iosr-JECE   International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Management (ICETEM-2016)

Abstract: MIMO-OFDM technologies are widely used in mobile multimedia communication systems. The low peak to average power requirement in number of application has led to the use of insufficient cyclic prefix in OFDM. This will reduce the data rate of the system. To attain high data rate which is one of the major advantage of OFDM system, precoders are used. Precoding is a generalized beamforming multistream transmission method that helps to bit error rate performance of MIMO-OFDM system. The objective of this
paper is to study various precoding methods in MIMO-OFDM systems. Here we have studied unoptimal precoding methos such as precoding using modulo operation, precoding using interference alignment method and optimal precoding method using channel information. The study shows that all the precoding methods reduces the ISI but the precoding using channel information helps in reducing receiver complexity and helps in increasing BER.
Keywords - MIMO-Multi input Multi output, OFDM-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, CP-cyclic prefix ISI-Inter Symbol Interference

[1]. Theodore S. Rappaport "Wireless communication principles and practice" second edition.
[2], A. Goldsmith, S. A. Jafar, N. Jindal, and S. Vishwanath, "Capacity limits of MIMO channels," IEEE J. Sel. Areas
Commun., vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 684–702, 2003.
[3]. G. G. Raleigh and J. M. Cioffi, "Spatio-temporal coding for wireless communication," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 46, no.
3, pp. 357–366,1998.

Abstract: The project proposes an automatic support system for stage classification using artificial neural network (learning machine) and to detect Brain Tumor through k-means clustering methods for medical application. The detection of the Brain Tumor is a challenging problem, due to the structure of the Tumor cells. This project presents a segmentation method, k-means clustering algorithm, for segmenting Magnetic Resonance images to detect the Brain Tumor in its early stages and to analyze anatomical structures. The
artificial neural network will be used to classify the stage of Brain Tumor that is benign, malignant or normal. Here discrete wavelet transform is used to analysis texture of an image.

[1]. N. Kwak, and C. H. Choi, ―Input Feature Selection for Classification Problems‖, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 13(1),
143–159, 2002.
[2]. E. D. Ubeyli and I. Guler, ―Feature Extraction from Doppler Ultrasound Signals for Automated Diagnostic Systems‖, Computers in
Biology and Medicine, 35(9), 735–764, 2005.
[3]. D.F. Specht, ―Probabilistic Neural Networks for Classification, mapping, or associative memory‖, Proceedings of IEEE
International Conference on Neural Networks, Vol.1, IEEE Press, New York, pp. 525-532, June 1988.
[4]. D.F. Specht, ―Probabilistic Neural Networks‖ Neural Networks, vol. 3, No.1, pp. 109-118, 1990.
[5]. Georgiadis. Et all , ― Improving brain tumor characterization on MRI by probabilistic neural networks and non-linear
transformation of textural features‖,Computer Methods and program in biomedicine, vol 89, pp24-32, 2008
[6]. Kaus M., ―Automated segmentation of MRI brain tumors‖, Journal of Radiology,vol. 218, pp. 585-591,2001
[7]. Kornel, P., Bela, M., Rainer, S., Zalan, D., Zsolt, T. and Janos, F.,―Application of neural network in medicine‖, Diag. Med.
Tech.,vol. 4,issue 3,pp: 538-54 ,1998.

Abstract: Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have gained worldwide attention in recent years. Unlike traditional networks, a WSN has its own design and resource constraints. Resource constraints include a limited amount of energy, short communication range, low bandwidth, and limited processing and storage in each node. However, the current connect number, sampling rate, and signal types of sensors are generally restricted by the device. In this paper, to solve these problems, a new method is proposed to design and implementation of network chip for wireless and wired peripherals with serial communication, in which filed programmable gate array (FPGA) is adopted as the core controller.

