iosr-JECE   Second International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering' 2013

Abstract: The PID controllers have found wide acceptance and applications in the industries for the past few decades. In spite of their simple structures, PID controllers are proven to be sufficient for many practical control problems. PID control mechanism, the ubiquitous availability of reliable and cost effective commercial PID modules, and pervasive operator acceptance are among the reasons for the success of PID controllers. An elegant way of enhancing the performance of PID controllers is to use fractional-order controllers where I and D-actions have, non-integer orders. In a PIλDδ controller, besides the proportional, integral and derivative constants, denoted by Kp, Ti and Td respectively, we have two more adjustable parameters: the powers of s in integral and derivative actions, viz. λ and δ respectively. This paper compares the performance of PID and fractional PID controllers used for continuous yeast fermentation process.

Keywords –Fractional Calculus, Fractional PID controller, PID controller, yeast fermentation process

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2009 American Control Conference Hyatt Regency Riverfront, St. Louis, MO, USA, pp. 1397-1411, June, 10-12, 2009.
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Abstract: The demand for wireless mobile communications services is growing at an explosive rate; the high demand for 3G services needs increased in system capacity. The most elementary solution would be to increase bandwidth; however, this becomes challenging as the electromagnetic spectrum is becoming increasingly congested. The frequency reuse concept increases capacity however, increasing the number of cells to accommodate growing subscriber needs is neither effective nor an economical option. This has led to development of new technologies that exploit space selectivity using smart-antenna arrays and the associated adaptive beam forming algorithms. In reality, antennas are not smart; it is the digital signal processing, along with the antenna, which makes the system smart. When smart antenna with Adaptive beamforming is deployed in mobile communication using either time division multiple access (TDMA) or code division multiple access (CDMA) environment, it radiates beam towards desired user only. Each beam becomes a channel, thus avoiding interference in a cell. Smart-antenna systems provide opportunities for higher system capacity and improved quality of service. A new beamforming (Hybrid) approach using a pre-filter that decreases noise and interference effects to improve performance of cellular systems is discussed here. This paper also presents the results obtained by applying prefiltering process to the most researched Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA) blind beam forming algorithm.

Keywords: Smart Antenna, DOA, Beamforming, Prefilter, CMA.

[1] LAL. C. GODARA, Senior Member, IEEE, "Applications of Antenna Arrays to Mobile Communications, Part I; Performance Improvement, Feasibility, and System Considerations," Proceeding of the IEEE, VOL. 85, NO. 7, pp. 1031-1060, July 1997.
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Abstract: This paper represents an end-to-end baseband model of the physical layer of outdoor wireless link.Specifically it models the OFDM-based physical layer called Wireless OFDM, supporting all of the mandatory coding and modulation options. It also illustrates Space-Time Block Coding (STBC), an optional transmit diversity scheme specified for use on the downlink.

Keywords - MIMO OFDM, STBC,REED SOLOMAN,SNR,FFT.

[1] Air interface for fixed broadband wireless access systems,". http://ieee802.org/16/published.html
[2] IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access Working Group, "Channel models for fixed wireless applications," IEEE 802.16a-03/01, 2003-06-27.
[3] S. M. Alamouti, "A simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communications," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 16, No. 8, Oct. 1998, pp. 1451-1458.
[4] Carl Eklund, et.al., "Wireless MAN: Inside the IEEE 802.16 Standard for Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks," IEEE Press, 2006.
[5] J. G. Andrews, A. Ghosh and R. Muhamed, "Fundamentals of WiMAX: Understanding Broadband Wireless Networking," Prentice Hall, 2007

Abstract: The concept of electronic tongues is more recent, and much less research has been undertaken on the development of liquid sensors and classification algorithms. By combining sensor systems e.g. Electronic noses and tongues together with a enhanced image processing techniques, the classification accuracy can be increased. In the proposed research work, it is planned to develop an electronic system that can be used for analysing liquid . This paper is based on new enhancement technique for infrared images which integrates the benefits of additive wavelet transformation and homomorphic image processing. The main motive behind this technique is to decompose the images into subbands in an additive fashion and the principle adopted to implement the same is using additive wavelet transform which produces the image as an addition of subbands of the same resolution.. Each subbands is subjected to homomorphic processing and it is learned that when images are subjected to homomorphic processing in the log domain , the images are transformed into illumination and reflectance components. When the reflectance components are enhanced it reinforces the details in the image so here this process is applied to each subband to enhance the details of image in each subband. In the final step these homomorphic enhanced subbands are subjected to an inverse additive wavelet transform to get an infrared image with better visual details.
Keywords: Homomorphic processing, illumination component, reflectance component, subband, Wavelet transform,.

