iosr-JECE   International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Management (ICETEM-2016)

Abstract: This brief involves the design and implementation of an energy-efficient and high speed SAR ADC. The DAC would be designed to reduce the power consumption by applying a switching scheme. The architecture of SAR module provides improved speed of conversion. Power consumption is one of the main design constraints in today ICs. For systems that are powered by small non rechargeable batteries over the entire life time, such as medical implant devices low power consumption is important. In these systems SAR ADCs are key components to interface between analog world and digital domain. The design is implemented using Very Highspeed
Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language (VHDL). The operations of SAR ADC are simulated using the Modelsim tool and SAR ADC design is synthesized using Xilinx tool.
Keywords - Analog to Digital Converter (ADC), Digital to Analog Converter (DAC),), Power drawn from reference (Eref), Successive Approximation Register (SAR, Switching Energy (Esw)

[1] ArindamSanyal,IEEE, and Nan Sun,Member, IEEE―An Energy-Efficient Low Frequency- Dependence Switching Technique for
SAR ADCs, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II, Exp. Briefs, vol. 47, no. 8, pp. 507–511, Apr. 2014.
[2] J. H. Cheong, K. L. Chan, P. B. Khannur, K. T. Tiew, and M. Je, ―A 400-nW 19.5 fJ/conversion step 8-ENOB 80-KS/s SAR ADC
in 0.18-μmCMOS,IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II, Exp. Briefs, vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 407–411, Jul. 2011.
[3] B. P. Ginsburg and A. P. Chandrakasan, ―500-MS/s 5-bit ADC in 65-nmCMOS with split capacitor array DAC,IEEE J. Solid-
State Circuits,vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 739–747, Apr. 2007.
[4] N. Verma and A. P. Chandrakasan, ―An ultra low energy 12-bit rate resolution scalable SAR ADC for wireless sensor nodes,IEEE
J. Solid- State Circuits, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 1196–1295, Jun. 2007.
[5] D. Zhang, A. Bhide, and A. Alvandpour, ―A 53-nW 9.1-ENOB 1-KS/sSAR ADC in 0.13 μm CMOS for medical implant devices,
IEEE J.Solid-State Circuits, vol. 47, no. 7, pp. 1585–1593, Jul. 2012.
[6] T. G. R. Kuntz, C. R. Rodrigues, and S. Nooshabadi, ―An energy-efficient1MSps 7 μW 11.9 fJ/conversion step 7 pJ/sample 10-bit
SAR ADC in90 nm,in Proc. IEEE ISCAS, May 2011, pp. 261–264.

Abstract: Error detection and correction codes are essential for wireless communication to ensure the reliable transmission of data. It helps to mitigate the drawbacks in a noisy transmission channel. The decoder at the receiving end will first employ the error-correction bits to determine whether there is an error in the received data, and then to correct the errors if they fall within the error-correction capability of the code. One such error correction technique is convolutional coding. The objective of this paper is to analyze the bit error performance of different decoding techniques of convolutional code and ensures an effective decoding technique with improvement in performance. Several decoding techniques of convolutional code reduces the bit error occurs through transmission but a better performance can be obtained with the iterative decoding method of convolutional codes.
Keywords - Convolution code, cyclic redundancy check, multiple attempt decoding, Puncturing, Viterbi algorithm.

[1] A. J. Viterbi, "Error Bounds for Convolutional Codes and an Asymptotically Optimum Decoding Algorithm," IEEE Transactions on
Information Theory, vol. IT-13, pp. 260–269, April 1967.
[2] N. Seshadri and C.-E. W. Sundberg, "List Viterbi Decoding Algorithms with Applications," IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol.
42, pp.313–323,February/March/April 1994.
[3] B. Chen and C.-E. W. Sundberg, "List Viterbi Algorithms for Continuous Transmission," IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol.
49, pp.784–792, May 2001.
[4] C. Nill and C.-E. W. Sundberg, "List and Soft Symbol Output Viterbi Algorithms: Extensions and Comparisons," IEEE Transactions on
Communications, vol. 43, pp. 277–287, February/March/April 1995.
[5] O. Jegbefume, M. Saquib, and M. Torlak, "Artificial Code Puncturing for Wireless Networks," in Proc. IEEE Wireless Communications
& Networking Conference (WCNC'08),Las Vegas, NV, March/April 2008,pp. 3181–3185.
[6] A. K. Desiraju, "Multiple Attempt Decoding of Convolutional Codes over Rayleigh Channels," Master's thesis, The University of Texas
at Dallas, May 2013.
[7] P. S. Nguyen, H. D. Pfister, and K. R. Narayanan, "On Multiple Decoding Attempts for Reed Solomon Codes: A Rate-Distortion
Approach," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 57, pp. 668–691, February 2011.

