Volume-1 ~ Issue-3
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Osteotomy Model Is Not Suitable To Provide Insight into Normal Bone Healing |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Syed Mobashir Yunus, Farida Ahmad, Adil Asghar, Nafis Ahmad Faruqi |
 |
: | 10.9790/0853-0130106  |
Abstract: Understanding of biological course of healing is essential for a therapeutic approach and the choice<
of an adequate animal model can be crucial for the experimental results. Methods: A rabbit tibial osteotomy
model with subsequent intramedullary stabilization was performed. The healing progress of the osteotomy
model was compared to a closed fracture model. Histological analyses, biomechanical testing and radiological
screening were undertaken during the observation period of 84 days to verify the status of the healing process.
Results: In contrast to the closed fracture technique osteotomy led to delayed union or nonunion until 84 d post
intervention. The dimensions of whole reactive callus differed significantly between osteotomized and fractured
animals at 28 d post surgery. A lower fraction of newly formed bone and cartilaginous tissue was obvious
during this period in osteotomized animals and more inflammatory cells were observed in the callus.
Conclusion: The osteotomy technique is associated with cellular and vascular signs of persistent inflammation
within the first 28 d after bone defect and may be a contributory factor to impaired healing. The model would be
helpful to test agents to promote fracture healing but this will not show the normal bone healing pattern.
Key words: Callus, Fracture Model, Impaired Bone Healing, Tibial Osteotomy Model,
Key words: Callus, Fracture Model, Impaired Bone Healing, Tibial Osteotomy Model,
[1]. Coles CP, Gross M: Closed tibial shaft fractures: Management and treatment complications. A review of the Prospective Literature.
Can J Surg 2000, 43(4):256-262.
[2]. Auer JA, Goodship A, Arnoczky S, Pearce S, Price J, Claes L, von Rechenberg B, Hofmann-Amtenbrinck M, Schneider E, Müller-
Terpitz R, Thiele F, Rippe KP, Grainger DW: Refining animal models in fracture research: seeking consensus in optimising both
animal welfare and scientific validity for appropriate biomedical use. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2007, 8:72.
[3]. Hietaniemi K, Peltonen J, Paavolainen P: An experimental model for non-union in rats. Injury 1995, 26:681-686.
[4]. Simon AM, Manigrasso MB, O'Connor JP: Cyclo-oxygenase 2 function is essential for bone fracture healing. J Bone Miner Res
2002, 17:963-976.
[5]. Naimark A, Miller K, Segal D, Kossoff J: Nonunion. Skeletal Radiol 1981, 6:21-25.
[6]. Marsh DR, Li G: The biology of fracture healing: optimizing outcome. Br Med Bull 1999, 55:856-869.
[7]. O'Loughlin PF, Morr S, Bogunovic L, Kim DA, Park B, Lane JM: Selection and development of preclinical models in fracturehealing
research. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008, 90(Suppl 1):79-84.
[8]. Hiltunen A, et. al; A standardized experimental fracture in the mouse tibia. J orthop Res. 1993; 11 (2): 305-12.
[9]. Schmidmaier G, Wildemann B, Melis B, Krummrey G, Einhorn TA, Haas NP, Raschke M: Development and characterization of a
standard closed tibial fracture model in the rat. European Journal of trauma 2004, 30:35-42.
[10]. Wray JB, Lynch CJ: The vascular response to fracture of the tibia in the rat. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1959, 41-A:1143-1148.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Traumatic Extradural Hematoma – Our Comparative Experience between Conservative and Surgical Management in Rural India |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Subodh P Ugane, Hamza Qazi |
|
: | 10.9790/0853-0130711 |
Abstract: TBackground: To study and compare the role of conservative management and surgical intervention
in traumatic extradural hematoma (EDH) in rural India.
Setting: Government Medical College, Miraj, Maharashtra state, India.
Materials and methods: 240 trauma patients diagnosed as extradural hematoma on CT scan were managed
during 2 year period.
Outcomes: Comparative role of conservative management and surgical intervention were studied.
Results: Out of these 240 patients admitted 134 were managed conservatively, 106 cases were operated upon.
62 were operated upon immediately and 44 were operated upon as delayed. There were 2 deaths and 8 had
poor outcome in this group of patients.
