iosr-JECE   National Conference on Advances in Engineering, Technology & Management (AETM'15)

Abstract: Wireless technology is one of the main areas of research in the world of communication systems today and the study of communication systems is incomplete without an understanding of the operation and fabrication processes of antennas. In present age, communication system is going to be space efficient because of advancement of IC circuit technology. Because of low weight and low profile of microstrip patch antenna, these are being vastly used as printed antenna for wireless communication, satellite communication, microwave communication, cell phones etc. Microstrip antenna provides a space efficient structure for the circuit where space is very important parameter. This paper is focused on the design and simulation of patch antenna (which is widely used in cell phones today) with an emphasis on optimization of a 2.4 GHz rectangular patch antenna considering radiation efficiency and total efficiency as the parameters. In proposed technique for designing of a microstrip patch antenna for 2.4 GHz resonating frequency, as the length of patch is decreasing the resonating frequency shift to the desired resonating frequency. This technique also improves the radiation efficiency parameter. The proposed antenna is analyzed and designed using CST-MWS. The simulated results shows the optimization of radiation efficiency from -3.807 db to -1.659 db and total efficiency also improved from -8.857 db to -5.146 db.
Keywords: Radiation efficiency, Rectangular microstrip patch antenna, Resonating frequency, Total efficiency, WLAN.

[1] Amandeep Bath, Abhishek Thakur, Jitender Sharma, Prof. Basudeo Prasad, "Design of a rectangular Patch Antenna" IJEEE, Vol. 1, Issue 1, Jan-Feb 2014
[2] Naresh Kumar Poonia, Krishan Kumar Sherdia, "Microstrip Antenna Array for WiMAX & WLAN Applications" IJARCCE, Vol. 2, Issue 9, September-2013
[3] B.Sai Sandeep and S. Sreenath Kashyap, "Design and Simulation of Microstrip Patch Array Antenna for Wireless Communications at 2.4 GHz" International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 3, Issue 11, November-2012
[4] Jagadish.M.Rathod, "Comparative study of microstrip patch antenna for wireless communication application" International Journal of Innovation, Management & Technology, vol.1, n0.2, June-2010, ISSN: 2010-0248.
[5] Constantine A. Balanis, Advanced Engineering Electromagnetic (John Wiley And Son, Inc.,1984)

Abstract: A biometric system is pattern recognition system that recognizes a person by determining the authenticity of a specific characteristic as physiological and/or behavioral possessed by that person. The general definition of a biometric system given above can have a broad interpretation that is not necessarily helpful when considering the nature of modern biometric applications and their uses. Biometric applications have the potential to offer much more robust authentication/identification security than traditional systems. . In fact, the widespread adoption of biometrics solutions has profound implications for how we view the relationship between the individual and the state. However, as with any technology, unique factors and limitations are considered within the context of the application domain. Research into several interrelated areas will bring continued improvement. In this paper, technical and engineering issues are discussed with several opportunities of modern biometric technologies.
Keywords: DNA, face, fingerprint, iris, voice

[1] A.K. Jain, R.P.W. Duin, and J. Mao, Statistical pattern recognition: A review, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 22(1), 2000, 4-37.
[2] A.K. Jain, A. Ross, and S. Prabhakar, An introduction to biometric recognition, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for video Technology, 14(1), 2004, 4-20.
[3] M. Turk, and A. Pentland, Eigenfaces for recognition, Journal of Cognetive Nueroscience, 3, 1991, 71-86.
[4] P.N. Belhumeur, J.Hespanha, and D. Knegman, Eigenfaces vs Fisherfaces: Recognition using Class Specific Linear Projection, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19(7), 1997, 711-720.
[5] T. Chiara, M.C. Viola, and I. Leo, New borns face recognition: Role of inner and outer facial features, Child Development, 77(2), 2006, 297-311.

