belderbos, M. Carree, B. Lokshin, Cooperative R&D and firm performance, Research Policy, 33, 2004, 1477-1492.
[7] K. Clarke, D. Ford, M. Saren, and R. Thomas, Technology strategy in UK firms, Technology Analysis and Strategic Management,
7, 1995, 169-190.
[8] G. K. Jones, A. Lanctot, and H. J. Teegen, Determinants and performance impacts of external technology acquisition, Journal of
Business Venturing, 16(3), 2000, 255-283.
[9] V. Chiesa, R&D Strategy and Organization: Managing Technical Change in Dynamic Contexts (Imperial College Press, London, 2001).
[10] R. Coombs, A reflection on the major themes of the 1997 R&D management conference, R&D Management, 28, 1998, 213-215.

AbstractThe Small and Medium Scale entrepreneurs in rural and semi-urban areas lack the necessary financial services especially credit from the Commercial Banks; this is because they are considered not credit worthy. Considering the role credit facilities plays as an important factors of production that helps to transform idea to wealth. The aim of the study is to understudy the mechanics of informal financial sector in promoting Entrepreneurial development activity in urban and rural areas in Nigeria. The study is postulating that informal financial institutions bridges the gap created by formal financial institution. Specific objectives achieved are: to identify the participants in the informal sector, to identify sources of fund from the informal sector, types of informal financial institutions and compare formal financial institutions and informal financial institution. The study adopted a descriptive approach in analyzing the differences in accessing credit from formal financial institutions and informal financial institutions by Small and Medium Scale entrepreneurs in rural and semiurban areas.The study recommended the integration of the informal sector into the Nigeria micro finance system.
Key words: Leveraging, Private fund, Informal Sector, and Entrepreneurial Development.

[1] Aryeetey.E and Hyuha.M(1991)The Informal Financial Sector and Markets in Africa:An Empirical Study,Econometric Reform
in Sub-Sahara Africa.ed by A.chlibber and S.fisher,A world bank symposium Washington D.C
[2] Onoh,J.K(2002):Nigerias Traditional Micro-Credit Financial Institutions in Dynamics of Money Banking and Finance in
Nigeria.Pp327-347.
[3] Otu,M.F,Egbuna,E.N,Essien,E.A,Tule,M.k(2003):Informal Credit Market and Monetary Management in Nigeria .Central Bank of
Nigeria Occasional paper series.
[4] Masha S.N,Essien.M.L,Musa.D.B,Akpan.N.I andAbeng.M.O.(2004)Theoretical Issues in Financial Intermediation Financial
Market Macro Economics Management and Monetary Policy.eds by O.J.Nnanna,A.Englana,andOdoto.F.O.Central Bank of
Nigeria Publication.Pp19-20
[5] Otu.M.F,Amoo.B.A.GandAkpa.N.I.(2004)InformalFinancialMarketsinNigeria.eds by O.J.Nnanna,A.Englana,andOdoto.F.O.Central
Bank of Nigeria Publication.Pp132-139
[6] Muktar.M(2009)The Role of Microfinance Banks in the Promotion and Development of Entrepreneurship in Semi-Urban and
Rural Areas. Department of Economics.Bayero university kano.Retrived on 10th October, 2012.www.focusnigeria.com
[7] Enhancing Financial Innovation and Access (2010) Study carried out on Nigerian banking population.www.efina.org.ng

Abstract:The Main Objective of this paper is to find out whether Private sector mutual funds are performing better and providing better results to investors in comparison to public sector mutual funds in India or it is the other way round. The issue of earning profits while investing in the share market via Mutual Funds is gaining currency now a days, in the general mind set of investors and even in the mind of the common man but the key is," which fund to invest?".
Key Words Used In The Paper:Mutual Funds,Private Sector,Public Sector Performance (Nav), Variance, Significant Difference.