[1]. Qingping Chi, Hairong Yan, Chuan Zhang, Zhibo Pang, and Li Da Xu, "A Reconfigurable Smart Sensor Interface for Industrial
WSN in iot Environment", IEEE Transactions On Industrial Informatics, Vol. 10, No. 2, May 2014
[2]. M. T.Lazarescu, "Design of a WSN platform for long-term environmental monitoring for IoT applications," IEEE J. Emerg. Sel.
Topics Circuits Syst., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 45–54, Mar. 2013.
[3]. R. Dafali, J. Diguet, and J. Creput, "Self-adaptive network-on-chip interface," IEEE Embedded Syst. Lett., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 73–76,
Dec. 2013.
[4]. Z. Pang et al., "An RTOS-based architecture for industrial wireless sensor network stacks with multi-processor support," in Proc.
Ind. Technol. (ICIT), 2013, pp. 1216–1221.
[5]. S. Li, L. Da Xu, and X. Wang, "Compressed sensing signal and data acquisition in wireless sensor networks and internet of things,"
IEEE Trans. Ind. Informat., vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 2177–2186, Nov. 2013.

Abstract: Visible light communication based on LEDs is an eco-friendly IT green technology. Light-emitting diode (LED) is the main part of visible light communication. The optical wireless communication provides many advantages, such as being license-free, high directional channel, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) free. Meanwhile, in power line communication we are using the power lines as a medium for communications, that is here power lines are carrying the data. PLC technology could provide the consumer with a spectrum of services such as Internet, home entertainment and home automation. Dealing with very high voltages and its isolation is
a problem of PLC. Also power line communication is affected by a number of noises, it make the communication system a worst one A solution to this problem is proposed by combining Power Line Communication and Visible Light Communication.
Keywords-Power Line Communication, Visible Light Communication, White LED

1] Alin-MihaiCailean, BarthélemyCagneau, Luc Chassagne "Evaluation of the noise effects on Visible Light Communications using
Manchester and Miller coding" 12th International Conference on development and application systems, Suceava, Romania, May
15-17, 2014Ding, W. and Marchionini, G. 1997 A Study on Video Browsing Strategies. Technical Report. University of Maryland
at College Park.
[2] Kaiyun Cui, Gang Chen, Qunfeng He, ZhengyuanXu "Indoor optical wireless communication by ultraviolet and
visible light "
[3] Krishna Prasad Pujapanda "LiFi Integrated to Power-lines for Smart Illumination cum Communication" 2013
International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies
[4] P. Amirshahi (Member) and M. Kavehrad (FIEEE) "Broadband Access over Medium and Low Voltage Power-lines
and use of White Light Emitting Diodes for Indoor Communications"
[5] SayedEhsanAlavi, Abu Sahmah M. Supa, Sevia M. Idrus "Integrated System of Visible Free Space Optic with PLC" Proceedings
of the 2009 IEEE 9th Malaysia International Conference on Communications 15 -17 December 2009 Kuala Lumpur
MalaysiaBrown, L. D., Hua, H., and Gao, C. 2003. A widget framework for augmented interaction in SCAPE.

Abstract: Error correction codes are used in semiconductor memories to protect information against soft errors. Soft errors are a major concern for memory reliability especially for memories that are used in space applications. In such cases, to protect the data from soft errors, simple error correction codes are preferred due to their simple encoding/decoding logic, low redundancy and low encoding/decoding latency. Hamming codes are attractive as they are simple to construct for any word length and the encoding/decoding can be done with low delay. But they only allow single error correction or double error detection, so a multiple error can lead to
a wrong decoding. Nowadays multiple errors are becoming more frequent as integration scale increases. Multiple errors occurs mainly to adjacent bits. In this paper modified Hamming code that can correct single errors, double-adjacent errors, triple-adjacent errors and double-almost-adjacent errors is presented. The double and triple adjacent errors are precisely the types of errors that an MCU would likely cause, and therefore, the modified Hamming code will be useful to provide MCU tolerant memories.
Keywords - Adjacent errors, Check matrix, Hamming code, Multiple cell upsets, Syndromes

