iosr-JECE   International Conference on RECENT TRENDS IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

Abstract: Major problem in voice communication over the Internet is represented by the created echo, due to the microphones used and the very high latency of the transmission. The presence of a large acoustic coupling between the loudspeaker and microphone would produce a loud echo that would make conversation difficult. They deals with low frequencies and we can get good result in case of acoustic echo cancellation for low frequency signals. The Kalman filter is a very powerful tool when it comes to controlling noisy systems. The basic idea of a Kalman filter is noisy data in hopefully less noisy data out. In this paper we study the kalman filter in the context of echo cancellation. For each iterations, insert block of time samples instead of one time sample. And the general kalman filter is connected to the adaptive filter for echo cancellation. That is to apply the Normalized least-mean-square algorithm (NLMS), the affine projection algorithm (APA), and its proportionate version of affine projection algorithm (PAPA). And to developed the simplified general kalman filter for reduce the computational load of GKF. The echo cancellation is achieved by much better compromise between good tracking and low misalignment.
Keywords:- NLMS,LMS,APA,PAPA.

[1]. R. Faragher, "Understanding the basis of the Kalman filter via a simple and intuitive derivation," IEEE Signal Process. Mag., vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 128–132, Sep. 2012.
[2]. D. L. Duttweiler, "Proportionate normalized least-meansquares adaptation in echo cancelers," IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Processing, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 508–518, 2000.
[3]. G. Enzner, "Bayesian inference model for applications of time-varying acoustic system identification," in Proc. EUSIPCO, 2010, pp. 2126–2130.
[4]. Mohammad Asif Iqbal, Jack W. Stokes and Steven L. Grant, Normalized Double-talk Detection based on microphone and AEC error, cross-correlation
[5]. H. Buchner and W. Kellermann, "Improved Kalman gain computation for multichannel frequency-domain adaptive filtering and application to acoustic echo cancellation," in Proc. IEEE ICASSP, 2002, pp. II-1909–II-1912
[6]. Irina Dornean, Marina Topa, Botond Sandor Kirei and Marius Neag, Sub-Band Adaptive Filtering for Acoustic Echo Cancellation, IEEE Xplore, 2009
[7]. O.O. Oyerinde and S.H. Mneney ," Variable Step Size Algorithms for Network EchoCancellation",UbiCC Journal, Volume 4, Number 3, pp. 746-757 , August 2009.
[8]. Hegde, Rajeshwari Balachandra, K. Rao, and Madhusudhan, " Performance Analysis for Acoustic Echo Cancellation Systems based on Variable Step Size NLMS algorithms" , American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings; Vol. 1414 Issue 1, pp. 215-220 , 2011.
[9]. Sulyman and A. Zerguine. Convergence and Steady-State Analysis of a Variable Step-Size NLMS Algorithm. Signal Processing, EURASIP, Vol. 83, Issue 6, pp. 1255-1273, June 2003
[10]. Eberhard H¨ansler and Gerhard Schmidt, Acoustic Echo and Noise Control: A Practical Approach, Wiley, 2004.

Abstract: We have to analyze the performance of distortion less techniques [selective mapping(SLM), partial transmit sequence(PTS)] in OFDM systems with the additions of non-linearity's. The peak-to average-power ratio can be mainly decreased by using SLM-PTS techniques and cost complexity in the OFDM system to decrease the power amplifier(PA) requirement and output back off ratio(OBO). To compare the power distribution level of OFDM system while using distortion less techniques. The dynamic range of power amplifier(PA) and operating point of digital to analog converter(DAC) will be considered. Finally to minimize the total degradation function(TD).
Keywords:-OFDM, Selective Mapping, Partial Transmit Sequence, Total Degradation

[1]. S.-S. Eom, H. Nam, and Y.-C. Ko, ―Low-complexity PAPR reduction scheme without side information for OFDM systems,‖ IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 60, no. 7, pp. 3657–3669, Jul. 2012.
[2]. K. Bae, J. G. Andrews, and E. J. Powers, ―Adaptive active constellation extension algorithm for peak-to-average ratio reduction in OFDM,‖ IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 39–41, Jan. 2010
[3]. T. Jiang, W. Xiang, P. Richardson, J. Guo, and G. Zhu, ―PAPR reduction of OFDM signals using partial transmit sequences with low computational complexity,‖ IEEE Trans. Broadcast., vol. 53, no. 3, pp.719–724, Sep. 2007

Abstract: Privacy-preserving routing is crucial for some ad hoc networks that require stronger privacy protection. A number of anonymous routing schemes have been proposed for ad hoc networks in recent years, and they provide different level of privacy protection at different cost. These schemes are more scalable to network size, but require more computation effort. However, existing schemes provide only anonymity and unlinkability, while unobservability is never considered or implemented by now. An obvious drawback in existing schemes is that packets are not protected as a whole. An secure privacy-preserving routing protocol APPRP that achieves content unobservability by employing anonymous key establishment based on group signature. APPRP is to protect all parts of a packet's content and it is independent of solutions on traffic pattern unobservability. The unobservable routing protocol is then executed in two phases. First, an anonymous key establishment process is performed to construct secret session keys. Then an unobservable route discovery process is executed to find a route to the destination.
Keywords:-Privacy-preserving routing, unlinkability, unobservability, anonymity group signature, ID-based encryption.

[1] A. Pfitzmann and M. Hansen, "Anonymity, unobservability, and pseudonymity: a consolidated proposal for terminology," draft, July 2000.
[2] Y. Zhu, X. Fu, B. Graham, R. Bettati, and W. Zhao, "On flow correlation attacks and countermeasures in mix networks," in PET04, LNCS 3424, 2004, pp. 207–225.
[3] D. Chaum, "Untraceable electronic mail, return addresses, and digital pseudonyms," Commun. of the ACM, vol. 4, no. 2, Feb. 1981.
[4] S. Capkun, L. Buttyan, and J. Hubaux, "Self-organized public-key management for mobile ad hoc networks," IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 52–64, Jan.-Mar. 2003.
[5] J. Kong and X. Hong, "ANODR: aonymous on demand routing with untraceable routes for mobile ad-hoc networks," in Proc. ACM MOBIHOC'03, pp. 291–302.
[6] B. Zhu, Z. Wan, F. Bao, R. H. Deng, and M. KankanHalli, "Anonymous secure routing in mobile ad-hoc networks," in Proc. 2004 IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks, pp. 102–108.
[7] S. Seys and B. Preneel, "ARM: anonymous routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks," in Proc. 2006 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications, pp. 133–137.
[8] L. Song, L. Korba, and G. Yee, "AnonDSR: efficient anonymous dynamic source routing for mobile ad-hoc networks," in Proc. 2005 ACM Workshop on Security of Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks, pp. 33– 42.
[9] Y. Dong, T. W. Chim, V. O. K. Li, S.-M. Yiu, and C. K. Hui, "ARMR: anonymous routing protocol with multiple routes for communications in mobile ad hoc networks," Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 1536– 1550, 2009.

Abstract: In This Paper, A New Two High-Speed And Low-Power Full-Adder Cells Designed And Implemented In Rca (Ripple Carry Adder) With An Alternative Internal Logic Structure And Pass-Transistor Logic Styles That Lead To Have A Reduced Power-Delay Product (Pdp). We Carried Out A Comparison Against Other Full-Adders Reported As Having Power Consumption And Area. All The Full-Adders Were Designed With A 0.18μm Cmos Technology; Simulation Results Illustrate The Superiority Of The Resulting Proposed Adder Against Conventional Cmos Full-Adder In Terms Of Power, Delay And Pdp. The Proposed Full-Adders Outperform Its Counter Parts Exhibiting An Average Pdp Advantage Of 75%, With Only 40% Of Relative Area.
KEY TERMS: RCA (ripple carry adder) Arithmetic, full-adder, PDP, high-speed & low-power.

JOURNAL PAPERS:
[1] H. T. Bui, Y. Wang, and Y. Jiang, "Design and analysis of low-power 10-transistor full adders using XORXNOR Gates," IEEE Trans. On Circuits and Systems II, Vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 25-30, Jan 2002.
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Abstract: In this paper, we investigate predictive approaches to the problem of roadway departure prevention also introduce a synergistic approach to integrated lane and vehicle tracking for driver assistance via automated steering and braking. We assume a sensing infrastructure detecting road geometry and use an active safety function for prevention of loss of vehicle control is proposed and implemented. Experimental results are presented, showing that the proposed approach effectively exploits road preview information to prevent the vehicle from un-intended lane departures and detects the vehicle to avoid accidents. In our design Embedded system that detects the lane boundary and vehicle just as they enter the camera view, with low false alarm rate and high speed. This system takes capture image by means of web camera connected to microcontroller through USB and the image is processed by using image processing technique. When any vehicle is detected and its distance is below the threshold value it alerts driver by providing alarm sound and also it stops vehicle automatically when the distance is very low.
Keywords:- Automated vehicles, active safety, driver assistance, intelligent vehicles, lane departure, lane tracking, vehicle tracking.