Abstract: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is an efficient modulation technique which
can be used for both broadband wired and wireless communication. OFDM is now becoming widely popular
among the multicarrier communication systems because of its immunity to Inter Symbol Interference (ISI), Inter
Carrier Interference (ICI), impulse noise etc. and also it has high spectral efficiency. Studies show that high
Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) is one of the major drawbacks in multicarrier communication system.
PAPR is defined as the relation between maximum powers of the transmitted signal divided by the average
power. Through PAPR reduction the efficiency of high power amplifier could be substantially improved and
nonlinear distortion noise caused by the HPA could also be significantly reduced.

[1] Li, Xiaodong, and Leonard J. Cimini Jr. Effects of clipping and filtering on the performance of OFDM. In Vehicular Technology
Conference, 1997, IEEE 47th, vol. 3, pp. 1634-1638. IEEE, 1997.
[2] Wang, Y. C., and Z. Q. Luo. Optimized iterative clipping and filtering for PAPR reduction of OFDM signals. Communications,
IEEE Transactions on 59, no. 1 (2011): 33-37.
[3] Schmidt, Heiko, and Karl-Dirk Kammeyer. Reducing the peak to average power ratio of multicarrier signals by adaptive subcarrier
selection. In Universal Personal Communications, 1998. ICUPC'98. IEEE 1998 International Conference on, vol. 2, pp. 933-937.
IEEE, 1998.

Abstract: Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of blindness in the industrialized world. Early detection is the key in providing effective treatment. However, the current number of trained eye care specialists is inadequate to screen the increasing number of diabetic patients. Early signs of diabetic retinopathy are the presence of microaneurysms, intraretinal hemorrhages, or hard exudates in the retina. In this paper, an automated system for detecting Microaneurysms using a set of optimally adjusted morphological
operators in color retinal images is proposed. Afterwards exudates are detected using their high grey level variation, and their contours are determined by means of morphological reconstruction techniques. The algorithm is tested on many images from published database and gives acceptable accuracy.
Keywords - Diabetic Retinopathy; Microaneurysms; Mathematical morphology; Exudates

[1] Akara Sopharak, Bunyarit Uyyanonvara and Sarah Barman, (2011). " Automatic Microaneurys Detection from Non-dilated Diabetic
Retinopathy Retina Images Usin Mathematical Morphology Methods. ", IAENG International Journal of Computer,Vol.7 pp.405-431.
[2] Akara Sopharak, Bunyarit Uyyanonvara, Sarah Barman, Sakchai and NattapolWongkamchang,(2010). " Fine Exudate Detection using
Morphological Reconstruction Enhancement. ", International Journal Of Applied Biomedical Engineering, VOL.1,NO.1, pp. 45-50.
[3] Ardimas Andi Purwita, Kresno Adityowibowo, Ashlih Dameitry, Made Widhi Surya Atman, (2011). " Automated Microaneurysm
Detection Using Mathematical Morphology.", International Conference on Instrumentation, Communication, Information Technology
and Biomedical Engineering Bandung, Indonesia
[4] Conor Heneghana , John Flynna, Michael OKeefec, Mark Cahillc, (2002). " Characterization of changes in blood vessel width and
tortuosity in retinopathy of prematurity using image analysis. ", Medical Image Analysis, Vol.6, pp. 407429.
[5] Kenneth W. Tobin, V. Priya Govindasamy, Thomas P. Karnowski, (2007). " Detection of Anatomic Structures in Human Retinal
Imagery. ", IEEE Transactions On Medical Imaging, VOL. 26, NO. 12, pp. 1729-1739.