[1] R. C. Baumann, "Radiation-induced soft errors in advanced semiconductor technologies," IEEE Trans. Device Mater. Rel., vol. 5,
no. 3, pp. 301– 316, Sep. 2005.
[2] C. L. Chen and M. Y. Hsiao, "Error-correcting codes for semiconductor memory applications: A state-of-the-art review," IBM J.
Res. Develop., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 124–134, Mar. 1984.
[3] R. Leveugle, "Optimized state assignment of single fault tolerant FSMs based on SEC codes," in Proc. 30th Conf. Des. Autom.,
Jun. 1993, pp. 14–18.
[4] R. W. Hamming, "Error detecting and error correcting codes," Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 147–160, Apr. 1950.
[5] Anjum Asma and Gihan Nagib,'Energy Efficient Routing Algorithms for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks–A Survey', International
Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in computer Science, Vol.3, Issue 1, pp. 218-223, 2012.
[6] P. Ankolekar, S. Rosner, R. Isaac, and J. Bredow, "Multi-bit error correction methods for latency-constrained flashmemory
systems," IEEE Trans. Device Mater. Rel., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 33–39, Mar. 2010.
[7] Costas Argyrides, Dhiraj K. Pradhan and Taskin Kocak, "Matrix Codes for Reliable and Cost Efficient Memory Chips", IEEE
Transactions On Very Large Scale Integration (Vlsi) Systems, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp.420-428, March 2011.

Abstract: ECG signal is a biomedical signal that gives information about the electrical activities of the heart. ECG signal is corrupted by different noises of high frequencies and low frequencies and that may lead wrong interpretations, therefore in this study different noises like power line interference, channel noise, baseline wander, Electromyogram (EMG) Noise, electrode contact noise, and motion artifacts are analyzed. This paper also focuses on certain techniques for denoising of ECG signal.
Keywords- Electrocardiogram (ECG), Denoising techniques, Empirical mode decomposition (EMD), DWT, Filtering Techniques, Filtered Residue method, Signal to Error Ratio (SER), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR).

[1] Snehal Thalkar, Prof. Dhananjay Upasani " Various Techniques for Removal of Power Line Interference From ECG Signal"
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 12, December-2013 12 ISSN 2229-5518.
[2] P. Raphisak, S.C. Schuckers, A.J. Curry, An algorithm for EMG noise detection in large ECG data, Comput. Cardiol, 31 (2004) 369–
372.
[3] Gary M,Friesen Thomas C. Jannett, Manal Afify Jadallah,Standford L. Yates, Stephen R.Quint, H.Troy N Nagle,1990,"A Comparision
of the Noise Sensitivity of Nine QRS Detection Algorithms", IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering,Vol,37, No. 1, March
1990.
[4] Chinmay Chandrakar, M.K. Kowar, "DENOISING ECG SIGNALS USING ADAPTIVE FILTER ALGORITHM", International
Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE) ISSN: 2231-2307, Volume-2,Issue-1, March 2012
[5] Omid Sayadi , Mohammad Bagher Shamsollahi, "ECG Denoising with Adaptive Bionic Wavelet Transform" , in Proceedings of the
28th IEEE EMBS Annual International Conference New York City, USA, Aug 30- Sept 3, 2006

Abstract: Recent technological advancements in the area of communication enabled the use of wireless sensor network (WSN)s in a wide range of applications. WSN has emerged as a promising tool for monitoring the physical world where wired network can't reach such as under water, remote areas, machinery etc. In WSN, sensors are integrated into structure, machinery, and deliver the sensed information. However we cannot rely on the WSN completely since they suffer from many constraints, including low computation capability, small
memory, limited energy resources, susceptibility to physical capture, and the use of insecure wireless communication channels. But as the range of applications increased, it became necessary to meet the requirements of high performance together with meeting network constraints. As the performance improved, the aspect of network privacy arose as a challenge.

[1] KAMAT P, ZHA NG Yanyong, T RAPPE W, et al. Enhancing source location privacy in sensor network routing. Distributed
Computin Systems, 2005. ICDCS 2005, Proceedings,25th IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, 2005: 599- 608.
[2] REINDL P, DU Xiaojiang, NYGARD K, et al. Lightweight Source Anonymity in Wireless Sensor Networks[C]. Global
Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM 2011), 2011 IEEE. 2011: 1-5
[3] Xiaoxin Wu. "Applying Pseudonimity for Anonymous Data Delivery in Location-Aware Mobile Ad Hoc Networks".., IEEE
Transactions On Vehicular Technology, VOL. 55, NO. 3, MAY 2006.
[4] SHI LeyP, FU Wenjingl, JIA Congl, LIU Xinl, JIA Chunfu, "A Sensor Anonymity Enhancement Scheme Based on Pseudonym for
Clustered Wireless Sensor Network" College of Computer & Communication Engineering, China University of Petroleum,Qingdao,
Shandong, P.R.China ,College of Computer & Control Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R.China,.
[5] Ting Li, Yong Feng, Feng Wang, Xiaodong Fu., "A Dynamic Pseudonyms Based Anonymous Routing Protocol for Wireless Ad Hoc
Networks ".,Yunnan Key Lab of Computer Technology Applications, School of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming
University of Science and Technology.