[1]. Mohammad Ali, Paolo Falcone, Claes Olsson, and Jonas Sjöberg (2013), Predictive Prevention of Loss of Vehicle Control for Roadway Departure Avoidance, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Vol. 14, No. 1,
[2]. Alirezaie, M., A. Ghaffari and R. Kazemi (2010), a SVFC Approach to Design a Robust Lane Keeping Assistance System, International Symposium on Advanced Vehicle Control (AVEC), UK.
[3]. Boyraz, P., A. Sathyanarayana, J. L. Hansen and E. Jonsson, (2009), Driver Behavior Modeling Using Hybrid Dynamic Systems for "Driver-aware‟ Active Vehicle Safety, International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV), Germany.
[4]. Cerone, V., M. Milanese and D. Regruto (2009), Combined Automatic Lane-Keeping and Driver‟s Steering Through a 2-DOF Control Strategy, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, Vol. 17, 135-142.
[5]. Fletcher, L., A. Zelinsky (2006), Context Sensitive Driver Assistance Based on Gaze – Road Scene Correlation, ISER,06.
[6]. Gábor Kovács, József Bokor, László Palkovics, László Gianone, Ákos Semsey and Péter Széll, Lane-Departure Detection and Control System for Commercial Vehicles, 1998
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[8]. Kim, S. Y. and J.K. Kang (2008), An Intelligent and Integrated Driver Assistance System for Increased Safety and Convenience based on all-around Sensing, Journal of Intelligent Robot System, Vol. 51, 261–287.

Abstract: In INDIA, too many people die due to lack of diagnosis at the required time, non- availability of medicines at the right time and non-affordable rates of those medicines. When there is urgent need of drugs, especially at night times, the drug stores might not be open or drugs might be out of stock. This increases the vulnerability of the situation. So, to overcome this, medicines must be made available 24x7, at affordable rates. Improvements in technology of embedded systems make this possible. In this paper, a machine which provides both OTC and Schedule H & X drugs, 24x7 is proposed. It makes us possible to access first aid requirements in public places. Security check is also provided in case of access to Schedule X & H drugs. These machines, further helps in avoidance of drop-outs from vigilance squads, rush in medical stores in hospitals and ensure continuity of off-the-bed treatment. This can be implemented in real time and installed in places like railway stations, NH roads, malls and most essentially in areas where access to drug stores are limited. This reduces the death rate due to non-availability of medicines at the right time.
Keywords:-access id, death rate reduction, OTC, prescription drugs, security

[1] P. H. Tsai, C. Y. Yu, C. S. Shih, Member, IEEE, and J. W. S. Liu, Fellow, IEEE, "Smart medication dispenser : design, architecture and implementation".(2012).
[2] Corey.Mc.Call, Branden Maynes, Cliff C.Zou & Ning J.Zhang, "An automatic medication self-management and independently living patients", 2008.
[3] Jeffrey Scott Jonas, "A wireless method for monitoring medication compliance", 2006
[4] Kevin Villani, Eva Marie Suarez, "Automated Medication Dispenser", 2006.
[5] Manas Apte, Whitney Haller, Dinesh Joshi & Subhav Mital designed the "MINUTEMED", 2009.
[6] S. Mukunth and N.K.Srinath, "Design of Automatic Medication dispenser",2012,unpublished.
[7] Luciano Boquete, Jose Manuel Rodriguez-Ascariz, Irene Artacho, Joaquin Cantos-Frontela & Nathalia Peixoto, ynamically programmable electronics pill dispenser system", in journal MED SYSTEMS, 2010.