Abstract: Diversity Combining Technique is well-known scheme used in wireless link having multiple antennas at receiver to improve the performance. A new hybrid diversity scheme MRC/EGC over AWGN channel in which M number of branches carry out maximal ratio combining and L number of branches carry out equal gain combining is evaluated in this paper. The outage probability and Average Bit Error Rate (ABER) are the parameters used for the performance analysis of this Hybrid diversity combining technique.
Keywords - ABER, Equal Gain Combining, Hybrid MRC/EGC, Maximal Ratio Combining, Outage Probability

[1] Nitika Sachdeva and Deepak Sharma, Performance analysis of conventional diversity combining schemes in Rayleigh fading channel,
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, 2(6), 2012, 197-201.
[2] Mohamed Slim Alouini and Marvin K. Simon, Performance of coherent receivers with hybrid SC/MRC over Nakagami-m fading
channels, IEEE Trans. Vehicular Technology, 48(4), 1999, 1155-1164.
[3] P.R.Sahu and A.K. Chaturvedi, Performance evaluation of SC-MRC and SC-EGC diversity combining systems in slow Nakagami-m
fading channel, 2002.
[4] Hoyong Lee, Sang Kyu Park and Yujae Song, Performance analysis of a hybrid SEC/MRC diversity scheme over Rayleigh fading,
Proc. 13th International Conferance on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT), Korea, 2011, 1115-1118.
[5] A Dinamani, Swagata Das, Bijendra L, Shruti R, Babina S and Kiran B, Performance of a hybrid MRC/SC diversity receiver over
Rayleigh fading channel, Circuits, Controls and Communications (CCUBE) IEEE 2013 International Conference , India, 2013.
[6] Hima Pradeep V and Seema Padmarajan, Hybrid Diversity Combining Techniques for Fading Channels, International Journal of
Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology,1(4), 2015, 227-230.
[7] J.G.Proakis, Digital Communication third edition, (New York, McGraw, 1995).

Abstract: A capacitive level sensor is used in the U-Tube Manometer to measure the level of the mercury in terms of capacitance. The sensor is used as part of an oscillator circuit which produces the sinusoidal signal. The abnormal data obtained from the system may cause noises and disturbances as well as affect the accuracy of calibration in the manometer. The Kalman filter and Extended Complex Kalman Filter (ECKF) algorithm are employed to suppress the abnormalities from minute capacitance change of measurements for promoting efficiency in frequency estimation and amplitude estimation of the distorted signal.
Keywords- Kalman Filter, ECKF, Frequency Estimation, U-Tube Manometer, LabVIEW

[1] A.G. Phadke, J.S. Thorp, and M.G. Adamlak, "A new measurement technique for tracking voltage phasors, local system frequency and
rate of change of frequency," IEEE Trans. Power App.Syst.,vol.PAS-102,no.5,pp.1025-1038,May 1983.
[2] T.Lobas and J.Rezmer, " Real-time determination of power system frequency," IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol.46,no.4,pp. 877-881,
Aug. 1997
[3] M. S. Sachdev and M. M. Giray," Aleast square technique for determining power system frequency," IEEE Trans. Power Del.,
vol.20,pp 437-443, May 1985.
[4] P.Tichavsky and A. Nehorai," Compartive study of four adaptive frequency trackers," IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 45, no.6, pp.
1473-1484, Jun 1997
[5] V.V. Terzija, " Improved recursive Newton -type algorithm for power system relaying and measurement," IEEE Trans. Instrum.
Meas., vol. 145 no.1, pp. 877- 881, Jan 1998.
[6] A.A. Girgis and T.L.D. Hwang, " Optimal Estimation of Voltage Phasors and Frequency Deviation Using Linear and Non-linear
Kalman Filtering", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. 103, No. 10, 1984, pp.2943- 2949