BOOKS
[1] Amith Singh Sisodhiya, "Mutual Fund Industry in India-An introduction", ICFAI University Press, 2006, PP 86.
[2] Alexander, G. and Stover, R. "Consistency of Mutual Fund Performance during Varying Market conditions," Journal of Economics
and Business, 32, 1980 PP 219-261.
[3] Ananil Kumar Sinha, "Growth of Mutual funds: An Appraisal." The Management Accountant, Vol.26, No.3 March 1991, PP 186-
88
[4] Avadhani, V.A., "Investment Management," Himalayas Publishing House, New Delhi, 1996,P.206.
[5] Bhole L. M., "Financial Institutions and markets", Tata McGraw-Hall, New Delhi, 1999,PP 133
[6] Bruce N., Lehmann, and David M. Modest, "Mutual Fund Performance Evaluation: A comparison of Benchmarks and Bench
mark Comparisons," The Journal of Finance, Vol. XLII, No.2, June, 1987, PP. 233-65.
[7] Desai, Vasant, '"The Indian Financial System". Himalaya Publishing House, Delhi, May, 1997.
JOURNALS
[8] Ansan, M.N.A, "Mutual Funds in India: Emerging Trends," The Chartered Accountant, August 1993, P.88.
[9] Adhikary, Umesh and Bhosle, Meenal (1994), "Risk-return analysis of mutual fund growth schemes," Indian Management, PP.48-
58.
[10] Agarwal, G.D.(1992)," Mutual Fund and Investors Interest," The Chartered Secretary, January, PP.23-24.

Abstract:The use of consumer archetypes for specifying a consumer image for a large group of people is an unexplored method of studying a target group, in both the academic and the corporate world. This paper uses content analysis as a method of research to determine archetypes of modern Indian men. Content analysis as a form of research is mostly used in advertising to extract information from images and print ads. Studies on Indian men are scarce and those that exist have been done through syndicated surveys and thus fail to capture the richness of detail in consumer profiling that is offered by the archetype method. The objective of this paper is two-fold: to cover the gaps in research on Indian men and to utilize a comprehensive yet unexploited method of research- content analysis and consumer archetypes- for that purpose. The content analysis of a popular magazine among modern male readers is carried out. The entire content covered in the magazine has been analyzed including text, visuals and adverts for a period of one year.
Keywords: Archetypes, Content Analysis, Indian Man, trends.

[1] Morris, L. & Schmolze, R., 2006. Consumer Archetypes: A New Approach to Developing Consumer Understanding Frameworks.
Journal of Advertising Research, 46(3), pp. 289-300.
[2] MaRS, 2007. M-File, Life and Times of Indian Men, s.l.: MaRS Monitoring and Research Systems Private Limited
[3] Kassarjian, H. H., 1977. Content Analysis in Consumer Research. Journal of Consumer Research, 4(1), pp. 8-18.
[4] Sayre, S., 1992. Content Analysis as a Tool for Consumer Research. The Journal of Consumer Marketing, 9(1), p. 15.
[5] Shalfi, M., 2007. What Men Want, s.l.: Retail Merchandiser.
[6] Kolbe, R. H. & J, A. P., 1996. Man to Man: A Content Analysis of Sole-Male Images in Male-Audience Magazines. Journal of
Advertising, 25(4), pp. 1-20.
[7] Stone, Dunphy, D. C, & Bemstein, A.,1966. The Analysis of Product Image, in The General Inquirer: A Computer Approach to
Content Analysis, eds. P. J. Stone, et al, Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press.
[8] Resnik, A., & Stem, B. L., 1977. An Analysis of Information Content in Television Advertising, Journal of Marketing, 41, pp. 50-3.
[9] Courtney, A. E., & Lockeretz, S. W., 1971. An Analysis of the Roles Portrayed by Women in Magazine Advertisements, Journal
of Marketing Research, 8, pp. 92-5
[10] Wagner, L, C, & Banos, J. B., 1973. A Women s Place: A Follow-up Analysis of the Roles Portrayed by Women in Magazine
Advertisements, Journal of Marketing Research. 10, pp. 213-4