iosr-JDMS   Volume-1 ~ Issue-1

Abstract: In developing countries cancer cervix is the leading cause of cancer death in females. Effective screening contributes to decrease mortality. Lack of resources is main factor for failure of effective screening for cervical cancer. VIA, visual inspection of cervix with acetic acid application is low cost approach for cervical cancer screening in low income countries.
Key-words: Cancer, Cervix, Pap smear, Screening, VIA

[1] Feriay J. et.al.,Cancer incidence, mortality, prevalence worldwide (IARC cancer base ,Lyon,2004)
[2] WHO Summary report on HPV& cervical cancer statistics in India (18/03/2008)
[3] Parkin DM, et al Eur. J. Cancer 2001, 37 (Suppl. 8) 54-56
[4] Comprehensive Cervical Cancer Control, A guide to essential practice, WHO (Practice sheet 10 : Visual screening methods 123-124)
[5] Lewis M. Situational analysis of cervical cancer in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization;2004
[6] Cervix cancer screening .IARC handbooks of cancer prevention, vol.10. Lyon, France:IARC Press;2004
[7] ACCP: visual screening approaches (Cervical cancer prevention fact sheet (Oct 2000)
[8] Denny L., Kuhn L., Pollack A., Wainwright H, Wright T.C., Jr.(2000)Evaluation of alternative methods of cervical cancer screening for resource poor settings.Cancer,89,826-833
[9] Ottaviano M, La Torre P. Examination of the cervix with the naked eye using acetic acid test. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982; 143:139-142.
[10] Goldie S.J., Kuhn L., Denny L., Pollack A., Wright T.C. (2001) Policy analysis of cervical cancer screening strategies in low resource settings: clinical benefits and cost effectiveness. JAMA,285,3107-3115

Abstract: An unusual origin of sub scapulo suprascapular arterial trunk was observed in one of the nearly old male embalmed cadaver during routine dissection classes for MBBS students. The sub scapulo supra scapular arterial trunk was seen to emerge from the 1st part of axillary artery on the right side of cadaver. While on left side axillary arterial branches were normal origin. The anomalous sub scapulo supra scapular arterial trunk was courses obliquely between musculocutaneus nerve and median nerve. Total length measured 4.2cms, and terminate into three branches, ventral & dorsal branches to subscapularis muscle and supra scapular branch. The supra scapular branch accompanied by supra scapular nerve, together passed beneath the superior transverse ligament. It then supplied the supra spinatus muscle. And finally took part in the anastomosis around the scapula. The anatomical knowledge of the sub scapular & supra scapular artery is of crucial importance for neurosurgeons and arthropedicians. The improved knowledge would allow more accurate diagnostic interpretations and surgical treatment.
Key words: Axillary artery, Sub scapulo-supra scapular arterial trunk, Superior transverse ligament

[1] Standring, S.; Johnson, D.; Ellis, H. & Collins, P. Gray's Anatomy. 39th Ed. Churchill Livingstone, London, 2005.p.856.
[2] Holinshed, W.H. Cornelius Rosse text book of Anatomy for Surgeons Vol. 1, Head and Neck. In: the neck. 4th edition: Harper and Row publishers, Philadelphia. pp. 454-457. (1982).
[3] Saeed, M.; Rufai, A. A.; Elsayed, S. E. & Sadiq, M. S.Variations in the subclavian-axillary arterial system.Saudi Med. J., 22(2):206-12, 2002.
[4] Syed rehan Daimi, Abu Ubaida Siddiqui, Rajendra Namdeo Wabale. Variations in the branching pattern of axillary artery with high origin of radial artery, International Journal of Anatomical Variations (2010) 3: 76–77
[5] Venieratos, D. & Lolis, E. D. Abnormal ramification of the axillary artery: sub-scapular common trunk. Morphologie., 85(270):23-4, 2001.
[6] Samuel, V. P.; Vollala, V. R.; Nayak, S.; Rao, M.; Bolla, S.R. & Pammidi, N. A rare variation in the branching pattern of the axillary artery. Indian J. Plast. Surg.,39:222-3, 2006
[7] Saralaya, v.; joy, t.; madhyastha, s.; vadgaonkar, r. & saralaya, s. Abnormal branching of the axillary artery: subscapular common trunk. A case report. Int. J. Morphol., 26(4):963-966, 2008
[8] Mishra S, Ajmani ML. Anomalous origin of supra scapular artery- a case report. J Anat Soc India.2003;52:

Abstract: Periodontitis is caused mostly by Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and it relates to acute coronary syndrome. P. gingivalis readily invades into blood circulation and potentially induces collagenolytic activity of neutrophil which results in collagen vascular degradation and leads to atherosclerotic plague rupture (APR). Neutrophil has a role event in APR and is responsible for the occurrence of fatal cardiovascular events such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This information brought out notion concerning the adhesion interaction of P.gingivalis with neutrophil. The aim of the study is to assess adhesion molecule of P. gingivalis outer membrane protein (OMP). The study was done by partial characterization taken in hemagglutination assay using mice erythrocytes, adhesion inhibition assay by gradual concentration of adhesion blocked in neutrophil, immunologic assay using Western-blotting and immunocytochemistry. The results showed that 49.4 kDa P. gingivalis OMP can agglutinate mice erythrocytes and adhere to netrophil. The increasing concentration of OMP P. gingivalis 49.4 kDa reduces adhesion process to netrophil. This protein was recognized by the polyclonal antibody of 49.4 kDa adhesion molecule. It can be concluded that 49.4 kDa P. gingivalis outer OMP is a hemagglutinin and an adhesion molecule to netrophil.
Keywords: 49.4 kDa P. gingivalis OMP, neutrophil, hemagglutination, adhesin.

[1] Lamont RJ., and Jenkinson HF. 1998. Life Below the Gum Kolom: Patogenic Mechanism of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Microbiology ang Molecular Biology Review. 62 (4). p. 1244-1263.
[2] Deshpande RG., Khan MB., Genco CA. 1999. Invasion of Aortic ang Heart Endothelial Cells by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Infection and Immunity. 1999; 66(11): 5337-5343.
[3] Todar K. The Mechanisms of Bacterial Patogenicity. Departement of Bacteriology. University of Wisconsin; 2002
[4] Nagayama, K., Oguchi, T., Arita, M., Honda, T. Purification and Characterization of a Cell Associated Hemagglutinin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Infec. Immun. 1995; 63(5) : 1987-1992.
[5] Maeba Satomi, Shigeo Otake, Jun Namikoshi, et al. 2005. Transcutaneous Immunization with a 40-kDa Outer Membrane Protein of Porphyromonas gingivalis Induces Specific Antibodies which Inhibit Coaggregation by P. gingivalis. J Vaccine. 2005;23:2513-2521
[6] Condorelli F., Scalis G., Cali G., Rosseti B., Nicoletti and Blue AML. 1998. Isolation of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Detection of Immunoglobulin A Specific to Fimbrial Antigen in Gingival Crevicular Fluid. JCM. 1998; 36(8): 2322-2325.
[7] Evans, D.G. and Evan, D.G. Y.R. 1978. New surface-associated heat-labil colonization factor antigen (CFA/II) produced by Enterotoxigenic Eschertichia coli sero groups O6 and O8. Infect. Immun 21:638-647.
[8] Laemli, UK. 1970. Cleavage of structural protein during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature.:680-686
[9] Hanne, L.F. and Findkelstein, R.A. 1982. Characterization and distribution of the hemagglutinins pruduced by Vibrio cholerae. Infect. Immun. 36:209-214.
[10] Romanelli R., Mancini S., Laschinger C., Overall CM., Sodek J., McCulloch CAG. Activation of Neutrophil Collagenase in Perodontitis. Infection and Immunity. 1999; 69(5):2319-2326.