1]. Wang-Hongwei and Zhang –Xunshi, "Analysis of a new type fourelectrode condutitity prob" , Chinese Journal of Scientific Instument., Vol. 19 no 4, p. 399-402.
[2]. J.K. Atkinosn, A. W. J. Cranny, W.V. Glasspool, and J.A. Mtihell, " An investigation of the performance charactrestics and operational life-times of multi-eleement thick sensor array used in the determination of water quality parameters:. Sensor & Actuators B, vl. B54, no 3 March 1999,p 215-231,
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Abstract: In recent years there has been explosive growth in the number of neuroimaging studies performed using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). The field that has grown around the acquisition and analysis of fMRI data is intrinsically interdisciplinary in nature and involves contributions from researchers in neuroscience, psychology, physics and statistics, among others.Brain-mapping techniques have proven to be vital in understanding the molecular, cellular, and functional mechanisms of the brain. Normal anatomical imaging can provide structural information on certain abnormalities in the brain. However there are many neurological disorders for which only structure studies are not sufficient. In such cases it is required to investigate the functional organization of the brain. Further it is necessary to study the brain functions under normal as well as diseased conditions. In this paper we discuss the analysis of fMRI data, from the initial acquisition of the raw data to its use in locating brain activity for finger tapping and eye blinking making inference about brain connectivity and predictions about psychological or disease states.

Keywords - Eye Blinking, Functional MRI (fMRI), Mapping, Finger Tapping

[[1] "Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging", novel transform method, Ajay V.Deshmukh, Vikram M.Gadre.

[2] "Brain Mapping the Methods", Arthur W. Toga, John C. Mazziotta

[3] "Applications of fMRI in translational medicine and clinical practice", Paul M.Matthew, Garry D.Honey and Edward T.Bullmore, September 2006, volume7.

[4] "Mapping Brain Functionality", Teodora Chitiboi,Seminar: Topics in Visualization Spring 2010,Jacobs University Bremen

[5] S. Ogawa, T. M. Lee, A. S. Nayak and P. Glynn,Oxygenation-sensitive contrast in magnetic resonance imageof rodent brain at high fields, Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 14 (1990) 68-78*

[6] "Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging", novel transform method, Ajay V.Deshmukh, Vikram M.Gadre.

[7] "Brain Mapping the Methods", Arthur W. Toga, John C. Mazziotta

[8] Nivedita Daimiwal, M Sundhararajan, Revati Shriram, "Applications of fMRI for Brain Mapping", (IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security,Vol. 10, No. 11, November 2012

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[10] Blaxton, T. A., Zeffiro, T. A., Gabrieli, J. D., Bookheimer,S. Y., Carrillo, M. C., Theodore, W. H. and Disterhoft, J. F. (1996). Functional mapping of human learning:a positron emission tomography activation study of eyeblink conditioning. J. Neurosci. 16, 4032±40.

Abstract: Genetic Algorithm is used in this paper, which presents the designing an optimized tool for face detection application with idea of "Survival of the fittest". If higher level of adaption can be achieved, existing systems can perform their functions longer & better. Popular method in feature extraction is principal component analysis (PCA), for feature subset selection used Genetic algorithm (GA) & support vector machines (SVM) used for classification. The goal is to search PCA space using GA & select a subset of eigen vectors encoding important information about the target concept of interest.

Keywords- Face Detection, Feature extraction, Genetic Algorithm, Principal Component Analysis, Support Vector Machine

1. Mahendra Pratap Panigrahy, Neeraj Kumar "Face Recognition using Genetic Algorithm and Neural Networks" by IJCA Journal Vol 55 - Number 4, 2012
2. Roshan Bhaiswar, Pravin Kshirasagar, Ambarish A. Salodkar, "A Novel Approach for Face Detection in Complex Background Using
Genetic Algorithm", International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)Volume 1, Issue 3, March 2012
3. M.A.Dabbah, W. L. Woo, and S. S. Dlay, "Secure Authentication for Face Recognition," In Proc. of IEEE Symposium on Computational
Intelligence in Image and Signal Processing, Apr. 2007. USA, pp. 121 - 126.
4. David E. Goldberg, "Genetic algorithms in search optimization and machine learning," Addison-Wesley 1989.
5. Pramod U Chavan, Pratibha P Chavan, "Codebook Optimization in Vector Quantization using Genetic Algorithm" ICCEE '09 Proceedings of the 2009 Second International Conference on Computer and Electrical Engineering - Volume 01 (Published in the conference proceeding by IEEE Computer Society CPS, listed in IEEE Xplore and CSDL, indexed by INSPEC, Thomson ISI proceeding, and Ei Compendex.)