Abstract: In this paper, it is discussed that the Linux kernel customization for ARM11 platform based Raspberry Pi. In this customization of kernel using different tool chains is done. It will show how to configure and cross compile Linux kernel for the Raspberry Pi on Ubuntu 12.04. An overall idea to building Linux kernel for Raspberry Pi using Yocto Project. The custom Linux kernel synchronizes the time, scheduling, resources allocation and managing of all the hardware peripherals and require less memory. Keywords - Scheduling, Customization, Tool chain, Bitbake , Metadata, Poky, Dora

[1] Using Phase Behavior in Scientific Application to Guide Linux Operating System Customization, Chandra Krintz Rich Wolski Computer Science Department University of California, Santa Barbara, IEEE computer society, 2011 [2] Runtime CPU Scheduler Customization Framework for a flexible mobile operating system, Proceedings of 2009 Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD 2009), 16-18 Nov. 2009, UPM Serdang, Malaysia
[3] Building Linux Kernel for Raspberry Pi Hannu Flinck, Nokia Solutions and Networks hannu.flinck@saunalahti.fi [4] The GNU Toolchain for ARM targets HOWTO by Wookey, Chris Rutter, Jeff Sutherland, Paul Webb [5] Building Linux Applications with the ARM ® Compiler toolchain and GNU Libraries, 2010-2011 ARM.ARM DUI 0483C (ID080411)

Abstract: In Multimode transceivers, the transmitter of one communication system may create a large interference in the receiver of other standard.For linear suppression of this large interferer, receiver front-end should have a large linear dynamic range, resulting in additional power consumption. As battery life is a key issue for small handheld devices, high power efficiency is the main requirement. Therefore, Nonlinear Interference Suppressor asa closed- loop tuning method is employed for nonlinear suppressionof local baseband interference.The obtained symbol error rate is observed for these systems using MATLAB.It is found that Nonlinear Interference Suppressor can suppress strong interferer with a SER performance close to that of an exactly linear receiver, with high power efficient transceiver implementations.

Keywords- Adaptive signal, Closed-loop method, Multimode Transceiver, Nonlinear Interference Suppressor,Nonlinear circuit .

[1] M.Suarez,H.Habibi,O.Zlydareva,P.Ling"Performanceof a Multimode LTE/WiMAX Transceiver including the Nonlinear Interference Suppressor", IEEE Aerospace Conference, Page(s): 1-7, 2013

[2] H.Habibi, E. J. G. Janseen, Y. Wu, P. G. M. Baltus, J. W. M. Bergmans, "Analysis of an Adaptive Nonlinear Interference Suppressor for Wireless Multimode Transceivers", IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Page(s): 92-99, 2013. [3] H. Habibi, E. Janssen, W. Yan, and J. Bergmans,"Digital Compensation of Cross-Modulation Distortion in Multimode Transceivers,"IET Communications, Vol. 6, No. 12, Page(s):1724 –1733, 2012.

[4] Martha Suarez, Olga Zlydareva, Pooh Ling E, "LTE/WiMAX Multimode Mobile Transceiver, comparison of performances and power efficiency issues", IEEE Aerospace Conference Paper 1, Version 1, Page(s): 1-10,2013.

Abstract: Chaotic functions because of their complexity and random nature are used in the cryptographic networks. Chaotic functions are one dimensional, two dimensional, three dimensional in nature. One dimensional chaotic functions are usually implemented in cryptographic algorithms. In this paper two chaotic one dimensional function have been analyzed and compared on the basis of Average, Standard Deviation and Entropy.
Keywords: Chaotic functions, Entropy, Logistic Map, One Dimensional Chaotic functions, Tent Map.

[1] J. Gleick, Chaos, the Making of a New Science,Penguin Books Ltd, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1987.
[2] E. Ott, Chaos in Dynamical Systems, Cambridge University Press, 2002.
[3] X. Yu et. al, "Chaos Criterion on Some Quadric Polynomial Maps and Design for Chaotic Pseudorandom Number Generator", 2011 Seventh International Conference on Natural Computation, IEEE, 2011, 1373-1376.
[4] C. Rîncu, V. Iana, "S-Box Design Based on Chaotic Maps Combination" IEEE, 2014.
[5] S. V. Kartalopoulos,"Network Security: Synchronization in Chaotic Communication Systems",IEEE,2009.

Abstract: Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) are the networks that are operated in challenged and extreme environment. These networks have long transmission delay, having high path errors and limited resources. The aim of this paper is to discuss the various routing schemes currently presented in DTN and simulate them using ONE Simulator with the help of these matrices delivery probability, overhead ratio, storage capacity and average delay and find the best routing among these routing schemes.
Keywords: DTN (Delay Tolerant Network), ONE (Opportunistic Network Environment), Routing protocols.