Abstract: Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is an important cause of renal failure. Aminoglycosides throughout the endocytic pathway are taken up into the epithelial cells of the renal proximal tubules and stay there for a long time, which leads to nephrotoxicity. Wistar‐albino male rats weighing 125–150gms, are utilized for the present study.Blood samples were collected with cardiac puncture for biochemical investigations like blood urea, uric acid, creatinine, serum Na, K, Ca, determination.By using one way ANOVA the results are significant at .001.Tubular epithelial necrosis and dilatation is observed effecting less than half of cortical tubules when rats treated with 60mg/kg b.w.Hyaline cast formation is observed in PCT with atrophic glomeruli effecting half of the cortical regionwhen rats treated with 80mg/kg b.w.gentamicin must be given in the lowest effective therapeutic doses in patients with normal kidney function.
Key words: gentamycin, glomeruli, hyaline cast, proximal convoluted tubules, urea

[1] 1.Nagai J ,Takano M.,. Molecular aspects of renal handling of aminoglycosides and strategies for preventing the nephrotoxicity. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet (2004)19(3), 159-70.
[2] 2.Nagai J., Molecular mechanisms underlying renal accumulation of aminoglycoside antibiotics and mechanism-based approach for developing nonnephrotoxic aminoglycoside therapy. Yakugaku Zasshi(2006) 126(5), 327-35
[3] 3.Nephrol Dial Transplant. (1994) ;9 Suppl 4:135-40
[4] 4.Talke and Schubert, G.E Klin Wochschr (1965), 19, 43:174
[5] 5.Tiffany , T.O Jansen, J., Burtis C .A Overton J.B and Scott C. D. Clinical Chemistry (1972), 18: 829
[6] 6.Terri A.E and Sesin P.G, A.M.G. Clinical Pathology (1958),29, 86-89,
[7] 7.Moorehead W R and Briggs H.C Clinical chemistry , (1974), 20, 1458,
[8] 8.Garetz, S.L. and Schacht, J. "Ototoxicty of mice and men" In Handbook of auditory research, ed. By R.R. Fay and A.N. Popper, Vol. VII : Clinical aspect of hearing, ed. By T.R. Van De Water, A. N. Popper and R.R. Fay, PP. 116-154, Springer New York(1996).
[9] 9.Baliga, R.; Ueda, N.; Walker, P.D. and Shah, S.V. Oxidant mechanisms in toxic acute renal failure Am.J.Kidney.Dis., (1997), 29:465-477.
[10] 10.Abdel-Naim, A. B.; Abdel-Wahab, M. H. and Attia, F. F.:"Protective effects of vitamin e and probucol against Gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats." Pharmacol Res., (1999),40 (2): 183-187.

Abstract: Aim: To assess the utility of FNAC in diagnosing the prostatic carcinoma .
Material and methods: The study of 121 cases was conducted from year 2006 to 2008. The data was analyzed to assess the utility of FNAC for the diagnosis of carcinoma prostate.
Results: During the study overall sensitivity and specificity of FNAC were 95.23% and 98.73% respectively and positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 97.56% and 97.50% respectively. The percentage of false positive and false negative cases was 1.26% and 4.76% respectively.
Conclusion: The conclusion drawn was that FNAC by trans-rectal route is easiest, accurate, quick method, with minimal discomfort to the patient and outdoor diagnostic procedure for diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma and the result are comparable to that of histopathology.
Key words: FNAC, Histopathology, Trans-rectal route, Prostate carcinoma