6. Mealane Mitchell, "An introduction to Genetic algorithm," The MIT Press 1996.

7. B. Mener and F. Muller, "Face Detection in Color Images Using Principal Components Analysis", Image Processing and its Applications, IEEE, 1999.

8. Peng wang, "Multi-view face detection under complex scene based on combined SVMs" Pattern Recognition, 2004. ICPR-2004. Proceedings of the 17th International Conference.

9. Zalhan Mohd Zin, Marzuki Khalid & Rubiyah Yusof, "Evolutionary Feature Selections for Face Detection System." IEEE 2008.

10. Z. Suna, G. Bebisa, R. Millerb, " Object detection using feature subset selection", Elsevier, The journal of Pattern Recognition, March 2004.

Abstract: The continuous improvement in developmentof Linux for the Embedded system makes it secure, table and reliable. Embedded Linux plays an important role in the embedded field. Linux has been widely used in embedded system due to its small size kernel, stable performance, versatility and low prize. This paper describes the transplantation of the Linux operating system as well as implementation of CMOS device driver based on the mini2440 development board. The transplantation of Embedded Linux includes the development of cross compile environment, the compilation of bootloader, porting of Linux kernel and the construction of root file system. The SCCB bus, camera interface and V4L2 structure are included in development of CMOS camera device driver for the mini 2440 board

Keywords -S3C2440 processor; bootloader; Linux 2.6.32; CMOS camera driver; V4L2; SCCB

[1] Geng Qingtian, Sun Zhanchen, Zhao Hongwei, Gu Jianhao. "The U-bootTransplantation Based on S3C2440". International Conference onMechatronic Science, 2011,pp. 2168-2171.

[2] Sun Yanpeng, Peng Peng, Zhang Yuan. "Linux Transplantation Based onThe Processor S3C2440". Electronic Measurement And Instruments,2009, 2:306-309.

[3] OmniVision, OV9650 datasheet version 1.3, September 24,2004.

[4] Jia Liu, Wusheng Chou. "Design and Implementation of Embedded ImageCapture Device for Mobile Robots". The Second International Conference onImage and Signal processing,2009,pp. 1-5.

[5] Kuang Shunming, He Xiaojian. "Design and Application of CMOS DeviceDriver Based on S3c2440". The Tenth International Conference on ElectronicMeasurement & Instruments,2011,pp.110-114.

[6] Samsung. S3C2440 32bit CMOS Microcontroller User's Manual[Z].Samsung Electronics Corp,2003.

[7] Christopher Hallinan. Embedded Linux Primer. "Embedded LinuxPrimer".Prentice Hall Publications,Second Edition,2009.

Abstract: Harmonic current drawn from a supply by the nonlinear load results in the distortion of the supply voltage waveform. Both distorted current and voltage may cause conductors to overheat and may reduce the efficiency and life expectancy of the equipment. So that reduction of harmonics is very important in day today life. For that purpose used filters Active power filters are used to improve power quality by compensating harmonics and reactive power required by a non-linear load. In this paper a Series active and passive shunt filter is discussed. The control strategy based on vectorial theory of instantaneous reactive power, so that the voltage waveform injected by the active filter is able to compensate the reactive power.

Keywords – Active power filter, current harmonics, instantaneous reactive power, power filter, power quality

[1] P. Salmerón and S. P. Litrán, "Improvement of the electric power quality using series active and shunt passive filters," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol.25, no. 2, Apr. 2010

[2] Bhim Singh, Kamal Al-Haddad, and Ambrish Chandra, "A review of active filters for power quality improvement," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electronics, vol. 46, no. 5, Oct. 1999.

[3] Darwin Rivas, Luis Morán, Juan W. Dixon and José R. Espinoza, "Improving passive filter compensation performance with active techniques," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electronics,vol. 50, no. 1, Feb 2003.

[4] Darwin Rivas, Luis Morán, Juan W. Dixon and José R. Espinoza, "Improving passive filter compensation performance with active techniques," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electronics,vol. 50, no. 1, Feb 2003.

[5] R.S.Herrera and P. Salmerón, "Instantaneous reactive power theory: A comparative evaluation of different formulations," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 595–604, Jan. 2007.

Abstract: A mobile ad hoc network consists of wireless hosts that may move often. Movement of hosts results in a change in routes, requiring some mechanism for determining new routes. Several routing protocols have already been proposed for ad hoc networks. This paper suggests an approach to utilize location information (for instance, obtained using the global positioning system) to improve performance of routing protocols for ad hoc networks. By using location information, the proposed Location-Aided Routing (LAR) protocols limit the search for a new route to a smaller "request zone" of the ad hoc network [1]. This results in a significant reduction in the number of routing messages. We present two algorithms to determine the request zone, and also suggest potential optimizations to our algorithms .Further decrease in the overhead can be made by using previous information for routing. ALARM (Anonymous Routing Framework) can also be used to achieve data integrity, anonymity and traceability. Location information of current node can be also get from handheld devices [3].

Keywords : Flooding , Expected zone , Request zone.

[1]Y.-B. Ko and N.H. Vaidya, Using location information to improve routing in ad hoc networks, Technical report 97-013, Texas A&M University
[2]S. Corson and J. Macker, Mobile ad hoc networking (MANET): Routing protocol performance issues and evaluation considerations (Internet-draft), in: Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) Working Group, IETF (1998).
[3]ALARM: Anonymous Location Aided Routing in Suspicious MANETs,Karim El Defrawy and Gene Tsudik,School of Information and Computer Science,University of California,Irvine Keldefra,gts@uci.edu

Abstract: :The power electronics device which converts DC power to AC power at required output voltage and frequency level is known as inverter. Multilevel inverter as compared to single level inverters has advantages like minimum harmonic distortion, reduced Electromagnetic interference (EMI)/Radio frequency interference (RFI) generation and can operate on several voltage levels. A multi-stage inverter is being utilized for multipurpose applications, such as active power filters, static var compensators and machine drives for sinusoidal and trapezoidal current applications. The drawbacks are the isolated power supplies required for each one of the stages of the multiconverter and it's also lot harder to build, more expensive, harder to control in software. Some industrial applications of inverters are for adjustable speed ac drives, induction heating, standby aircraft power supply, Uninterruptible Power Supply for computers, High Voltage DC transmission lines etc. The DC power input to the inverter is obtained from an existing power supply network or from a rotating alternator through a rectifier or a battery, fuel cell, photovoltaic cell etc.

Keywords - Electromagnetic interference (EMI), Multilevel inverter, Photovoltaic cell, Radio frequency interference, Uninterruptible Power Supply.

1. IEEE transactions on power electronics,vol.27, no.6,june 2012.
2. J. Li, S. Bhattacharya, and A. Q. Huang, "A new nine-level active NPC (ANPC) converter for grid connection.
3. J. Shi,W. Gou, H. Yuan, T. Zhao, and A. Q. Huang, "Research on voltage and power balance control for cascaded modular solid-state transformer," IEEE Trans.
4. J. Rodriguez, J.-S. Lai, and F. Z. Peng, "Multilevel inverters: A Survey of topologies, controls, and applications," IEEE Trans.
5. Book – Power electronics-Converter applications and design by Mohan, Undeland , Riobbins.

Abstract: This paper presents a description of the work done on phonetic speech analysis. The work aims in generating phonetic codes of the uttered speech in training-less, human independent manner. This work is guided by the working of ear in response to audio signals. The Devnagri script inspires the work presented. The Devnagari script classifies and arranges 46 phonemes in a scientific manner based on the process of its generation. The work at present focuses on identifying the class (varna) of the phoneme as specified by the Devnagari script. More work is needed to identify the variant of the class identified. Phoneme code thus generated can be used in an application specific way.This work also explains and proves the scientific arrangement of the Devnagari script. This work tries to segment speech into phonemes and identify the phoneme using simple operations like differentiation, zero-crossing .

Keywords - Devnagari script, Phonetic speech analysis, Phoneme recognition, Speech to Text conversion.

[1] AshtadhyaeeBhashyam ; Swami Dayanand Saraswati

[2] Digital Processing of Speech Signals; Rabiner, Schafer; Pearson Education.

[3] Discrete Time Speech Signal Processing; Quatieri; Pearson Education. [4] A Speaker independent digit recognition system, L. Rabiner , M.Sambur.

[5] Robust entropy based endpoint detection, Jia-lin Shen, Jei-Weih Hung,Lin-Shan Lee.

