iosr-JECE   Volume-6 ~ Issue-1

Abstract: In this paper, we propose 32 bit Kogge-Stone, Brent-Kung, Ladner-Fischer parallel prefix adders. In general N-bit adders like Ripple Carry Adders (slow adders compare to other adders), and Carry Look Ahead adders (area consuming adders) are used in earlier days. But now the most Industries are using parallel prefix adders because of their advantages compare to other adders. Parallel prefix adders are faster and area efficient. Parallel prefix adder is a technique for increasing the speed in DSP processor while performing addition. We simulate and synthesis different types of 32-bit prefix adders using Xilinx ISE 10.1i tool. By using these synthesis results, we noted the performance parameters like number of LUTs and delay. We compare these three adders in terms of LUTs (represents area) and delay values.

Keywords− prefix adder, carry operator, Kogge-Stone, Brent-Kung, Ladner-Fischer.

[1] Y. Choi, "Parallel Prefix Adder Design", Proc. 17th IEEE Symposium on Computer Arithmetic, pp 90-98, 27th June 2005.

[2] R. P. Brent and H. T. Kung, "A regular layout for parallel adders", IEEE trans, computers, Vol.C-31,pp. 260-264,.March 1982.

[3] Kogge P, Stone H, "A parallel algorithm for the efficient solution of a general class Recurrence relations," IEEE Trans. Computers, Vol.C-22, pp 786-793,Aug. 1973.

[4] R. Zimmermann, "Non-heuristic operation and synthesis of parallel-prefix adders," in International workshop on logic and architecture synthesis, December 1996,pp. 123-132.

[5] C.Nagendra, M. J. Irwin, and R. M. Owens, "Area -Time-Power tradeoffs in parallel adders", Trans. Circuits Syst. II, vol.43, pp. 689– 702 Oct.1996.

[6] R. Ladner and M. Fischer, "Parallel prefix computation, Journal of ACM.La.Jolla CA,Vol.27,pp.831-838,October 1980.

[7] Reto Zimmermann. Binary Adder Architectures for Cell-Based VLSI an their Synthesis. Hartung-Gorre, 1998.

[8] Y. Choi, "Parallel Prefix Adder Design," Proc. 17th IEEE Symposium on Computer Arithmetic, pp 90-98, 27th June 2005.

[9] D. Harris, "A taxonomy of parallel prefix networks," in Signals, Systems and Computers,2003. Conference Record of Thirty Seventh Asilomar Conference on, vol. 2, the Nov. 2003,pp.2217.

[10] N. H. E. Weste and D. Harris, CMOS VLSI Design, 4th edition, Pearson Addison-Wesley, 2011.

Abstract: In this paper, a new design of rectangular microstrip patch antenna (RMPA) without slot, with slots and array is proposed and analyzed. The designed antenna has been simulated using HFSS software. The simulated results for return loss, radiation pattern and gain are presented and discussed. The bandwidth of proposed antenna is 2.4GHz-5.9GHz for VSWR(voltage standing wave ratio)<2 is achieved on the basis of <-10dB return loss as an acceptable reference in wireless applications which cover worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) and wireless local area network (WLAN) and other applications. Gain of 10dB is achieved for antenna array.

Keywords- Array, Microstrip antenna, WLAN, WiMAX

[1] Balanis CA. Antenna theory, analysis and design. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1997.

[2] Lee Cheng-Tse, Wong Kin-Lu. Uniplanar printed coupled-fed PIFA with a band-notching slit for WLAN/WiMAX operation in the laptop computer. IEEE Trans Antennas Propagat 2009;57(4).

[3] Jan Jen-Yea, Wang Liang-Chin. Printed wideband rhombus slot antenna with a pair of parasitic strips for multiband applications. IEEE Trans Antennas Propagat 2009;57(4).

[4] Chu Qing-Xin, Yang Ying-Ying. A compact ultrawideband antenna with 3.4/5.5 GHz dual band-notched characteristics. IEEE Trans Antennas Propagat 2008;56(124).

[5] Kuo Yen-Liang, Wong Kin-Lu. Printed double-T monopole antenna for 2.4/5.2 GHz dual-band WLAN operations. IEEE Trans Antenna Wireless Propagat 2003;51(9).

[6] Chen Horng-Dean, Chen Jin-Sen, Cheng Yuan-Tung. Modified inverted-L monopole antenna for 2.4–5 GHz dual-band operations. Electron Lett 2003;39(22)

. [7] Bhatti Rashid Ahmad, Im Yun-Taek, Park Seong-Ook. Compact PIFA for mobile terminals supporting multiple cellular and non-cellular standards. IEEE Trans Antenna Wireless Propagat 2003;57(9).