[1] Bonnett A, Roder D, McCaul K, Milliter L. Epidemiology of cancer in South Australia. Adeliade: South Australian Cancer Registry, 1992.
[2] Nomura A M Y, Kolonel L N. Prostatic cancer: a current perspective. Epidemiol Rev 1991; 13: 200-207.
[3] Scadino P T, Weaver R, Hudson M A. Early detection of prostatic cancer. Hum Pathol 1992; 23: 211-222.
[4] Ferguson R S. Prostatic neoplasms: Their diagnosis by needle puncture and aspiration. Am J Surg 1930; 9: 507-511.
[5] Franzen S, Giertz G, Zajicek J. Cytological diagnosis of prostate tumors by transrectal aspiration biopsy: a preliminary report. Br J Urol 1960; 32: 193-196.
[6] Esposti P-L. Aspiration Biopsy Cytology in the Diagnosis and Management of Prostatic Carcinoma. Stockholm, Stahl and Accidenstryct, 1974.
[7] Melograna F, Oertel Y C, Kwart AM. Prospective controlled assessment of fine needle prostatic aspiration. Urology 1982 Jan; 19(1) : 47-51
[8] Hosking D H, Paraskevas M, Hellsten O R, Ramsey E W. The cytological diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma by trans-rectal fine needle aspiration. Urol 1983 May; 129(5): 998-1000.
[9] Noguchi K, Moriyama M, Miura T, Kinoshita Y, Kubota Y, Hosaska M. Usefulness of fine needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma. Hinyokika Kiyo. 1989 Mar; 35(3): 399 - 401.
[10] Mondal A, Ghosh E, Ghose A. The role of transrectal fine needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of prostatic nodules suspicious of malignancy - a study of 126 cases. Indian J Pathol. Microbiol. 1990 Jan; 33 (1): 23 - 29.

Abstract: This study investigated the Social and economic factors causing still birth among women in Akoko South West Local Government Area of Ondo State. Descriptive survey research design was used for the study and the population comprised all women in the local government area from which 210 respondents were randomly selected as sample for the study. Self constructed and validated questionnaire, with reliability index of 0.75 was used for data collection. With the help of two trained research assistants, the researcher went round to collect the data. The collected data were coded into frequency tables and analysed with simple percentage and chi-square statistics. The findings showed that teenage pregnancy, malnutrition, infections, lack of adequate medical care for pregnant women, and ignorance caused still birth among women in Akoko South West Local Government Area of Ondo State. However, the study also showed that poverty was not a causative factor of still birth in the Local Government Area of the State. Sequel to these findings, it was recommended, among others, that girl child education should be made compulsory throughout the country and that adequate health care be provided for all pregnant women, free of charge, in Nigeria.

[1] Alade, Ibnukun Olu (2001). Public Health Nutrition, (2nd ed) Ilorin, S.O.A. Fosco Ventures Press.
[2] Brannon, L; and Feist, J. (2007). Health Psychology. An Introduction to Behaviour and Health.(6th ed), Canada, Thomson Wadsworth.
[3] Gottfredson, L.S; and Deary, I.J. (2004). Intelligence Predicts Health and Longevity, But Why? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13, 1-4.
[4] Hodges, A. (2001). Children's Right in Nigeria: A Wake-up call.Situation Assessment and Analysis 2001.
[5] Insel, P.M; and Roth, W.T. (2006). Core Concept in Health (10th ed.).
[6] New York, McGraw Hill.
[7] Johnston, L.D; O'Malley, P.M; and Bachman, J.G. (2001). Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2000. Volume 2. College Students and Adults Ages 19-40 (NIH Publication No 01-4925). Betheeda, M.D; National Institute on Drug Abuse.Krieger, N; Chen, J.T; Waterman, P.D; Rehkpof, D.H; and Subramania, S.V. (2005).
[8] Painting a Truer Picture of U.S.Socio-Economic and Racial/Ethnic Health Inequalities: The Public Health Disparities Geocoding Project. American Journal of Public Health. 95, 312-323
[9] Lucas, A.O; and Gilles, H.M. (2003). A Short Textbook of Preventive Medicine for the Tropics,London; Hodder Arnold, (4th ed); Malta.Myles, I.A; (1981).
[10] Textbook for Midwives with Modern Concepts of Obstetric and Neonatal Care (9th ed.) Hong Kong, Macmillan.