Conclusion: It is stressed that small size <10 ml, GCS > 12 and locations other than temporal area are the
criteria for conservative management. 44 patients out of 178 were needed to be treated surgically during the
course of conservative management due to neuro deterioration, increase in size of hematoma on CT,
bradycardia, hemiparesis, pupillary abnormalities, delay in referral and only 18% had poor outcome. A strict
vigilance is to be kept for clinical deterioration and various reasons mentioned above are to be kept in mind and
patients should be subjected to repeated CT scan. Early diagnosis and immediate surgical intervention had
good outcome, which shows the rewarding results of early diagnosis and intervention.
Keywords: Conservative management, Extradural hematoma, Head injury, Surgical management.
Keywords: Conservative management, Extradural hematoma, Head injury, Surgical management.
[1] Bell C (1816) Surgical observations. Longman, Hirst Rees Edv Arrie and Brown: 466
[2] Frankhauser H, Kiener M (1982) Delayed development of extradural hematoma. Acta Neurochir (wien) 60:29-35
[3] Jennet B, Bond M (1975)Assessment of outcome after severe brain damage, a practical scale. Lancet 1: 480-484
[4] Hill J (1772) Case in surgery particularly of cancers and disorders of the head from external violence and observation. J Bal four,
Edinburgh: 263
[5] Munro D, Maltby GL (1941) Extradural hemorrhage. Ann Surg 113(2): 192-203
[6] Seeling JM, Marshal LF, Tautan SM, et al. (1984) Traumatic acute EDH, unrecognized lethality in comatosed patients. Neurosurg
15:617-620
[7] Pozzati E, Frank F, Frank G, et al. (1980) Subacute and chronic EDH, A study of 30 cases. J Trauma 20(9):795-799.
[8] Zuccarello M, Fiore DL, Pardatscher K, et al. (1983) Chronic EDH. Acta Neurochirurgica 67:57-66
[9] Kaufman HH, Herschberger J, Kopitnik T, et al. (1992) Chronic EDH, Indications for surgery. Br J Neurosurg 6:359-364
[10] Jamieson KG, Yelland J DN (1968) Extradural and subdural hematoma. Report of 167 cases. J Neurosurg 299:13-23
[2] Frankhauser H, Kiener M (1982) Delayed development of extradural hematoma. Acta Neurochir (wien) 60:29-35
[3] Jennet B, Bond M (1975)Assessment of outcome after severe brain damage, a practical scale. Lancet 1: 480-484
[4] Hill J (1772) Case in surgery particularly of cancers and disorders of the head from external violence and observation. J Bal four,
Edinburgh: 263
[5] Munro D, Maltby GL (1941) Extradural hemorrhage. Ann Surg 113(2): 192-203
[6] Seeling JM, Marshal LF, Tautan SM, et al. (1984) Traumatic acute EDH, unrecognized lethality in comatosed patients. Neurosurg
15:617-620
[7] Pozzati E, Frank F, Frank G, et al. (1980) Subacute and chronic EDH, A study of 30 cases. J Trauma 20(9):795-799.
[8] Zuccarello M, Fiore DL, Pardatscher K, et al. (1983) Chronic EDH. Acta Neurochirurgica 67:57-66
[9] Kaufman HH, Herschberger J, Kopitnik T, et al. (1992) Chronic EDH, Indications for surgery. Br J Neurosurg 6:359-364
[10] Jamieson KG, Yelland J DN (1968) Extradural and subdural hematoma. Report of 167 cases. J Neurosurg 299:13-23
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Effects of Ageing on Bone Mineral Composition and Bone Strength |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Raviraj Havaldar,S. C. Pilli,3B. B. Putti |
|
: | 10.9790/0853-0131216 |
Abstract: An increased risk of fractures can be considered to be a consequence of age-related degenerative
effects on the skeletal system. Mechanical strength parameter of human bone depends on chemical constituents
present in it. The present investigation focuses on estimation of bone inorganic constituents: calcium, phosphor
and determination of mechanical strength: tensile, compression. Further a correlation is developed to establish
relationship between mechanical strength and chemical composition. The study showed that bone mineral
composition and ageing process are interdependent and highly correlated with the understanding of bone
mechanical behaviour.
[1] Fritsch A. and Hellmich C., "'Universal' microstructural patterns in cortical and trabecular, extracellular and extravascular bone
materials: Micromechanics-based prediction of anisotropic elasticity," J of Theoretical Biology, vol. 244, pp. 597-620, 2007.