[1] http://www.topcoder.com/dtn
[2] Gao et al., "Multidimensional Routing Protocol in Human-Associated Delay-Tolerant Networks" ,IEEE Transactions On Mobile Computing,Vol. 12, No. 11, pp. 2132-2144, 2013
[3] A. Lindgren et al., " Probabilistic routing in intermittently connected Networks" , ACMSIGMOBILE CCR, 2003
[4] S. Jain, K. Fall, R. Patra., "Routing in a Delay Tolerant Network".Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM, pp. 145–2008.
[5] Y. Cao et al., "Approach-and-Roam (AaR): A Geographic Routing Scheme for Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networks", IEEE Transactions On Vehicular Technology, Vol. 63, No. 1, pp. 266-281, 2014

Abstract:In medical field, CT (Computed Tomography) scan imaging and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) are the most important for image based visual diagnostics, but applying segmentation to these images is very tedious and requires an adjusting approach. This paper proposes a method for calculating image segments with a new approach based on Clustering. The segmented method proposed assesses the number of segmented image portions according to Fuzzy Code Division (FCD). The proposed method has increased efficiency and reduced iterations as compared to other methods. The quality of image is evaluated by calculating the efficiency in terms of number of rounds and the time which the image takes to make one iteration.
Keywords: Clustering , Fuzzy C means, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Medical images, Segmentation.

[1] Paresh Chandra Barman et.al.,"MRI Image Segmentation Using Level Set Method And Implement An Medical Diagnosis System", Computer Science & Engineering: An International Journal (CSEIJ), Vol.1, No.5, December 2011.
[2] Anamika Ahirwar, R.S. Jadon, "Segmentation and characterization of Brain MR image regions using SOM and neuro fuzzy techniques", Proceedings of the First International Conference on Emerging Trends in Soft Computing and ICT (SCIT2011), at Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur ,India, ISBN: 978-81-920913-3-4, pp 128-131, 16-17 March 2011
[3] C. Li, C.Y. Xu, C.F. Gui, and M.D. Fox, "Level Set Evolution without Re-initialization: A New Variational Formulation", IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,2005.
[4] H.S.Prasantha et.al., "Medical Image Segmentation", (IJCSE) International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering. Vol. 02, No. 04, 1209-1218,2010.
[5] Ajala Funmilola A et. al.,"Fuzzy k-c-means Clustering Algorithm for Medical Image Segmentation", Journal of Information Engineering and Applications, ISSN 2224-5782 (print) ISSN 2225-0506 (online) Vol 2, No.6, 2012.

Abstract: Energy recovery is a technique originally developed for low power digital circuits. Energy recovery circuits achieve low energy dissipation by restricting current to flow across devices with low voltage drop and by recycling the energy stored on their capacitors by using an AC type supply voltage. In this paper there apply energy recovery technique to the logic circuits since the clock is typically the most capacitive signal in the chip. The purposed energy recovery logic circuit scheme recycles the energy from the capacitance in each cycle of the clock. In this paper an 1-bit Full Adder energy recovery logic is purposed with the design of advanced Energy Recovery Logic Inverter circuit. This purposed Full Adder circuit is designed with low power energy recovery techniques and is compared with conventional efficient charge recovery logic circuit and this is done by using 0.25 μm CMOS technology in SPICE.
Keywords: Adiabatic, AERL, CMOS, Clock voltage, Delay, ECRL.

[1] Advanced Micro Devices Inc., "AMD Family 10h Desktop Processor Power and Thermal Data Sheet," revision 3.18, Available via the following URL: http://www.amd.com, Feb. 2009.
[2] M. Weiser, "Hot topics-ubiquitous computing," IEEE Computer, vol. 26(10), pp.71-72, Oct. 1993.
[3] Intel Corp. Inc., "Intel's transistor technology breakthrough represents biggest change to computer chips in 40 years", press release, Available via the following URL:http://www.intel.com, 27th Jan. 2007
[4] Kaushik Roy, Sharat C. Prasad, Low Power CMOS VLSI Circuit Design: Wiley India Edition, 2009.
[5] Yong Moon and Deog-Kyoon Jeong, "An efficient charge recovery logic circuit," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 31, pp. 514-522, Apr. 1996.

Abstract: Delay Tolerance Networks (DTNs) are infrastructure less wireless networks. DTNs are wireless networks where disconnections and delays occur frequently due to phenomena such as node mobility, power outages etc. In order to achieve data delivery, a Store –Carry –Forward approach is used. In store carry and forward approach node stores the message in its buffer and forward the message to next intermediate node when that node in the range of network. In this paper we first describe delay tolerance network and its different routing schemes. Then we discuss Particle Swam Optimization (PSO) in Delay Tolerance Network with PSO basic algorithm. Here In this paper an attempt has been made to propose new DTNPSO scheme to increase throughput of particles routing.
Keywords: Delay Tolerance Network (DTN), Particle Swam Optimization (PSO) Routing Schemes.ONE(Opportunistic Network Environment).

[1] Fall K. A delay tolerant network architecture for challenged internets. SIGCOMM‟03: Proceedings of the 2003 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications, ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp.27–34.
[2] Nelson I. Dopico, Álvaro Gutiérrezand Santiago Zazo. Performance analysis of adelay tolerant application for herd localization. 2011, Elsevier
[3] Seunghun Cha, Elmurod Talipovand Hojung Cha. Data delivery scheme for intermittently connected mobile sensor networks. 0140-3664, 2012, Elsevier.
[4] Anju Rani , Atul Sharma, Dr. Dinesh Singh, Sanjeev Indora "Movement Models based Performance Comparison of Routing Protocols in DTN dProceedings of "Second International Conference on Emerging Research in Computing, Information, Communication and Applications‟(ERCICA-14)2014.
[5] Dinesh Singh, Sanjeev Indora, Anju Rani, Atul Sharma" Routing Policies & Strategies in Delay Tolerant Network" International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 National Conference on Advances in Engineering and Technology .

Abstract: Network Simulators are used to observe the performance of a network in terms of various network performance measures. While testing a scenario, it is very difficult to setup a complete network containing computers, routers and data links to see the feasibility of the network. In these circumstances, network simulators are used to set up, test and improve performance of any network. Network simulators help to accomplish this task with less time as well as less expenditure. Network simulators facilitatethe network designers to implement new networking protocols or to modify the existing protocols in a controlled and efficient manner. In this paper, we present an overview of different network simulators which can be used for simulating wired as well as wireless networks. Keywords: Network simulators,NS2, NS3, OMNET

[1] Ting N. and Deters R., "3LS - A Peer-to-Peer Network Simulator",Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing (P2P 2003), IEEE Press, 2003, 212-213.
[2] Rachna Chaudhary, ShwetaSethi, Rita Keshari, SakshiGoel, "A study of comparison of Network Simulator -3 and Network Simulator -2", International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 3 (1) , 2012, 3085 - 3092
[3] Jianli Pan, "A Survey of Network Simulation Tools: Current Status and Future Development", Last modified on November 24, 2008, A Project Report Written under guidance of Prof. Raj Jain
[4] L. Begg, W.Liu, K.Pawlikowski, S. Perera, H.Sirisena, "Survey of Simulators of Next Generation Networks for Studying Service Availability and Resilience", Technical Report TR-COSC 05/06, Dept of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Nw Zealand
[5] A. Varga, A. Y. Sekercioglu, "Parallel Simulation Made Easy With OMNeT++" , 15th European Simulation Symposium, 2003

Abstract: In this paper a affordable gait analysis system based on kinect sensor is presented. Here kinect sensor is used for acquiring skeleton data for calculating three-dimensional (3D) motion parameters. By image processing to track user movements in the skeleton frame to frame then position of the skeleton joints tracked. The lower joints position in the skeleton that reports X, Y, Z coordinates. This information is use to calculate relative angle between joints. From law of cosine measured the angle between the two joints as skeleton joint continuous tracking. Experiments performed in frontal plane of skeleton to verify the joint angle measurement efficiency of the kinect for gait analysis. Keywords – Gait analysis, joint angle, kinematics, kinect sensor.