Abstract : In this study, we compared the effect of preloading with crystalloid and intravenous ephedrine against the hypotensive effects of propofol and fentanyl induction in ASA I-II patients scheduled for elective surgical procedures. 150 patients aged 18yrs to 60yrs were randomly allocated to one of the three groups of 50 patients each. Group-A (control) did not receive any study medication, group-B received Ringers lactate 20ml/kg over 10-15min and group-C received intravenous ephedrine 0.2mg/kg prior to induction of anesthesia. Anesthesia was induced with propofol 2.5mg/kg, fentanyl 1.5μg/kg and atracurim 0.5mg/kg. Heart rate and blood pressure were recorded before induction and then every min for 5min after induction of anesthesia. After the study period patients were intubated and anesthesia was continued as required. Hypotension was defined as a drop in systolic arterial pressure more than or equal to 20% of baseline. A significant decrease in systolic arterial pressure occurred in both the fluid loaded and the control group. Least decrease in systolic arterial pressure was seen in the ephedrine group. The incidence of hypotension was also lower in ephedrine group when compared with control group. We conclude that crystalloid preloading is not efficacious in preventing hypotension and ephedrine markedly attenuates, but does not fully abolish, the decrease in blood pressure caused by propofol and fentanyl induction. Keywords: propofol, fentanyl, preloading and ephedrine.

[1] Smith I, White PF, Nathanson M, et al. Propofol: an update on its clinical use. Anesthesiology 1994;81:1005-1043.
[2] Fairfield JE, Dritsas A and Beale RJ. Hemodynamic effects of propofol: induction with 2.5mg/kg. British Journal of Anesthesia 1991;67:618-620.
[3] Muzi M, Berens RA, Kampine JP, Ebert TJ. Venodilation contributes to propofol mediated hypotension in humans. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1992;74:877-883.
[4] Robinson BJ, Ebert TJ, O'Brien TJ, Colinco MD, Muzi M. Mechanisms whereby propofol mediates peripheral vasodilation in humans. Sympathoinhibition or direct vascular relaxation? Anesthesiology 1997;86:64-72.
[5] Cullen PM, Turtle M, Prys-Roberts C, Way WL, Dye J. Effect of propofol anesthesia on baroreflex activity in humans. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1187;66:1115-1120.
[6] Van Aken H, Meinshausen E, Prien T, Brussel T, Heineake A, Lawin P. The influence of fentanyl and tracheal intubation on the hemodynamic effects of anesthesia induction with propofol/N2O in humans. Anesthesiology 1988;68:157-163.
[7] Ozkocak I, Altunkaya H, Ozer Y, Ayoolu H, Demirel CB, Cicek E. Comparison of ephedrine and ketamine in prevention of injection pain and hypotension due to propofol induction. European Journal of Anesthesiology 2005;22:44-48.
[8] Skues MA, Richards MJ, Jarvis AP, Prys-Roberts C. Preinduction atropine or glycopyrrolate and hemodynamic changes associated with induction and maintenance of anesthesia with propofol and alfentanil. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1989;69(3):386-390.
[9] Kasaba T, Yamaga M, Iwasaki T, Yoshimura Y, Takasaki M. Ephedrine, dopamine, or dobutamine to treat hypotension with propofol during epidural anesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 2000;47(3):237-241.
[10] Chiu CL, Tew GP and Wang CY. The effect of prophylactic metaraminol on systemic hypotension caused by induction of anesthesia with propofol in patients over 55 years old. Anaesthesia 2001;56:893-896.