[2] Yerramshetty J. S. and Akkus O., "The associations between mineral crystallinity and the mechanical properties of human cortical
bone," J. Bone, vol. 42, pp. 476-482, 2008.
[3] Heaney R. P., "Phosphorus nutrition and the treatment of osteoporosis," J. of Mayo. Clin., vol. 79, pp. 91-97, 2004.
[4] Koester K. J., Barth H. D., andRitchie R. O., "Effect of aging on the transverse toughness of human cortical bone ; Evaluation by Rcurves,"
J. of Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 2011
[5] Kruzic J. J. and Ritchie R. O., "Fatigue of mineralized tissues: Cortical bone and dentin," J. of Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical
Materials, vol. 1, pp. 3-17, 2008.
[6] Fantner G. E., Rabinovych O., Schitter G., and Thurner P., "Hierarchical interconnections in the nano-composite material bone:
Fibrillar cross links resist fracture on several length scales," J. of Composites science and Technology, vol. 66, pp. 1205-1211, 2006.
[7] D. B. Burr, "Bone material properties and mineral matrix contributions to fracture risk or age in women and men," J.
Musculoskel Neuron Interact, vol. 2, pp. 201-204, 2001.
[8] Akkus O., Adar F., and Schaffler M. B., "Age-related changes in physicochemical properties of mineral crystals are related to
impaired mechanical function of cortical bone," J. of Bone, vol. 34, pp. 443-453, 2004.
[9] Kotha S. P. and Guzelsu N., "Modeling the tensile mechanical behaviour of bone along the longitudinal direction," J. theor. Biol,
vol. 219, pp. 269-279, 2002.
[10] Tomar V., "Insights into the effects of tensile and copressive loadings on microstucture dependent fracture of trabecular bone," J. of Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 2009.
materials: Micromechanics-based prediction of anisotropic elasticity," J of Theoretical Biology, vol. 244, pp. 597-620, 2007.
[2] Yerramshetty J. S. and Akkus O., "The associations between mineral crystallinity and the mechanical properties of human cortical
bone," J. Bone, vol. 42, pp. 476-482, 2008.
[3] Heaney R. P., "Phosphorus nutrition and the treatment of osteoporosis," J. of Mayo. Clin., vol. 79, pp. 91-97, 2004.
[4] Koester K. J., Barth H. D., andRitchie R. O., "Effect of aging on the transverse toughness of human cortical bone ; Evaluation by Rcurves,"
J. of Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 2011
[5] Kruzic J. J. and Ritchie R. O., "Fatigue of mineralized tissues: Cortical bone and dentin," J. of Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical
Materials, vol. 1, pp. 3-17, 2008.
[6] Fantner G. E., Rabinovych O., Schitter G., and Thurner P., "Hierarchical interconnections in the nano-composite material bone:
Fibrillar cross links resist fracture on several length scales," J. of Composites science and Technology, vol. 66, pp. 1205-1211, 2006.
[7] D. B. Burr, "Bone material properties and mineral matrix contributions to fracture risk or age in women and men," J.
Musculoskel Neuron Interact, vol. 2, pp. 201-204, 2001.
[8] Akkus O., Adar F., and Schaffler M. B., "Age-related changes in physicochemical properties of mineral crystals are related to
impaired mechanical function of cortical bone," J. of Bone, vol. 34, pp. 443-453, 2004.
[9] Kotha S. P. and Guzelsu N., "Modeling the tensile mechanical behaviour of bone along the longitudinal direction," J. theor. Biol,
vol. 219, pp. 269-279, 2002.
[10] Tomar V., "Insights into the effects of tensile and copressive loadings on microstucture dependent fracture of trabecular bone," J. of Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 2009.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Review on "Evolution of Methods of Bilirubin Estimation |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Dr. P.V.Puppalwar, Dr Kalyan Goswami, Dr. Archana Dhok |
|
: | 10.9790/0853-0131728 |
Abstract: Bilirubin is an end product of heme metabolism, which is under disposal of tissues like liver, intestine
and kidney. Clinically hyperbilirubinemia appears as jaundice or icterus. Jaundice can usually be detected< when the serum bilirubin level exceeds 2.0 to 2.5 mg/dl.
Determination of total and direct bilirubin levels helps the physician to know the underlying pathogenic
mechanism. Hence accurate and unbiased estimation of bilirubin becomes mandatory. The problem of finding
an accurate and specific method of bilirubin assay has been a challenge for over 50 years for many workers.