Abstract: Smart Grid is a modernized electrical grid that has emerged from the earlier attempts at using electrical control, metering and monitoring. SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System) are extensively used to control and monitor the critical infrastructure of power system. In this paper, the SCADA system is applied in the smart grid to control and monitor the substation automation system (SASs) and also in consumer side appliances. Nowadays existing SCADA networks still have severe shortcomings like security issues; in order to improve the security of grid from SCADA network, RSA algorithm is used and CAN protocol is for increasing the communication speed of the whole network. This work focuses on a security and efficiency improvisation mechanism and also increases the communication speed by increasing the data rate. This proposed approach will results in the better efficiency and robustness.
Index Terms : SCADA, Grid, SAS, RSA, CAN, Security

[1] G. N. Ericsson, ' Cyber Security and Power System Communication-Essential Parts of A Smart Grid Infrastructure, 'IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, volume 25, issue 3, July 2010, pp. 1501–07.
[2] S. Fries et al., "Security for the Smart Grid — Enhancing IEC 62351 to Improve Security in Energy Automation Control," Int'l. J. Advances in Security, vol 3, no. 3–4, 2010, pp. 169–83.
[3] IEEE 1815-2010 Standard for Electric Power Systems Communications — Distributed Network Protocol (DNP3), IEEE, July 2010.
[4] G. Gilchrist, "Secure Authentication for DNP3," Proc. IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2008.
[5] Guidelines for Smart Grid Cyber Security, NISTIR 7628, vol. 1–3, NIST, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Aug. 2010.
[6] Z. Lu et al., "Review and Evaluation of Security Threats on the Communication Networks in the Smart Grid," Proc. IEEE MILCOM 2010, Oct.–Nov. 2010, pp. 1830–35.
[7] S. Farrell and R. Housley, "An Internet Attribute Certificate Profile for Authorization," RFC 5755, Jan. 2010.
[8] H. Khurana et al., "Design Principles for Power Grid Cyber-Infrastructure Authentication Protocols," Proc. 43rd Hawaii Int'l. Conf. System Sciences, Jan. 2010.
[9] M. Majdalawieh, F. Parisi-Presicce, and D. Wijesekera, "DNPSec: Distributed Network Protocol Version 3 (DNP3) Security Framework," Advances in Computer, Information, and Systems Sciences, and Engineering, Springer, 2006, pp. 227–34.
[10] B. Vaidya, D. Makrakis, and H. T. Mouftah "Provisioning Substation- Level Authentication in the Smart Grid Networks," Proc. IEEE MILCOM 2011, Nov. 2011, pp. 1189–94.

Abstract: This work deals with problematic from field of artificial intelligence, machine vision and neural networks in construction of an automatic number plate recognition system (ANPR). This problematic includes mathematical principles and algorithms, which ensure a process of number plate detection, processes of proper characters segmentation, normalization and recognition. Work comparatively deals with methods achieving invariance of systems towards image skew, translations and various light conditions during the capture. Work also contains an implementation of a demonstration model, which is able to proceed these functions over a set of snapshots.Automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) is a mass surveillance method that uses optical character recognition on images to read vehicle registration plates. They can use existing closed-circuit television or road-rule enforcement cameras, or ones specifically designed for the task. They are used by various police forces and as a method of electronic toll collection on pay-per-use roads and cataloging the movements of traffic or individuals.ANPR can be used to store the images captured by the cameras as well as the text from the license plate, with some configurable to store a photograph of the driver. Systems commonly use infrared lighting to allow the camera to take the picture at any time of the day ANPR technology tends to be region-specific, owing to plate variation from place to place. Concerns about these systems have centered on privacy fears of government tracking citizens' movements, misidentification, high error rates, and increased government spending. ANPR was invented in 1976 at the Police Scientific Development Branch in the UK. Early trial systems were deployed on the A1 road and at the Dart ford Tunnel. However it did not become widely used until new developments in cheaper and easier to use software was pioneered during the 1990s. The first arrest through detection of a stolen car was made in 1981 and the first documented case of ANPR in helping solve a murder occurred in November 2005 after the murder of Sharon Beshenivsky, in which City of Bradford based ANPR played a vital role in locating and subsequently convicting her killers.

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Abstract: This Project deals with the reduction of harmonics in distribution system using shunt active filter controlled by VIENNA Rectifier. In the distribution system the main harmonic source is the nonlinear load which takes discontinuous current and injects harmonics further causing unnecessary losses in the distribution network. The proposed shunt active filter is fully characterised by control of switching pulses in VIENNA Rectifier.The harmonics distortion in the power system is increasing with wide use of non-linear loads such as wave rectifiers and solid state controlled devices thus it is important to analyse and evaluate the various harmonic problems in the power system and introduce the appropriate solution techniques solving harmonics problems.It is not just for satisfying standard regulation it is an economical business. It decreases the overall power losses on the system improves voltage profile and improves the power factor. It also saves a deferred capacity for both the transformers and lines and improves the life time of the both system components and equipments.All the simulations are carried out in MATLAB/Simulink and the results are obtained.

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