iosr-JDMS   Volume-11 ~ Issue-2

Abstract: The innate immunity can sense the exogenous pathogen motifs referred to as pathogen associated molecular patterns(PAMPs), as well as other signals associated with infection, such as host components like endogenous products released from dying or damaged cells were called damage associated molecular patterns(DAMPs). Thus the immune response is induced not only by exogenous microbial infection, but also by endogenous sterile tissue damage and degeneration. Based on the common recognition system and the similar inflammatory response, some authors use the term "alarmins" to categorize endogenous DAMPs as separate from pathogen-derived molecules. In this review the authors attempt to familiarize the periodontal community with the terminologies involved in host immune response.

Keywords: alarmins, DAMPs,immunity, PAMPs, periodontal pathology

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Abstract: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is one of the most important health challenges faced by the world today, with new cases being added at an alarming rate. Controlling traditional risk factors has not been effective in bringing down the incidence of the disease. CKD is associated with inflammation, morbidity, poor quality of life, decreased life-expectancy and death. Oxidative stress represents the imbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants in our body. Though a number of studies have focussed on the association between CKD and oxidative stress, majority of them are based on patients on hemodialysis. Moreover, there is confusion about the way the levels of some of these biomarkers vary in response to oxidative stress. This study was designed to study the biomarker of inflammation (CRP), MDA as a marker of oxidative stress, and SOD, GPx and TAC as parameters of antioxidant activity in controls and patients in different stages of CKD. We found that CRP and MDA values increase as disease progresses while there is decrease in the levels of SOD and GPx. The TAC values in patients do not vary much from that of controls. Efforts should be made to identify and reduce oxidative stress from the time of diagnosis of CKD.

KEY WORDS: Chronic Kidney Disease, Glutathione peroxidase, Inflammation, Malondialdehyde, Oxidative Stress, Superoxide dismutase, Total Antioxidant Capacity

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Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (RNFLT), ganglion cell complex (GCC), and optic disc measurements made with the RTVue-100 Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) to detect glaucoma in an Asian population. Methods: One randomly selected eye of 532 Asian patients (132 healthy, 112 ocular hypertensive, 134 preperimetric glaucoma, and 154 perimetric glaucoma eyes) was evaluated. Results: Using the software-provided classification, the Total population sensitivity for GCC was 82.7% , RNFLT parameters did not exceed 73.6% and for the optic nerve head 62.8. Specificity was high (92.6–100%) for most RNFLT and GCC parameters, but low (74.0–76.4%) for the optic disc parameters. Positive predictive value (PPV) varied between 96.1 and 100% for the main RNFLT parameters, 94.6 and 100% for the 16 RNFLT sectors, 96.4 and 99.0% for the GCC parameters, but did not exceed 86.3% for any of the optic disc parameters. Positive likelihood ratio (PLR) was higher than 10 for average, inferior and superior RNFLT (28.5 to infinite), 12 of the 16 RNFLT sectors (14.6 to infinite), and three of the four GCC parameters (40.0 to 48.6). No optic disc parameter had a PLR higher than 2.0. Conclusion: RNFLT and GCC parameters of the RTVue-100 Fourier-domain OCT showed moderate sensitivity but high specificity, positive predictive value and PLR for detection of glaucoma. The optic disc parameters had lower diagnostic accuracy than the RNFLT and GCC parameters.

Keywords: Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography, Ganglion cell complex, Glaucoma , Optic disc, Retinal nerve fibre layer thickness.

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