Abstract: Today, bio-diversity in the world is reducing to an unpredictable level. Animals can be perfectly recognized using their footprints and numerous features contained in it can be used to support the identification of an animal. This is normally carried out at forest by a series of process. An animal census is a difficult job for the forest officials especially in counting the tiger number. Obviously, the conventional pugmark census could not live up to scientific scrutiny. It is difficult, timing consuming and it needs a minimum of three officials. All these shortcomings can be eliminated by our method. Image processing techniques are used for footprint
matching and then the footprint image was matched with a data base. The analysis was done by either Forest
officials or automatically by the system.
Keywords : Biodiversity, Animal Footprint, Animal Pugmark, Forest, Counting Tiger, Footprint matching

[1] Mohammed Nazir Alli, Serestina Viriri, School of Mathematics, Animal Identification Based on Footprint Recognition,Statistics
and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu Natal – Westville Durban, South Africa
[2] Guannan Yuan, James Russel, Reinhard Klette, Bodo Rosenhahn and Steven Stones-Havas, Understanding Tracks of Different
Species of Rats, University of Auckland.
[3] Nils Hasler, Reinhard Klette, Bodo Rosenhahn and Warren Agnew,Footprint Recognition of Rodents and Insects, University of
Auckland.
[4] P. Riordan, Unsupervised Recognition of Individual Tigers and Snow Leopards from their Footprints, Manchester Metropolitan
University,1998.
[5] Haokun Geng, Cheryl Mills, Radu Nicolescu and Reinhard Klette, A Rule Based Method for Automated Footprint Localization and
Classification of Small Species, University of Auckland, University of Exeter Cornwallj.

Abstract: This paper proposes a method to improve the contrast of text in a badly degraded document. Given a degraded document image, an adaptive contrast map is first constructed and the text stroke edges are then detected through the combination of the binarized adaptive contrast map and the canny edge map. The text is then segmented based on the local threshold that is estimated from the detected text stroke edge pixels. Some post-processing is further applied to improve the document binarization quality.
Keywords: Adaptive image contrast, document analysis, document image processing, degraded document image binarization, pixel classification.

[1] B. Gatos, K. Ntirogiannis, and I. Pratikakis, "ICDAR 2009 document image binarization contest (DIBCO 2009)," in Proc. Int.
Conf. Document Anal. Recognit., Jul. 2009, pp. 1375–1382.
[2] I. Pratikakis, B. Gatos, and K. Ntirogiannis, "ICDAR 2011 document image binarization contest (DIBCO 2011)," in Proc. Int.
Conf. Document Anal. Recognit., Sep. 2011, pp. 1506–1510.

Abstract: This paper presents Radix-8 Modified Booth's Multiplier (MBM) optimized for high speed multiplication by using different compressors and Ladner Fischer Adder (LFA). This paper aims at improvement in the performance of FAM unit. This proposed method is purely based on modified recoding techniques for booth recoding in DSP application An efficient verilog code has been written, successfully simulated on Modelsim 6.3 simulator and Xilinx 13.3 navigator is used for synthesizing the code.The selected
device to synthesize the code is xc3s500e-4pq208 of Spartan-3E family. The proposed technique yields considerable reductions in terms of critical delay, area and power consumption of the FAM unit
Keywords – MBA ,LFA,Compressor