[1] White, D.; Burdick, K.; Fulk, G.; Searleman, J.; Carroll, J., "A virtual reality application for stroke patient rehabilitation," Mechatronics and Automation, 2005 IEEE International Conference , vol.2, no., pp.1081,1086 Vol. 2, 29 July-1 Aug. 2005.
[2] Yang Yang; Fang Pu; Yan Li; Shuyu Li; Yubo Fan; Deyu Li, "Reliability and Validity of Kinect RGB-D Sensor for Assessing Standing Balance," Sensors Journal, IEEE , vol.14, no.5, pp.1633,1638, May 2014.
[3] Dikovski, B.; Madjarov, G.; Gjorgjevikj, D., "Evaluation of different feature sets for gait recognition using skeletal data from Kinect," Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO), 2014 37th International Convention on , vol., no., pp.1304,1308, 26-30 May 2014.
[4] Huber, M.E.; Seitz, A.L.; Leeser, M.; Sternad, D., "Validity and reliability of kinect for measuring shoulder joint angles," Northeast Bioengineering Conference (NEBEC), 2014 40th Annual , vol., no., pp.1,2, 25-27 April 2014.

Abstract: To set up the GSM mobile network the basic task is to analyze the effect of the transmission power on proposed network. This paper describes the GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) network simulation for 4 users. The network is simulated in Qualnet Software. The paper shows the effect of transmission power on signal received, signal transmitted, channel assignment and location update. The frequency band of 900 MHz is used with two ray propagation model to simulate the network.
Keywords: Frequency band, GSM, Qualnet Software, Transmission power.

[1] http://www.etsi.org/technologies-clusters/technologies/mobile/gsm. [2] Hlwun Moe Aung, Win Zaw Hein, Hla Myo Tun, Performance Evaluation of GSM Transmission over Different Modulation Schemes (BPSK, QPSK, GMSK), International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 4, Issue 4, 2014, 1-4.
[3] http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/GSM.
[4] http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/cellulartelecomms/gsm_technical/gsm_architecture.php.
[5] Theodore S. Rappaport, Wireless communications principles and practice second edition, Wireless Systems and Standards, 11 (India: Dorling Kindersley Pvt. Ltd. Licensees of Pearson Education, Sixth Impression, 2012) 551-557.

Abstract: Microstrip antennas are very cheap and their cost of fabrication is also very less. Most of the wireless communication systems are based on these antennas. Though it has many advantages, there is one drawback which is narrow bandwidth. Aperture coupling technique helps to improve this bandwidth upto some extent. Therefore, this technique has been used in the design which is demonstrated in this paper. Here the substrates used in aperture feeding have thickness of 1.57mm. This antenna has bandwidth of 74.5 MHz at 3.62 GHz frequency and 111 MHz at 5.772 GHz frequency. Both these operating frequencies have application in WLAN and WiMAX bands. The simulation is done using CST 2010 software.

[1] Constantine A. Balanis , "Antenna theory Analysis and Design", 2nd edition, John Wiley and Sons, 2009.
[2] Howell, J. Q., "Microstrip Antennas", IEEE AP-S int. Symp. Digest pp 177-180, 1972.
[3] Munson, R.E., "Conformal Microstrip antennas and Microstrip phased arrays", IEEE transaction on antennas and propagation, vol-AP22, pp74- 78, 1974.
[4] S K Behera, "Novel Tuned Rectangular Patch Antenna As a Load for Phase Power Combining" PhD Thesis, Jadavpur University, Kolkata.
[5] Ramesh Garg, Prakash Bharti, Inder Bahl, "Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook", Artech House, Boston London.

Abstract: The x-ray images are corrupted with different types of artifacts among them noise is one. The visualization with accuracy of these (x-ray) images is important for accurate diagnosis. The solution seems to preprocessing of these images. For researchers, to eliminate the noise from an image before further processing is a very important but a great challenge. Noise can corrupt the image during the capturing or transmission of the image. In this study, prime focus is on evaluation of various types of filters on X-ray images. Different types of filters are applied on these corrupted images and comparison of the obtained results show that median filter is better than the others one. The achieved results are more constructive and supportive for further processing.
Keywords: Median filter, Noise, Preprocessing, Roentgenogram (X-ray).