Abstract: The ultra wide band technology has gained a rapid development in recent years since the FCC (Federal Communication Commission) unlicensed its use in the range 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. Due to its several advantages the UWB technology is very suitable for short range high speed data communication systems. Design of antennas for ultra wide band technology is challenging because of its wide operating range. Planar antennas especially planar monopole antennas are suitable for these systems due to their different advantages. But one of the major problems associated with the ultra wide band is its coexistence with narrow band technologies such as WLAN and WiMAX. Our UWB antenna should be able to avoid the interference between these systems. In this study we present a planar monopole ultra wide band antenna which can notch the wireless LAN (WLAN) which operates in the range 5.15 to 5.85 GHz.
The antenna is modeled and simulated in HFSS. AS a reference antenna an existing UWB antenna is also simulated and it was then modified to achieve band notch properties. Simulation results shows that the proposed antenna gives better WLAN band notching characteristics.
Keywords - ultra wide band, FCC, WLAN,WiMAX,band notch

[1] R. Azim and M. T. Islam, "Compact planar UWB antenna with band notch characteristics for WLAN AND DSRC‟, Progress In
Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 133, 391-406, 2013
[2] Young Jun Cho, Ki Hak Kim, Soon Ho Hwang, and Seong-Ook Park, "A Miniature UWB Planar Monopole Antenna with 5 GHz
Band-Rejection Filter‟
[3] Zeeshan Ahmed, Gul Perwasha, Saleem Shahid, H. Zahra, Ilyas Saleem, S. Muzahir Abbas, "Ultra Wideband Antenna with
WLAN Band-Notch Characteristic‟
[4] Hassan H. EL-Tamaly, Maher M. Eltayeb, Deena Abd El Hamid Salem,K.R.Mahmoud, "A Compact Planar UWB Monopole
Antenna with Double Notches and Bluetooth Support‟, The Online Journal on Electronics and Electrical Engineering (OJEEE)
Vol. (5) – No. (2)
[5] M. Neelaveni Ammal, B. Ramachandran, P. H. Rao, Donthu Narendra kumar, "5GHz WLAN Band-Notched UWB Symmetrical
slotted PI- Notched Parasitic Planar Printed Antenna‟
[6] Mohammad Naser-Moghadasi, Hedayat Rousta, and Bal S. Virdee, "Compact UWB Planar Monopole Antenna‟ , IEEE Antennas
and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 8, 2009

Abstract: The amount of data required to present image at an acceptable level of quality is extremely large .The basic goal of image compression is to represent an image with minimum number of bits of an acceptable image quality. High quality image data requires large amount of storage space and transmission bandwidth. One of the possible solutions to this problem is to compress the image so that the storage space and transmission time can be reduced. Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) based compression is an effective way of
compression in which good compression ratio without losing too much of information can be obtained. In this work DCT based Image compression on hexagonal sampling grid is performed using MATLAB and the same is implemented by using ARM processor. The conversion from rectangular grid to hexagonal grid and the compression using DCT are done using ARM LPC2148. MSE and PSNR is considered for the performance analysis.
Keywords: Sampling Grid, Image Compression, Hexagonal Image

[1] Jeevan K.M. "Comparative Study of DCT based Image Compression on Hexagonal and Conventional Square Pixel Images",
International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887), Volume 43– No.7, April 2012, pp40-42
[2] Jeevan K.M, "Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) Based Image Compression on Hexagonal Image", Proceedings of 2nd International
Conference on Emerging Technological Trends on Advanced Engineering Research February 2012, pp 20-21. (ICETT-2012).
[3] Jeevan K.M, "Performance Comparison of DCT based Image Compression on Hexagonal and Rectangular Sampling Grid",
Proceedings of 2012 IEEE 4th International Conference on Electronics Computer Technology Volume 1 ,pp 645-648.
[4] P.Vidya,S.Veni and K.A. Narayanankutty, "Performance Analysis of Edge Detection Methods on Hexagonal Sampling Grid",
International Journal of Electronic Engineering Research, ISSN 0975 - 6450 Volume 1 Number 4 (2009) pp. 313–328
[5] Qiang Wu, Xiangjian He and Tom Hintz, "Preliminary Image Compression Research Using Uniform Image Partitioning on Spiral
Architecture", Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Information Technology for Application (ICITA 2004).
[6] Lee Middleton, Jayanthi Sivawami,"Edge detection in Hexagonal Image Processing Framework," Image and Vision computing-
19,2001.

Abstract: The sink mobility along a constrained path can improve the energy efficient in Wireless Sensor Networks. To address this challenge a proposed method is to form a hybrid moving pattern in which a mobile sink node only visits rendezvous points (RPs),as opposed to all nodes. Sensor nodes that are not RPs forward their sensed data via multi-hopping to the nearest RP node. Fundamental problem becomes computing a tour that visits all the RPs within a given delay bound. Identifying the optimal tour , however is an NP hard problem .To address this problem Weighted Rendezvous Planning(WRP) method is proposed whereby each sensor node is assigned a weight corresponding to its hop distance from the tour and the number of data packets that it forwards to the closest RP.WRP enables a mobile sink to retrieve all sensed data within a given deadline while conserving the energy expenditure of sensor nodes. More specifically, WRP reduces energy consumption and also increases the network lifetime as compared with existing methods.
Keywords - Data collection,Mobile_Sink,Scheduling, Wireless Sensor Networks ( WSNs).

[1] I.F.Akyildiz,W.Su,Y.Sankarasubramaniam,andE.Cayirci,"Wireless sensor networks:Asurvey,"Comput.Netw,vol.38,no.4,pp.393-
422,Mar.2002.
[2] I.Bekmezci and F.Alagz, " Energy efficient ,delay sensitive,fault tolerant wireless sensor network for military monitoring,"Int.
J.Distrib.Sens.Netw,vol.5,no.6, pp. 729-747,2009.
[3] A.Mainwaring,D.Culler,J.Polastre,R.Szewezyk,andJ.Anderson,"Wireless sensor networks for habitat monitoring," in Proc.1st ACM
Int. Workshop Wireless Sens.Netw.Appl.,NewYork,NY, USA,Sep.2002,pp.88-97.
[4] J.Zhang,W.Li,Z.Yin,S.Liu,and X.Guo, "Forest fire detection system based on wireless sensor network,"in Proc.4th IEEE
Conf.Ind.Eectron.Appl.,Xi'an,China,May 2009,pp.502-523.
[5] I.Akyildiz,W.Su,Y.Sankarasubramaniam,andE.Cayiric,"Asurvey on sensor networks,"IEEE Commun.Mag.,vol.40,no. 8,pp.102-
114,Aug.2002.
[6] M.Ma and Y.Yang, "Data gathering in wireless sensor networks with mobile collectors," in Proc.IEEE Int.Symp.Parallel
Distrib.Process., Miami,FL,USA,Apr.2008,pp.1-9.

Abstract: This paper evaluates the use of scar feature for altered fingerprint detection. Scar is defined as absence of ridges and valleys in the fingerprint. The different fingerprint alteration processes like cutting and abrasion with blades and poring strong chemicals can produce the scar. In fact the scar is an important feature for alteration detection. Scar from altered fingerprint is detected by adaptive average filtering and thresholding. Feature vectors are created from detected scar and is fed into Support Vector Machine for alteration detection.
Keywords - Altered Fingerprints; Scar, Average filtering; Support Vector Mechine

[1] D. Maltoni, D. Maio, A.K. Jain, and S. Prabhakar, Handbook of Fingerprint Recognition, second ed. Springer-Verlag, 2009.
Proceedings Papers:
[2] J. Feng, A.K. Jain, and A. Ross, "Detecting Altered Fingerprints", Proc. 20th Int'l Conf. Pattern Recognition, pp. 1622-1625, Aug.
2010.
Journal Papers:
[3] Soweon Yoon, Jianjiang Feng, and Anil K. Jain, "Altered Fingerprints: Analysis and Detection". IEEE transactions on pattern analysis
and machine intelligence, Vol. 34, No. 3, March 2012.