[1]. IEEE transactions on circuits and systems—i: regular papers, vol. 61, no. 4, april 2014 1133‖An optimized modified booth recoder
for efficientdesign of the add-multiply operator ― kostas tsoumanis, student member, ieee, sotiris xydis, constantinos efstathiou,
nikos moschopoulos, andkiamal pekmestzi
[2]. A. Amaricai, M. Vladutiu, and O. Boncalo, ―Design issues and implementations for floating-point divide-add fused,‖ IEEE
Trans.Circuits Syst. II–Exp. Briefs, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 295–299, Apr. 2010.
[3]. E. E. Swartzlander and H. H. M. Saleh, ―FFT implementation with fused floating-point operations, IEEE Trans. Comput., vol. 61,
no.2,pp. 284–288, Feb. 2012.
[4]. J. J. F. Cavanagh,Digital Computer Arithmetic. NewYork:McGraw-Hill, 1984.
[5]. S. Nikolaidis, E. Karaolis, and E. D. Kyriakis-Bitzaros, ―Estimation of signal transition activity in FIR filters implemented by a
MAC architecture,‖IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst., vol.19, no. 1, pp. 164–169, Jan. 2000
[6]. O. Kwon, K. Nowka, and E. E. Swartzlander, ―A 16-bit by 16-bitMAC design using fast 5 : 3 compressor cells,‖ J. VLSI Signal
Process. Syst.,vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 77–89, Jun. 2002.

Abstract: To support various wireless services and applications, a dramatic increase has been noticed over the decade for high data rate. To meet the requirements of high data rate, third generation partnership project (3GPP) has come across the development of long term evolution (LTE). Two techniques used in LTE are Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) and Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA). The main drawback of OFDMA over SC-FDMA is its high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). Therefore OFDMA is used in the downlink and SC-FDMA is used in the uplink of fourth generation (4G) wireless communication systems. To provide high data rate along with increased system capacity it is possible to extend Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) to OFDMA and SC-FDMA. This paper surveys on PAPR problem and PAPR reduction methods.
Keywords – BER, MIMO, OFDMA, PAPR, SC-FDMA.

[1] Chang-Ju Lin, Li-Chung Chang and Chih –Yao Huang, "Efficient PAPR Reduction Schemes for MIMO SC-FDMA with Space
Frequency Block Codes," International Conference on Communication and Networking Technologies pp. 1-5 2014.
[2] H. G.Myung, J. Lim and D. J. Goodman, "Single Carrier FDMA for Uplink Wireless Transmission," IEEE Vehicular Technology
Mag, vol.1, no. 3, Sep 2006, pp. 30-38.
[3] Hyung.G. Myung and David. Goodman, "Single carrier FDMA – A new air interface for long term Evolution", Wiley
Publications,2008.
[4] Dr. G. Indumathi and D. Allin Joe, "Design of Optimum Physical Layer Architecture for a High Data Rate LTE Uplink
Transceiver," IEEE International Conference on Green High Performance Computing, pp. 1-8, 2013.
[5] Hyung G. Myung, Junsung Lim and David J. Goodman, "Peak-to-Average Power Ratio of Single Carrier FDMA Signals with Pulse
Shaping", International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC'06) pp 1-5, 2006.
[6] C.Ciochina, D.Castelain, D.Mottier and H.Sari, "New PAPR-Preserving Mapping Methods for Single-Carrier FDMA with Space-
Frequency Block Codes," IEEE Trans. On Wireless Communications, vol. 8, no. 10, pp. 5176-5186, October 2009.

Abstract: Deep space data transmission is the most challenging mission in satellite communication. The main difficulties faced in this mission includes transmission delay, weak signal to noise ratio, disrupted communication links etc. Channel coding and efficient modulation scheme can be used efficiently to recover data at low SNR. This paper makes a comparison between QPSK modulation and OFDM-QPSK modulation in terms of bit error rate in an AWGN channel. The results showed that the bit error rate performance of OFDMQPSK is better than that of QPSK. This paper also provides a comparison between different coding techniques
used in deep space communication.
Keywords - AWGN ,Bit error rate,OFDM-QPSK, QPSK ,Signal to Noise Ratio

[1] Deepak Mishra, T.V.S Ram , K S Dasgupta and S.Jit , "Concatenated Convolutional Codes for Deep Space Mission‟, International
Journal of Information and Communication Technology Research, Volume 2 No. 6, June 2012
[2] Muhammad Sher, "Error-Control Coding in satellite communication‟,Pakistan Journal of Applied Sciences 2(1) : 10-16,2002.
[3] Carlo Condo, "Concatenated Turbo/LDPC Codes for Deep Space Communications: Performance and Implementation‟ ,
SPACOMM 2013: The Fifth International Conference on Advances in Satellite and Space Communications.