Abstract: This paper discusses the methodology for a project named "Speech Recognized Automation System using Speaker Identification through wireless communication". This project gives the design of Automation system using wireless communication and speaker recognition using Matlab code. Straightforward programming interface of Matlab makes it an ideal tool for speech analysis in project. This automation system is useful for home appliances as well as in industry. This paper discusses the overall design of a wireless automation system which is built and implemented. The speech recognition centers on recognition of speech commands stored in data base of Matlab and it is matched with incoming voice command of speaker. Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficient (MFCC) algorithm is used to recognize the speech of speaker and to extract features of speech. It uses low-power RF ZigBee transceiver wireless communication modules which are relatively cheap. This automation system is intended to control lights, fans and other electrical appliances in a home or office using speech commands like Light, Fan etc. Further, if security is not big issue then Speech processor is used to control the appliances without speaker identification.

Keywords — Automation system, MATLAB code, MFCC, speaker identification, ZigBee transceiver

[1] Abhishek Thakur, Neeru Singla, "Design of Matlab-Based Automatic Speaker Recognition and Control System", International Journal Of Advanced Engineering Sciences And Technologies, Vol no. 8, issue no. 1.

[2] Design Of An Automatic Speaker Recognition System Using MFCC, Vector Quantization And LBG Algorithm, Ch.Srinivasa Kumar et al. / International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering (IJCSE).

[3] Lindasalwa Muda, Mumtaj Begam and I. Elamvazuthi, "Voice Recognition Algorithms using Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficient (MFCC) and Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) Techniques", Journal Of Computing, Volume 2, Issue 3, March 2010, Issn 2151-9617.

[4] Rojas-Rodríguez Rafael, Aceves-Pérez Rita1, Cortés-Aburto Obed, García-Meneses Carlos1, Vela-Valdés Luis, "Development and integration of automated systems aimed to the comfort of seniors and people with disabilities" International Conference on Intelligent Environments, pp339-342,2012.

[5] Rabiner L. R. and Schafer R. W., Digital Processing of Speech Signals,New Jersey, US: Prentice Hall Inc, 1978.

[6] Augusto J. C. and Nugent C. D., "Smart homes can be smarter", in Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence. Germany vol. 4008, pp 1-15, May 2006.

[7] "XBee-2.5-Manual," ZigBee RF communication protocol. (2008). [8] Algimantas R., Ratkevicius K. and Rudzionis V, "Voice interactive systems", in The Engineering Handbook of Smart Technology for Aging, Disability and Independence USA, pp 281-296, 2008.

[9] Vovos A. Kladis B.and Fakotakis N.D., "Speech operated smart-home control system for users with special needs", in Proc. INTERSPEECH, pp.193-196, 2005.

[10] Sixmith A., "Modeling the well being of older people" in The Engineering Handbook of Smart Technology for Aging, Disability and Independence USA, pp 569-584, 2008.

Abstract: Thispaper is based on design of an "Automatic Security System Using VHDL" providing understandable and adequate operating procedure to the user. The operation is conducted by six different modules. If any of the modules fails, the failed module can be replaced without affecting the activity of others. The safety is ensured to the user by setting a secret code number which is the combination of three numbers, by doing so, only the authorized users can unlock the safe. The paper finds its appositeness in big organizations, military and banking sectors. Simulation through VHDL is quite generous and fiscal due to the reduction in number of components. Important operation consideration is to not give any indication to the user that the combination entered is incorrect until after the user has entered the all three numbers and pressed the OPEN key. Otherwise, it is possible for a user to determine the combination in no more than 96 attempts, as opposed to no more than 32,768 attempts.

Keywords –FPGA, FSM, LOCK, VHDL, XILINX

[1] JialiangZhang , The Design, Simulation, Verification and Implementation of Vending Machine Based on FPGA , The Ohio StateUniversity 2012 , Advisor: Prof. Y. F. Zheng, 2012.
[2] David Lee, MihalisYannakakis, PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF TESTING FINITE STATE MACHINES, AT&T BellLaboratories,Murray Hill, New Jersey Proceeding of the IEEE, 1996.
[3] Scott Harper and Peter Athanas, A Security Policy Based upon Hardware Encryption, Proceedings of the 37th Hawaii InternationalConference on System Sciences - 2004
[4] Ana Monga1, Balwinder Singh2, Finite State Machine based Vending Machine Controller with Auto -Billing Features, InternationalJournal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol.3, No.2, April 2012
[5] Books:
[6] R.P.JAIN, "Modern Digital Electronics", Tata McGraw Hill, Third Edition 2003.
[7] J.Bhaskar, "A VHDL Primer", Pearson Education Asia, Third Edition 1999.
[8] Kenneth L. Short, "VHDL for Engineers", Pearson Education Asia 2009.
[9] John N.Roth, "Digital Design using VHDL".
[10] ACTIVE HDL, "ACTIVE HDL Software Quick Start Guide".