[6] Phonetic Speech Analysis for Speech to Text Conversion, 2008 IEEE Region 10 Colloquium and the Third International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems, Kharagpur,INDIA December 8 -10, 2008.

[7] A new approach for phoneme segementation of speech signals,Douglas O'Shaughnessy Ladan Golipour, in Proceedings of Interspeech ,Antwerp,Belgium,August 2007.

[8] Manual segmentation and labelling of speech, A. Van Erp and L. Boves,in In Proceedings of Speech-88, 1988, pp. pp. 1131–1138. A. Van Erp and L. Boves,in In Proceedings of Speech-88, 1988, pp. pp. 1131–1138.

Abstract: Power systems are currently operating closer to their static and dynamic stability limits due to an increase in the power transfer demands on existing transmission systems, significant growth of loads and generation, lack of new transmission lines, and competitive electricity market pressures. Stability problems associated with voltage collapse and undamped oscillations are currently the leading causes of major blackouts.To increase stability margins of the system, FACTS controllers are added, modeled and tested to show the effect of these controllers on the different stability margins under both large and small disturbances.Comparative evaluation of Series Vectorial Compensator (SVeC) with respect to controllers used mainly for oscillation control in transmission corridors, namely, thyristor-controlled series capacitors (TCSC) and series static synchronous compensators (SSSC). The IEEE 14-bus benchmark system model is used for illustrative and comparison purposes. The Series Vectorial Compensator has better oscillation damping characteristics than the TCSC and SSSC, hence making these types of controllers a competitive alternative against existing series flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) controllers for dynamic series compensation of transmission lines.

Keywords - 14 Bus System, Series Vectorial Compensator(SVeC), TCR, TCSC, TSSS.

1] F. Mancilla-David, S. Bhattacharya, and G. Venkataramanan, "A comparative evaluation of series power-flow controllers using DC and AC-link converters," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 23, no. 2, pp.985–996, Apr. 2008.

[2] G. Venkataramanan and B. K. Johnson, "Pulse width modulated series compensator," IEE Proc. Gen., Trans. and Dist., vol. 149, no. 1, pp 71–75, Jan. 2002.

[3] J. M. Ramirez and J. M. Gonzalez, "Steady-state and transient stability studies with an ac-ac PWM series compensator," in IEEE- PES Summer Meeting, Tampa, FL, 2007.

[4] E. H. Abed and P. P.Varaiya, "Nonlinear oscillation in power systems," Int. J. Elect.Power and Energy Syst.

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[6] F. Milano, Power System Analysis Toolbox: Documentation for PSA Version 2.0.0 � Mar. 2007. Books: [6] N. G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, understanding facts: Concepts and Technology of Flexible Transmission Systems. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 2000.R.E. Moore, Interval analysis (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1966

Abstract: A broad spectrum of techniques for electrocardiogram data compression has been proposed during the last three decades. Compression techniques are essential to wide variety of application ranging from diagnostic to ambulatory ECG. An ECG contains diagnostic information related to cardiac activity. A method to compress diagnostic information without losing data is required to store and transmit them efficiently on a wireless personal area network (WPAN). As electrocardiogram (ECG) signals are generally sampled with a frequency of over 200 Hz, an ECG signal compression method for communications on WPAN, which uses feature points based on curvature, is proposed. The feature points of P, Q, R, S, and T waves, which are critical components of the ECG signal, have large curvature values compared to other vertexes. Thus, these vertexes were extracted with the proposed method, which uses local extrema of curvatures. Furthermore, in order to minimize reconstruction errors of the ECG signal, extra vertexes were added according to the iterative vertex selection method. It was concluded that the vertexes selected by the proposed method preserved all feature points of the ECG signals. In addition, it was more efficient than the amplitude zone time epoch coding method.

Keywords: Electrocardiogram (ECG), Curvature, Feature Extraction, Vertex.

[1] F. Enseleit and F. Duru, "Long-term continuous external electrocardiographic recording: A review," Europace, vol. 8, pp. 255–266, 2006.

[2] Q. Ling , Z. Tian, and Y. Li, "Distributed decision-making in wireless sensor networks for online structural health monitoring," J. Commun. Netw., vol. 11, pp. 350–358, 2009.

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[4] B. Schijvennaars, G. V. Herpen, and J. A. Kors, "Intraindividual variability in electrocardiograms," J. Electrocardiology, vol. 41, pp. 190–196, 2008.

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