Abstract: In current scenario, there are situations in a computing system where incoming information needs to be compared with a piece of stored data to locate the matching entry, e.g., cache tag array lookup and translation look-aside buffer matching. In this paper, a new architecture to reduce complexity and latency for matching the data protected with an error-correcting code (ECC). It is based on the fact that the codeword of an ECC generated by encoding is usually represented in a systematic form, and it consists of the raw data and the parity information. The proposed architecture parallelizes the comparison of the data and that of the parity information. To further reduce the latency and complexity, in addition, a modified butterfly formed weight accumulator (BWA) is proposed for the efficient computation of the Hamming distance. The proposed architecture examines whether the incoming data matches the stored data if a certain number of erroneous bits are correct.

Keywords: Error correcting code (ECC), Butterfly Formed Weight accumulator (BWA), Data comparison.

[1]. Byeong Yong Kong, Jihyuck Jo, Hyewon Jeong, Mina Hwang,Soyoung Cha, Bongjin Kim, and In-Cheol Park "Low-Complexity
Low-Latency Architecture for Matching Of Data Encoded With Hard Systematic Error- Correcting Codes" IEEE
transactions on (vlsi) systems, vol. 22, no. 7, July 2014.
[2]. J. D. Warnock, Y.-H. Chan, S. M. Carey, H. Wen, P. J. Meaney, G. Gerwig and W. V. Huott "Circuitand physical design
implementation of the microprocessor chip for the Enterprise system," IEEEJ. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 151–163, Jan.
2012.
[3]. W. Wu, D. Somasekhar, and S.-L. Lu, "Direct compare of information coded with error-correcting codes," IEEE Trans. Very Large
Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst., vol. 20, no. 11, pp. 2147–2151, Nov. 2012.
[4]. S. Lin and D. J. Costello, Error Control Coding: Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA: Prentice-Hall,
2004.
[5]. Y. Lee, H. Yoo, and I.-C. Park, "6.4Gb/s multithreaded BCH encoder and decoder for multi-channel SSD controllers," in ISSCC Dig.
Tech. Papers, 2012,pp. 426–427.
[6]. M. Tremblay and S. Chaudhry, "A third generation 65nm 16-core 32-thread plus 32-scoutthread CMT SPARC processor," in ISSCC.
Dig.Tech. Papers, Feb. 2008, pp. 82–83.

Abstract: This paper proposes a novel technique for integer multiplication based on speculative approach, a technique
which is faster but occasionally resulting in wrong operation provided with a error correction circuit only in the rare case of
error. Speculative multiplier uses speculative carry save reduction tree based on three steps: recoding partial product,
partitioning partial product, speculative compression. Speculative tree uses speculative counters (m:2),with m>3 that are
faster than conventional counters. Speculative adder and a correction block are also included in the circuit. In this paper we
synthesis both speculative multiplier and non speculative multiplier. Comparison with conventional multiplier shows that
speculative multiplier is effective when high speed is required. It is also quite effective in terms of power dissipation. With
Speculative adder a high speed is achieved compared to traditional adder.
Keywords: multiplication,speculative multiplier

[1] Alessandro Cilardo, DavideDeCaro,Nicola Petra, Member,Francesco Caserta, Nicola Mazzocca, Ettore Napoli, and Antonio Giuseppe
Maria Strollo, ―High Speed Speculative Multipliers Based on Speculative Carry-Save Tree‖, IEEE transactions on circuits and
systems, vol. 61, no. 12, Dec.014
[2] K. Verma, P. Brisk, and P. Ienne, ―Variable latency speculative addition:A new paradigm for arithmetic circuit design,‖ in Proc.
Design, Autom., Test Eur. (DATE), Mar. 2008.
[3] K. Du, P. Varman, and K.Mohanram, ―High performance reliable variable latency carry select addition,‖ in Proc. Design, Autom., Test
Eur. Conf. Exhib. (DATE), 2012.
[4] A. Cilardo, ―A new speculative addition architecture suitable for two's complement operations,‖ in Proc. Design, Autom., Test Eur.
Conf.Exhib. (DATE), Apr. 2009, pp. 664–669
[5] K. Du, P. Varman, and K.Mohanram, ―High performance reliable variable latency carry select addition,‖ in Proc. Design, Autom., Test
Eur. Conf. Exhib. (DATE), 2012.
[6] V. G. Oklobdzija, D. Villeger, and S. S. Liu, ―A method for speed optimized partial product reduction and generation of fast parallel
multipliers using an algorithmic approach,‖ IEEE Trans. Comput., vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 294–306, Mar. 1996.
[7] P. F. Stelling, C. U. Martel, V. G. Oklobdzija, and R. Ravi, ―Optimalcircuits far parallel multipliers,‖ IEEE Trans. Comput., vol. 47,
no. 3, pp. 273–285, Mar. 1998