Abstract: The need for larger capacities in long haul optical digital transmission lead to greater channel density which can be achieved by wavelength division multiplexing and increasing the bit rate of each channel. As data rates increases, certain phenomena such as dispersion began to show up as obstacles. At higher bit rates beyond 2.5Gbps polarization mode dispersion (PMD) becomes a main factor in the degradation of the transmission characteristics. PMD occurs when slightly different planes of light inside a fiber travel at slightly different speeds and make it impossible to transmit data reliably at high speed in single mode fibers. PMD is caused due to optical birefringence in the fiber due to which the two modes within a single mode fiber travel with different group velocities and the random change of this birefringence along the fiber length results in random coupling between the modes. This effect of PMD results in broadening of transmitted pulses that limit the transmission capacity of the fiber. In high-speed optical communication systems working at data rates of 10Gbps and beyond, signal distortion caused by PMD is also a major limitation of the transmission distance. This paper intends to analyze the performance of PMD compensation by optical compensation technique and using DCF in a two channel WDM system. The analysis is done through eye diagrams from which the Q value and bit error rate can be determined by simulating with OptSim5.3, which includes the latest simulation algorithms to guarantee the highest possible accuracy and real world results. Keywords– Birefringence, Data rate, Deterministic Differential Group Delay (DDGD), Dispersion compensating fibers (DCFs) Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD Principal State of Polarization (PSP), Q value.

[1] Krzysztof Borzycki, "Temperature dependence of polarization mode dispersion in tight-buffered optical fibers", Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, 2008.
[2] A.M. Agarkar, PrajaktaJoharapurkar, "PMD & DGD Performance Analysis in SMF due to Fiber Irregularities", International Journal of Computer Applications, Volume 12– No.6, December 2010.
[3] David S. Waddy, Liang Chen, XiaoyiBao, "A Novel Dynamical Polarization Mode Dispersion Emulator",IEEE.
[4] GildasChauvel – Anritsu Corporation, Dispersion in Optical Fiber, 2008.
[5] Kapil Kashyap, Hardeep Singh, "Study the effects and compensation of polarization mode dispersion at different bit rates", IOSR Journal of Engineering, 2012.
[6] Henning Bülow, Chongjin Xie, Axel Klekamp, Xiang Liu,and Bernd Franz "PMD Compensation/Mitigation Techniques for High-Speed Optical Transport", Published by Wiley Periodicals,Bell Labs Technical Journal 14(1), 105–124, 2009.
[7] Md Zaini Jamaludin, Ahmad Fauzi Abas, Ahmad Shukri Muhammad Noor and Mohamad Khazani Abdullah, "Issues on polarization mode dispersion (PMD) for high speed fiber optics transmission", Suranaree J. Sci. Technol.12 (2).
[8] R.Gowri Manohari, T.Sabapathi, "Analysis and reduction of polarization mode dispersionin an optical fiber", International Conference on Recent Advancements in Electrical, Electronics and Control Engineering, 2011.
[9] Kogelnik, H., R.M. Jopson and L.E.Nelson, "Polarization-Mode Dispersion", Chapter15, Optical Fiber Telecommunications, volume IV B, edited by I.P.Kaminow and T.Li, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 2002.

Abstract: Microstrip antenna is gathering a lot of interest in communication systems. Genetic algorithm is a popular optimization technique and has been introduced for design optimization of microstrip patch antenna. In this paper, genetic algorithm has been used for optimization of resonant frequency of coaxially fed rectangular microstrip antenna. The investigation is made at 3 different frequencies 3GHz, 5GHz and 10GHz respectively. Patch length, patch width & feed position are taken as optimization parameters. Return loss and radiation pattern for the optimized antenna are verified using IE3D software. Accuracy of the results encourages the use of genetic algorithm.

Keywords - Rectangular microstrip antenna, genetic algorithm, resonant frequency, IE3D.

[1] R. Garg, P. Bhartia, I. J. Bahl, and A. Ittipiboon, Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook. Artech House, (2001).

[2] A. Torn and A. Zilinskas, Global Optimization. New York: Springer-Verlag, (1989), vol. 350, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. [3] Constantine A. Balanis,' Antenna Theory: Analysis Design', Third Edition, by ISBN 0-471-66782-X Copyright (2005) John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

[4] R. L. Haupt and S. E. Haupt, Practical Genetic Algorithms. New York: Wiley( 1998).

[5] Y. Rahmat-Samii and E. Michielssen, Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithms, Y. Rahmat-Samii and E. Michielssen, Eds. New York: Wiley, (1999).

[6] Siyang SUN, Yinghua LU, Jinling ZHANG, Fangming RUAN, Genetic algorithm optimization of broadband microstrip antenna.

Abstract: MIMO-OFDM system in Rayleigh Fading Channel is very popular technique for mobile communication now a day's for research. