iosr-JECE   Volume-2 ~ Issue-1

Abstract : Dual edge triggering is an emerging effective method for reducing the power consumption in the clock distribution network. This paper compares three existing design of dual edge triggered flip-flop EP_CDFF, EP_CPFF and DET-SAFF with the proposed design of the dual edge triggered flip-flop (DET-FF). The design eliminates the redundant transitions of internal nodes when current data is same as the previous one using conditional technique and also to disable the clock when the input invokes no output changes provide a control circuit. The design significantly reduces the power dissipation. Various TSPICE simulation with different input sequences show that reduction in power is 15.25% of those of the prior art. The design has been simulated using Tanner 13.0 EDA tool with 0.35 μm technology at 25°C temperature
Keywords - Clock Distribution Network, Transmission Gate, Pulse Generator, Conditional Precharge, Conditional Discharge, Sense Amplifier

[1] H. Karimiyan, S.M.Sayedi, H.Saidi, "Low Power Dual Edge Triggered State Retention Scan Flip-Flop", Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) Computer and Digital Techniques, Vol. 4, Issue 5, pp. 410-419
[2] Wai Chung, Timothy Lo, and Manoj Sachdev, "A Comparative Analysis of Low-Power Low-Voltage Dual-Edge-Triggered Flip-Flops", IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 913-918, December 2002
[3] S.E.Esmaeili, A.J.AL.Khalili, G.E.R.Cowan, "Dual-edge Triggered Sense Amplifier Flip-Flop For Resonant Clock Distribution Networks", Institution of Engineering And Technology (IET) Computer and Digital Techniques, Vol. 4, Issue 6, pp. 499-514
[4] Chul Soo Kim, Joo Seong Kong, Yong Sam Moon, and Young Hyun Jun, "Presetting Pulse Based Flip-Flop", IEEE International Symposium on Circuits Systems (ISCAS), pp. 588–591, May 2008.
[5] Nedovic N., Aleksic M., Oklobdzija V.G., "Timing Characterization of Dual-Edge Triggered Flip-Flops", International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD), pp. 538–541
[6] Massoud Pedram, Qing Wu, Xunwei Wu, "A New Design for Double Edge Triggered Flip-Flop", Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC), pp. 417-421.
[7] M. W. Phyu, W. L. Goh, and K. S. Yeo, "A Low-Power Static Dual Edge Triggered Fip-Flop using an Output-Controlled Discharge Configuration", IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), pp. 2429–2432.
[8] Yu Chien-Cheng, "Low-Power Double Edge Triggered Flip-Flop Circuit Design", Intetnational Conference on Innovative Computing Information and Control (ICICIC), pp. 566-570.
[9] Nedovic N., Oklobdzija V.G., "Dual Edge Triggered Storage Elements and Clocking Strategy for Low Power Systems", IEEE Transactions on VLSI Systems, Vol. 13, No. 5, pp. 577–590, 2005
[10] Yanyun Dai, Jizhong Shen, "An Explicit Pulsed Double Edge Triggered JK Flip-Flop", International Conference on Wireless Communication and Signal Processing (WCSP), pp. 1-4, Nov.2009
[11] G. Aliakbar and M. Hamid, "Dual edge Triggered static pulsed flip-flops", in Proc. 18th International Conference VLSI Design, pp. 846-849, Jan 2005
[12] Myint Wai Phyu, Kangkang Fu, Wang Ling Goh,et.al. "Power Efficient Explicit Pulsed Dual Edge Triggered Sense Amplifier Flip-Flops", IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 1-9, Jan 2011.

Abstrac : Motion estimation is a common element in many video processing algorithms, serving as a valuable way to capture the spatial-temporal correlation in video signals. However, the robustness of motion estimation often suffers from problems such as ambiguities of motion trajectory (i.e. the aperture problem) and illumination variances. In this paper, we explore a new framework for video processing based on the recently proposed wavelet transform with SPIHT algorithm and fast implementations of arithmetic coding, which achieve optimal compression and higher throughput by better exploiting the great numerical capabilities of the current processors. Also, Instead of containing an explicit motion estimation step, the wavelet transform provides motion-selective sub band decomposition for video signals. We proposed a new and different approach for based on set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPHIT) and arithmetic coding which provides better performance than the previous approaches. The result is calculated by comparing the actual video size and compressed video size, after decoding using proposed technique.
Keywords-Motion Estimation, Wavelet Transform, SPIHT, Arithmetic Coding,