ABSTRACT: The lungs are divided by the fissures into different lobes. The oblique fissure divides the left lung in to two lobes namely the upper and lower lobes. Defective pulmonary development gives rise to variations in lobes and fissures of lung. In the present case, we report an unreported variant lobar pattern of the left lung, in which the left lung was completely separated in to anterior and posterior lobes by a vertical fissure with separate hilums. The anterior lobe of lung was divided in to upper and lower lobes by an in complete oblique fissure. To the best of our knowledge, such variant lobar pattern of the left lung has not been reported in literature. Anatomical knowledge of such variations is helpful for lobectomies, surgical resections involving individual segments and radiologists for interpreting X-rays, MRI, CT scans. KEY WORDS: Left lung, lobes, lung bud, oblique fissure, vertical fissure

[1] Standring S. Gray's Anatomy. The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice, 39th ed. (Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone 2005) 945-949.
[2] Mata JM, Caceres J, Lucaya J, Garcia-Conesa JA. CT of congenital malformations of the lung. Radiographics, 10, 1990, 651.
[3] Lee EY, Boiselle PM, Cleveland RH. Multidetective CT evolution of congenital lung anomalies. Radiology 2008; 247:632. [4] Meenakshi S, Maanjunath KY, Balasubramanyam V. Morphological variations of the lung fissures and lobes. Indian J. Chest.Dis.Allied.Sci, 46, 2004, 179-82
[5] Lukose R, Paul S, Sunitha DM et al. Morphology of the lungs: variations in the lobes and fissures. Biomedicine, 19, 1999, 227-2.
[6] Modgil V., Das S., Suri R. Anomalous lobar pattern of right lung: a case report. Int. J. Morphol, 24, 2006, 5-6.
[7] Gesase AP. The morphological features of major and accessory fissures observed in different lung specimens. Morphologie, 90, 2006, 26-32.
[8] Nene AR, Gajendra KS, Sarma MVR. Lung lobes and fissures: a morphological study. Anatomy, 5, 2011, 30-38.
[9] Bhimai Devi N, Narasinga Rao B, Sunitha V. Morphological variations of lung- A cadaveric study in north coastal Andhra Pradesh. Int J Biol Med Res, 2(4), 2011, 1149 -1152.
[10] Medlar EM. Variations in interlobar fissures. AJR, 57, 1947, 723-25.

ABSTRACT: Malaria and anaemia during pregnancy is still a major health problem in endemic countries with clinical consequences including death of both mother and child. In Nigeria, statistics shows that as many as 300,000 lives especially those of children and pregnant women are lost annually due to malaria. This study was aimed at assessing the impact of malaria and anaemia among pregnant women living in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria, which is characterized by unstable transmission of malaria. .A total of 664 subjects were enrolled in the study made up of 414 pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital Calabar, Nigeria and 250 age-matched non-pregnant women served as control group. Full blood count was done using PCE-210 automatic cell counter, malaria parasite detection was through examination of peripheral blood smears and malaria parasite count/density was done using WHO standard method (WHO, 1991). Anaemia was significantly(P <0.05) higher among the pregnant women 253(61.1)(Hb<11g/dl) than in the non-pregnant women 96(38.3%)(Hb<12g/dl).The prevalence of malaria parasite infection was 290(70.1%) in pregnant women and 152(60.8%) in the control group. Prevalence of anaemia and malaria parasite was found to be higher in the primigravidae than in the multigravidae. Primigravidae were more susceptible to the parasite especially Plasmodium falciparum with mean parasite density of 1962.50 ± 220.90 (parasite/μl) than the multigravidas with parasite density 446.70 ± 296.90 (parasite/μl). Malaria parasite density increased significantly with gestational age but anaemia was more prevalent in the second trimester than in the other trimesters. There was a negative correlation between haemglobin and malaria parsite density in both pregnant and non-pregnant women (r = -0.1964). The results showed that malaria infection caused by P. falciparum had serious effect on pregnant women living in the study area. Malaria in pregnancy should be recognized as a global priority in health care services.The study advocate the need for pregnant women to undergo routine haemoglobin estimation and early malaria prophylaxis considering the deleterious effects of anaemia on them and their foetus.
Key words: Malaria, pregnancy, Anaemia,