Abstract: Block Truncation Coding, or BTC, is a type of lossy image compression technique for grayscale images .The BTC algorithm uses a two-levels (one-bit) nonparametric quantizes that adapts to local properties of the image. How-ever, its inherent artifacts, blocking effect and false contour, caused by low bit rate configuration are the key problems. To deal with these, an improved BTC, namely dot-diffused BTC (DDBTC), is used. In this paper we improved current method of Block Truncation Coding Using Optimized Dot Diffusion. Dot-diffused BTC image compression technique which can yield excellent image quality and processing speed. But the image Quality is depending on class matrix and diffusion kernel which is calculated by co optimization algorithm.

[1] E. J. Delp and O. R. Mitchell, "Image compression using block truncation coding," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 27, no. 9,pp. 1335–
1342, Sep. 1979.
[2] D. E. Knuth, "Digital halftones by dot diffusion," ACM Trans. Graph., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 245–273, Oct. 1987.
[3] M. Mese and P. P. Vaidyanathan, "Optimized halftoning using dot diffusion and methods for inverse halftoning," IEEE Trans.
Image Processing, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 691–709, Apr. 2000.
[4] J. M. Guo and Y. F. Liu, "Improved block truncation coding using optimized dot diffusion," in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Circuits Syst.,
May–Jun. 2010, pp. 2634–2637.
[5] J. M. Guo and Y. F. Liu, "Joint compression/watermarking scheme using majority-parity guidance and halftoning-based block
truncation coding," IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 2056–2069, Aug. 2010.
[6] P. Li and J. P. Allebach, "Block interlaced pinwheel error diffusion," J. Electron. Imag., vol. 14, no. 2, p. 023007, Apr.–Jun. 2005.
[7] D. R. Halverson, N. C. Griswold, and G. L. Wise, "A generalized block truncation coding algorithm for image compression," IEEE
Trans.Acoust., Speech, Signal Process., vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 664–668, Jun. 1984.
[8] V. Udpikar and J. P. Raina, "Modified algorithm for block truncation coding of monochrome images," Electron. Lett., vol. 21, no.
20,pp. 900–902, Sep. 1985.

Abstract: MC-CDMA is one of the most promising technique for future mobile communication, since it offers high bit rate and high capacity transmission. It is actually the combination two efficient techniques such as Code division Multiple Access (CDMA) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) techniques. Consequently, it combines the benefits and limitation of both CDMA as well as OFDM techniques. MC-CDMA is an effective scheme that reduces the problems like spectral limitation and distortions due to multipath channels. The main limitation in MC-CDMA system is the high Peak to average power ratio (PAPR) which in turn reduces the system power efficiency. The studies shows that the use of efficient spreading codes with good correlation properties and PAPR reduction techniques, help to improve the system performance by reducing the PAPR.

[1] Ipatov, Valeri (2000). "Spread Spectrum and CDMA" John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
[2] Madhvi J, Vrinda T, "Performance Analysis of MC-CDMA System", IEEE 2012 RAIT Conference, pp-263-266.
[3] S.Chatterjee,W.A.C.Fernando, .K.Wasantha, "Adaptive modulation based MC-CDMA systems for 4G wireless consumer
application", IEEE June 2003,pp-995-1002.
[4] B.Sarala," Code Division Multiple Access transmission techniques for 3g and 4g wireless communication systems:A survey",
ACEEE 2011, Vol.05,No.02, pp-190-194.
[5] Kiran Khurshid, Imtiaz Ahmed Khokhar, "Comparison survey of 4G competitors", IEEE communication, August 2013, pp 1-7.
[6] K Rasadurai, Parvathy S K, N Kumaratharan,"Performance enhancement of MC-CDMA system using LDPC codes", 2013
IEEE conference on Information & communication technologies, pp 78-82.
[7] Heidi Steendam and Marc Moeneclaey, "Comparison of the sensitivities of MC-CDMA and MC-DS-CDMA to carrier frequency
offset", 2000 IEEE, PP-166-173.