Historically, Ehrlich in 1883 treated bilirubin in urine with diazo reagent and described formation of a red –
blue coloured pigment. Later, Van den Bergh and Muller found that bilirubin in normal serum reacted with
Ehrlich's diazo reagent (diazotized sulfanilic acid).
We shall discuss here the further evolution of methods of bilirubin estimation till the modern era and also will
cover the various aspects of interpretation and quality control measures.
Key Words- Bilirubin, Biliverdin, Urobilinogen, Diazo, hepatitis.
Keywords: Calcium hydroxide, Combination, Contamination, Intracanal medicaments, pH , Periapical
cover the various aspects of interpretation and quality control measures.
Key Words- Bilirubin, Biliverdin, Urobilinogen, Diazo, hepatitis.
Keywords: Calcium hydroxide, Combination, Contamination, Intracanal medicaments, pH , Periapical
[1]. Zmener O, Pameijer CH, Banegas G. An in vitro study of the pH of three calcium hydroxide dressing materials. Endod Dent
Traumatol 2007; 23: 21-25.
[2]. Anderson M, Seow WK. The pH of endodontic medicaments used in pediatric dentistry. Effects of dyadic combination. J Clin
Pediatr Dent 1990; 15: 42-45.
[3]. Larsen MJ, Horsted-Bindsle P. A laboratory study evaluating the release of hydroxyl ions from various calcium hydroxide products
in narrow root canal like tubes. Int Endod J 2000; 3: 238-42.
[4]. Horning GT, Kessler JR. A comparison of three different root canal sealers when used to obdurate moisture contaminated root canal
system. J Endod 1995; 21: 354-57.
[5]. Beltes PG, Pissiotis E, Koulaouzidou, Kortsaris AH. In vitro release of hydroxyl ions from six types of calcium hydroxide non
setting pastes. J Endod 1997; 23: 413-15.
[6]. Robert GH, Liewehr FR, Buxton TB, Mcpherson JC. Apical diffusion of calcium hydroxide in an in vitro model. J Endod 2004; 31:
57-60.
[7]. Fava LRG, Saunders WP. Calcium hydroxide pastes classification and clinical indications. Int Endod J 1999; 32: 257-282.
[8]. Kwon TY, Fujishima T, Imai Y. FT-Raman spectroscopy of calcium hydroxide medicament in root canals. Int Endod J 2004; 37: 489-93.
[9]. Simon ST, Bhat KS, Francis R. Effect of four vehicles on the pH of calcium hydroxide and the release of calcium ion. Oral Surg
Oral med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1995; 80: 459-64.
[10]. Amanda Law, Harold Messer. An evidence based analysis of the antibacterial effectiveness of intracanal medicaments. J Endod
2004; 30: 689-94.
[2]. Anderson M, Seow WK. The pH of endodontic medicaments used in pediatric dentistry. Effects of dyadic combination. J Clin
Pediatr Dent 1990; 15: 42-45.
[3]. Larsen MJ, Horsted-Bindsle P. A laboratory study evaluating the release of hydroxyl ions from various calcium hydroxide products
in narrow root canal like tubes. Int Endod J 2000; 3: 238-42.
[4]. Horning GT, Kessler JR. A comparison of three different root canal sealers when used to obdurate moisture contaminated root canal
system. J Endod 1995; 21: 354-57.
[5]. Beltes PG, Pissiotis E, Koulaouzidou, Kortsaris AH. In vitro release of hydroxyl ions from six types of calcium hydroxide non
setting pastes. J Endod 1997; 23: 413-15.
[6]. Robert GH, Liewehr FR, Buxton TB, Mcpherson JC. Apical diffusion of calcium hydroxide in an in vitro model. J Endod 2004; 31:
57-60.
[7]. Fava LRG, Saunders WP. Calcium hydroxide pastes classification and clinical indications. Int Endod J 1999; 32: 257-282.
[8]. Kwon TY, Fujishima T, Imai Y. FT-Raman spectroscopy of calcium hydroxide medicament in root canals. Int Endod J 2004; 37: 489-93.
[9]. Simon ST, Bhat KS, Francis R. Effect of four vehicles on the pH of calcium hydroxide and the release of calcium ion. Oral Surg
Oral med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1995; 80: 459-64.
[10]. Amanda Law, Harold Messer. An evidence based analysis of the antibacterial effectiveness of intracanal medicaments. J Endod
2004; 30: 689-94.