[1]. INACG/WHO/UNICEF.( 1998)Guidelines for the use of iron supplements to prevent and treat iron deficiency anemia. International Nutritional Anemia Consultation Group/World Health Organization/United Nations Children's Fund. Stoltzfus RJ, Dreyfuss ML. ILSI Press, International Life Science Institute, Washington, USA.
[2]. Brabin, B. J., (1998). Analysis of malaria in pregnancy in Africa. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 61: 1005-1006.
[3]. Greenwood, B. M., (1997). The Epidemiology of Malaria. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol., 91: 763 - 769.
[4]. Bulter, D., (1997). Time to Put Malaria Control on the Global Agenda. Nature, 386: 535-541.
[5]. World Health Organization (WHO) (1997): Malaria in tropics disease research. 13th programme report. WHO, Geneva, pp. 40-61
[6]. Macleod, C., (1988). Parasitic Infections in pregnancy and New born. Oxford Medical Publishers, pp. 10-25.
[7]. Burrow, N. G. & Ferris, F. T. (1988). Medical complications during pregnancy, 3rd Edition, WB. Saunders Company, pp. 34-37, 425-427, 320-321.
[8]. Cheesbrough, M. L., (1991). Medical laboratory manual for tropical Countries.Third edition. London, Heineman, 122-123.
[9]. World Health Organization, (1991). Basic laboratory methods in medical parasitology. London: Oxford Press.
[10]. Achidi, C. E., Kuoh, A. J., Minanag, J. I., Ngum, B., Achimbom, B.M. & Moltoze, S. C. (2005). Malaria infection in pregnancy and its effects on heamoglobin level in women from a malaria endemic area of Fako division, south west province, Cameroon. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 25: 235--239.

ABSTRACT: Thermography is a method of measurement of skin temperature distribution on the body over a given period of time. For the past four decades, various devices have been used to measure the amount of heat dissipated by the body. The principle behind such application was built on the fact that, as the amount of blood circulation at different layers of the skin varies, the temperature also changes accordingly. Consequently, disorders that affect the blood flow too results in abnormalities in temperature distribution and these when evaluated will provide valid diagnostic information. Thermography since its inception has provided numerous dental applications; however, its usage has been abridged when compared with other diagnostic modalities. This article highlights the basics of thermography and its role in dentistry.
Keywords: Infrared, Radiative heat loss, Telethermometry, Temperature, Thermography.

[1] Anbar M. Diagnostic thermal imaging: A historical technological perspective. In: Anbar M (ed). (Quantitative Dynamic Telethermography in Medical Diagnosis. CRC Press: BocaRaton. 1994), pp 1-9.
[2] Adams F. Hippocratic Writings, In: Hutchins RM (ed). (Hippocrates, Galen, Vol. 10 of Great Books of the Western World, Univ. of Chicago, Encyclopedia Britannica Inc. 1952),pp 66-77.
[3] Wolf A. A History of Science and Technology and Philosophy in the 16th & 17th Centuries. 2nd ed., McKee D (ed). George Allen & Unwin: London. 1950, pp 66-77.
[4] Bedford RE. Thermometry. In: The New Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th ed, Chicago. Ill. 1992; 11: 702-703.
[5] Hardy JD. The radiation of heat from the human body: I-IV. J Clin Invest. 1934; 13: 593-620.
[6] Hardy JD, Muschenheim C. The radiation of heat from the human body: V. J Clin Invest. 1936; 15: 1-8.
[7] Weinstein SA. Standards for neuromuscular thermographic examination. Modern Medicine: Supplement. 1986; 1: 5-7.
[8] Anbar M, Gratt BM, Hong D. Thermology and facial telethermography. Part I: history and technical review. Dento maxillofac Radiol. 1998; 27: 61-67.
[9] Anbar M. Fundamentals of computerized thermal imaging. In: Anbar M. Quantitative Dynamic Telethermography in Medical Diagnosis. CRC Press: Boca Raton. 1994, pp 99-131.
[10] Anbar M. Dynamic area telethermometry: a new field in clinical thermology: Part II. Medical Electronics. 1994; 147: 73-85.