[1] http://www.topcoder.com/dtn
[2] Gao et al., "Multidimensional Routing Protocol in Human-Associated Delay-Tolerant Networks" ,IEEE Transactions On Mobile Computing,Vol. 12, No. 11, pp. 2132-2144, 2013
[3] A. Lindgren et al., " Probabilistic routing in intermittently connected Networks" , ACMSIGMOBILE CCR, 2003
[4] S. Jain, K. Fall, R. Patra., "Routing in a Delay Tolerant Network".Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM, pp. 145–2008.
[5] Y. Cao et al., "Approach-and-Roam (AaR): A Geographic Routing Scheme for Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networks", IEEE Transactions On Vehicular Technology, Vol. 63, No. 1, pp. 266-281, 2014

Abstract: Orthogonal Frequency division is an emerging modulation technique that provides high spectral efficiency and bandwidth. It has a drawback of high Peak to Average Power Ratio. In this paper we discuss a new clipping and filtering approach which is based on cancellation of clipping noise to overcome the drawback of PAPR in OFDM. This method requires only single iteration to resolve the problem of PAPR. The simulation shows that the QPSK modulated OFDM signal with 1024 subcarriers achieve a PAPR reduction to a 2dB.
Keywords: OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing), PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio), Clipping, FFT (Fast Fourier Transform), CCDF

[1] Bahubali K.Shiragpur,Udhay Wali, Sandeep Bidwai,'' .Novel techniques to reducePAPR in OFDM Systems Using Thershold SLM'',3rd IEEE international Advance Computing Conference,Dec.2013,pp.515-519.
[2] Tao Jiang,''An Overview: Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction Techniques for OFDM Signals'', IEEE transaction on broadcasting, vol. 54, NO. 2, JUNE 2008,pp.257-267.
[3] Tao Jiang, Senior Member, IEEE, Cai Li, and Chunxing Ni,'' Effect of PAPR Reduction on Spectrum andEnergy Efficiencies in OFDM Systems With Class-A HPA Over AWGN Channel, IEEEtransaction on broadcasting, vol. 59, NO. 3, sep. 2013.
[4] Li X, Cimini LJ Jr (1998) Effects of clipping and filtering on the performance of OFDM. IEEE Commun Lett 2(5):131–133.
[5] W. Aziz, E. Ahmed, G. Abbas, S. Saleem and Q. Islam, PAPR Reduction in OFDM using Clipping and Filtering, World Applied Sciences Journal 18 (11): 1495-1500, 2012.

Abstract: Nowadays Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) plays a very important role for transferring the data from source to destination but energy is one of the major challenges in these networks. WSN consists of thousands of nodes which consume energy while transmitting the information and the node having high data transmission and reception or high load lost their energy earlier and network life time gets reduced. Clustering and Cluster head selection are important parameters used to enhance the lifetime of the WSN. These are used to be good approaches to overcome energy problem. In this paper, we discuss various protocols, the Divide and Rule (DR), Density Controlled Divide and Rule (DDR), Improved Density Controlled Divide and Rule (IDDR) and Scalable Energy Efficient Clustering Hierarchy (SEECH) protocols for energy efficient routing protocol in WSN.

Keywords: - Clustering, Energy efficiency, WSN, DDR, SEECH.

1]. Latif, K, Ahmad, A, Javaid, N, Khan,Z.A and Alrajeh, N, "Divide and-Rule Scheme for Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks."Procedia Computer Science 19 Computer Science 19 (2013): 340-347.
[2]. Ahmad, A, Latif, K, Javaid, N, Khan, A and Qasim, U, "Density controlled divide-and-rule scheme for energy efficient routing in Wireless Sensor Networks." Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE), 2013 26th Annual IEEE Canadian Conference on. IEEE, 2013.
[3]. F. Saleema, Y. Moeena, M. Behzada, M. A. Hasnata, Z. A. Khanb, U. Qasimc, N. Javaid," IDDR: "Improved Density Controlled Divide-and-Rule Scheme for Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks." Procedia Computer Science 34 ( 2014 ) 212 – 219.
[4]. F. Saleema, Y. Moeena, M. Behzada, M. A. Hasnata, Z. A. Khanb, U. Qasimc, N. Javaid," IDDR: "Improved Density Controlled Divide-and-Rule Scheme for Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks." Procedia Computer Science 34 (2014) 212 – 219.
[5]. T. Mehdi, Y. S. Kavian, and S. Saman."SEECH: Scalable Energy Efficient Clustering Hierarchy Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks." IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL, VOL. 14, NO. 11, Nov. 2014..