Abstract: This paper proposes the implementation of high speed crypto system for secured communication that
is hard to crack and improve the safety of data communicated. S-box that uses the combinational logic is
introduced in this paper to improving the system computing speed instead of using ROM based LUTs. In this
paper we synthesize both the S-boxes and compare the performance. Comparison shows that S-box using the
combinational logic is faster. It is very efficient in terms of memory consumption. Using this method of
encryption the data could be protected effectively..
Keywords: Add round key, Advanced Encryption Standard, Key expansion, Mix column, S-box, Shift row.

[1]. Vedkiran Saini, ParvinderBangar, Harjeet Singh Chauhan "Study and Literature Survey of Advanced Encryption Algorithm for
Wireless Application", International Journal of Emerging Science and Engineering, ISSN: 2319–6378, Volume2, Issue-6, April
2014.
[2]. Edwin NC Mui, Custom R & D Engineer, Texco Enterprise Ptd. Ltd. "Practical Implementation of Rijndael S-Box Using
Combinational Logic".
[3]. S. Nguyen and C. Rong, "ZigBee security using identity-based cryptography autonomic and trusted computing," in Proc. 4th Int.
Conf. Autonomic Trusted Comput. (ATC'07), 2007, vol. 4610, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 3–12.
[4]. Davis, R. Secretary of Defence for Research and Engineering "The data encryption standard in perspective", Communications
Society Magazine, IEEE (Volume:16 Issue: 6 ), 06 January 2003.
[5]. Ting liu, yangliu, yashanmao, yao sun, xiaohongguan, Weibo gong and sheng xiao "A dynamic secret-based encryption scheme for
Smart grid wireless communication", IEEE transactions on smart grid, vol. 5, no. 3, may 2014.

Abstract: Spatial Modulation (SM) technique is used to enhance the capacity of MIMO systems by exploiting
the index of transmit antenna, as additional means of data transmission. In any given symbol interval, SM
selected only one antenna from multiple available antennas for transmission. The transmitted information bits
are divided into two parts. The first part is mapped to a symbol chosen from the signaling constellation, where
depending on modulation scheme the number of bits per symbol varies. The second part determines the antenna
index to be selected from a set of antennas available for data transmission. This would increase the spectral
efficiency and decrease the complexity at the receiver. At the receiver, an optimal detector is employed to
estimate the transmitted symbols as well as the index of the active transmit antennas. The rate of data
transmission can much more increased by mapping into subsets of antennas in MIMO. The paper describes
some of the recent works related to SM-MIMO.
Keywords- CSI, GSM, ICI, MIMO, OFDM, QPSK, SM

[1] R. Mesleh, H. Haas, S. Sinanovic, C. W. Ahn, and S. Yun, "Spatial modulation" IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 57, no.4, pp. 2228-
2241, Jul. 2008.
[2] M. D. Renzo, H. Haas, and P. M. Grant, "Spatial modulation for multiple antenna wireless systems - A survey," IEEE Commun.
Mag., vol. 49, no.12, pp. 182-191, Dec. 2011.
[3] Jeganathan, Jeyadeepan, Ali Ghrayeb, and Leszek Szczecinski, "Spatial modulation: optimal detection and performance analysis,"
Communications Letters, vol.12, no.8, pp. 545-547, Aug. 2008.
[4] N.Serafimovski, A.Younis, R.Mesleh, P.Chambers, D.M.Renzo, C.Wang, P.M..Grant, M.A.Beach and H.Haas, "Practical
implementation of spatial modulation," IEEE.Trans. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, vol.62, no.9, pp
4511 - 4523, Nov.2013.
[5] Yue Xiao, Lixia Xiao, Lilin Dan and Xia Lei, "Spatial Modulation for 5G MIMO Communications" IEEE Proceedings of the 19th
International Conference on Digital Signal Processing, Aug.2014.