ABSTRACT: Gastro-intestinal (GI) bleeding may originate anywhere from oral cavity to anus from the innocuous one like peptic ulcers to capricious lesion like ca colon.Classically if the cause of bleeding is somewhere below the ligament of Treitz, the stools are maroon or bright red in colour and it is described as lower GI bleeding or hematochezia. Arterioenteric fistula signifies a rare but important cause of massive lower GI bleeding .The vexing problem lies in proper and timely diagnosis of this condition.A keen clinical acumen and proper use of tests lead to accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment and can be lifesaving for the patient by treating significant ongoing bloodloss. We wish to report such a case of an arterio-enteric fistula between artery of broad ligament of uterus and terminal ileum diagnosed and successfully treated at our institute .
Keywords: arterioenteric fistula, massive GI bleed, rare cause,

[1] DeMarkles MP, Murphy JR. Acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Med Clin North Am 1993 Sep; 77(5):1085-100.
[2] Goenka MK, Kochhar R, Mehata SK. Spectrum of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage: an endoscopic study of 166 patients. Indian J Gastroenterology 1993 Oct; 12(4):129-31.
[3] Anand AC, Patnaik PK, Bhalla VP, Choudhary, et al. Massive lower intestinal bleeding – a decade of experience. Trop Gastroenterol 2001 Jul-Sep;22(3):131-4.
[4] Miller LS, Barbarvech C, Friedman LS. Less frequent causes of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1994 Mar;23(1):21-52.
[5] Gracia Osogobio S, Remes Troche JM, et al. Surgical treatment of lower digestive tract hemorrhage – Experience at the Institute Nacional de ciencias Medicas Y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran.Rev Invest Clin 2002 Mar-Apr; 52(2):119-24.
[6] Mark HB, Robert B, Mark B. Merk Manual Diagnosis and Therapy. Seventeenth Edition Sec – 3, Ch-22. Gastrointestinal Bleeding.
[7] Kahhlke V, Brossmanm J, Klomp HJ. Lethal hemorrhage caused by aortoenteric fistula following endovascular stent implant. Cardiovasc Intervent. Radiol 2002 May-Jun:25(3):205-7.
[8] Mir N, Edmonson R, Yeghen T, Rashid H. Gastrointestinal mucormycosis complicated by arterio-enteric fistula in a patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Clin Lab Haematology 2000 Feb;22(1):441-4.
[9] Datta; textbook of gynaecology;6th edtn;chapter 2;page no.23
[10] Datta; textbook of gynaecology;6th edtn;chapter 15;page no.186.

ABSTRACT: Background: A breast lump is the most common symptom associated with both benign and malignant breast diseases. But identification of benign from malignant lump is so crucial for patient management. Clinical diagnosis is possible with CBE (clinical breast examination) but cytopathology by doing FNAC is proven essential for confirm the diagnosis for management protocol. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of FNAC to detect the different breast lumps in diagnosis and their comparison. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of one year from January 2011 to December 2011. A total of 115 patients were included in this .

Keywords: Breast lump, FNAC, benign, malignant

[1]. Monica M. Evaluation of common breast problems. Am Fam Phys 2000;61:2371-8.
[2]. McPherson K, Steel CM, Dixon JM. ABC of breast diseases. Breast cancer—Epidemiology, risk factors, and genetics. Br Med J 2000;321:624-8.
[3]. Dixon JM, Anderson TJ, Lamb J, Nixon SJ, Forrest APM. Fine needle aspiration cytology in relationships to clinical exam ination and mammography in the diagnosis of a solid breast mass. Br J Surg 1984;71:593-6.
[4]. Galen R, Gambino SR. Beyondnormality. In: Thepredictive value and efficiency ofmedical diagnosis. New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1975. pp 10-14.
[5]. Abele JS, Miller TR, Goodson WH, Hunt TK, Hohn DC. Fine needle aspiration of palpable breast masses. A program for staged implementations. Arch Surg 1983;118:859-63.