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Abstract: The majority of the nodes connected and operating as an today are Wireless networks, because of its own advantage. In the Adhoc networks nodes are not connected with any fixed infrastructure and are operated by battery power. Each node consumes a large amount of energy while transmission or reception of packets, among the nodes. While the nodes depend on each other for efficient transferring of packets, it is a key issue in networks to have efficient methods for forwarding of packets between any given pair of nodes, with minimum power consumption and less number of intermediate nodes . In this study we propose an optimal routing protocol called MARI (Mobile Agent with Routing Intelligence). The MARI Topology proposed for power management is novel and is used for the consumption of minimum power in an wireless network, at each node. The Protocol groups the network into distinct networks with the selection of MARI nodes and Gateways for efficient packet transmission between any member node pair. The operational cycle at each node is classified into four distinct operations, i.e., transmitting, receiving, idle and sleep cycle, in order to achieve efficient power management in a wireless network.
Keywords -Adhoc Networks, MARI, Power management, Nodes, Transmission.

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Abstract: Maintaining the energy of sensors in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is important in critical applications. WSN consists of sensor nodes which sense the physical parameters such as temperature, humidity, pressure and light etc and send them to a fusion center namely Base Station (BS) from where one can get the value of physical parameters at any time. Man cannot often recharge the batteries which supplies the sensing device, transceiver and memory unit in the sensor node. So the usage of the battery power must be judicious in WSN. Earlier attempts have been made to prolong the network lifetime, but still it is a challenging task. In this paper we optimize the energy consumption of WSN by clustering and fuzzy based next hop selection.
Keywords: WSN; Base Station; Network Lifetime; clustering; next hop;

[1] Meenakshi.B, P.Anandhakumar, "A Novel Energy efficient Surface water Wireless Sensor Network Algorithm", IndJCSE, ISSN : 0976-5166 Vol. 3 No.3 Jun-Jul 2012 ,pp 494-505
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[11] Raul Moraisa, Miguel A. Fernandesb, Samuel G. Matosb, Carlos Ser odioa,b, P.J.S.G. Ferreirac, M.J.C.S. Reisa,b, "A ZigBee multi-powered wireless acquisition device for remote sensing applications in precision viticulture", computers and electronics in agriculture 6 2 ( 2 0 0 8 ) 94–106, doi:10.1016/j.compag.2007.12.004.

Abstract: the design of wireless networks differs fundamentally from wired network design. First, the radio frequency spectrum is a limited natural resource which has been regulated worldwide to promote its efficient use. Second, the radio channel is a random and difficult communication medium. Actually, environment conditions can introduce instantaneously variations into the communication channel, likely leading to outage events. Therefore, capacity planning for wireless microwave backhaul requires additional reliability investigation.The capacity of microwave links is basically determined by the channel bandwidth and the modulation scheme used to transmit data. On the one hand, the assigned bandwidth for each link is a network engineer's decision subject to obtaining licenses upon payment of renewal fees whose values is usually in accordance with the amount of spectrum (e.g., in MHz) with which a license is associated. The amount of spectrum is generally available in modules, resulting in discontinuous step increasing cost functions on the links.
Keyword: chance constrained mathematical approach,an equilent ILP formulation,cutset based valid enqualities.

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Abstract: A practical single channel speech enhancement system consists of two major components, estimation of noise power spectrum and the estimation of speech. Therefore, a crucial component of any algorithm is the estimation of the noise power spectrum for highly non stationary noise environments. The performance of noise estimation algorithm is usually a tradeoff between speech distortion and noise reduction. In existing methods, noise is estimated only during speech pauses and these pauses are identified using Voice Activity Detector (VAD). This paper describes novel noise estimation method SERA (Spectral Entropy Recursive Averaging) to estimate noise in highly non stationary noise environments. In SERA, noise estimation is updated in both speech pauses and also speech present frames. Speech presence is determined by computing the ratio of the noisy speech power spectrum to its local minimum, which is computed by averaging past values of the noisy speech power spectra with a look-ahead factor. Environmental noise is present in all the frames of the noisy speech signal and if the speech/silence detection is not accurate, then it yields speech echoes and residual noise in the enhanced speech. In this paper, noise estimation is updated by dividing speech signal into pure speech, quasi speech and non-speech frames based on adaptive multiple thresholds without using of VAD. The proposed method is compared with weighted average noise estimation method in terms of segmental SNR. The simulation results of the proposed algorithm shows better performance over a system that uses VAD in noise estimation.
Keywords: Entropy, Noise Estimation, Quasi Speech, SERA, Smoothing Constant, Speech Enhancement, Voice Activity Detector (VAD)

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