Abstract:Mobile Adhoc Network consists of a large number of mobile nodes that communicate with each
other in the absence of any fixed infrastructure. In such an environment each node must work as router to
forward the data packets in the network. The principle characteristics of ad hoc network are the dynamic
topology and the limited energy of mobile nodes. Nodes in the network are dependent on limited battery power
for their operations. The discharge of the battery causes many problems such as the loss of the packets and the
re-initialization of route discovery which leads to lot of bandwidth consumption, increase in the delay and
decrease in the throughput. In this paper, we propose a new power aware routing protocol for MANETS.
Keywords- Ad Hoc; MANET; QoS; AODV.

[1] G. Perkins, Ad Hoc Networking, New York: Addison Wesley, 2000.
[2] L.Chen and B. Heinzelman, "QoS-aware routing based on bandwidth estimation for mobile Ad Hoc networks", IEEE Journal on
Selected Areas in Communications, 2005.
[3] X.Chen, H .M. Jones, A .D .S. Jayalath "Congestion-Aware Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks", Vehicular Technology
Conference, IEEE 66th, 2007.
[4] D. Johnson, Y. Hu, and D. Maltz, "The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks for IPv4", RFC 4728, Feb.
2007.
[5] H.Zafar, D.Harle, I.Andonovic, and Mahmood Ashraf, " Performance Evaluation of Shortest Multipath Source Routing
Scheme",IET communications, Vol. 3, No.5, May 2009.
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Abstract: Graphene nanoribbons are among the recently discovered carbon nanostructures, with unique characteristics for novel applications. One of the most important features of graphene nanoribbons, from both basic science and application points of view, is their electrical band gap [1]. In this research, we study the tunability of band gap in single and double layer Graphene nano ribbons (GNRs) of specified widths and edge geometries. The calculations are carried out using Tight Binding quantum mechanical simulations for obtaining the optimized atomic configurations of the nanoribbons and their electronic structures. Our calculations show that for single-layer graphene nanoribbon with a width of 12A0, the one with armchair edge is semiconducting with a band gap of 0.25 eV whereas the one with zigzag edge is metallic. For bilayer nanoribbons, two different stacking configurations (AA and AB) are considered.
Keywords: AA, AB, BLG, Eg, GNR, STM.

[1] Z. Hou and M. Yee, "Electronic and transport properties of graphene nanorib-bons," in Nanotechnology, 2007. IEEE-NANO 2007.
7th IEEE Conference on, 2007, pp. 554–557.
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temperature," Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 50, no. 1, p. 01AF02, 2011.
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7131, pp. 60- 63.
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p. 206805, May 2007.
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Nano Letters, vol. 6,no. 12, pp. 2748–2754, 2006, pMID: 17163699.
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Abstract: Residue number system is widely used in application like cryptography, numeral analysis and signal processing. Random number generators are extensively used in cryptography and its design is based on traditional linear feedback shift registers. Residue number system are very suitable for the implementation of fast VLSI system. Modular adder is the basic component in RNS system. Suitable parallel prefix trees are used for the modular adder design. In this paper a performance comparison of modular adder of moduli set 2𝑛 − 2𝑘 − 1 is made and a random number generator based on this adder is proposed to generate random numers
with good randomness properties desirable for cryptographic applications. Moduli set with the form of 2𝑛 − 2𝑘 − 1 (1≤ 𝑘 ≤ 𝑛 − 2) is best suitable for multichannel RNS processing. The proposed model offers excellent randomness property which is the basic requirement for network security and also offers better area and delay performance.
Keywords: Residue number system, parallel prefix adder,modular adder,carry correction, FPGA

[1] Shang Ma, Jian Hao Hu and Chen Hao, ―A novel modulo 2n − 2k − 1 adder for residue number system‖ IEEE Transactions On
Circuits And Systems—I: Regular Papers. vol. 60, no. 11, pp. 2962–2972, May. 2013
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Automata‖, IEEE Trans. Circuits & Systems,pp.912-915, Aug 2012.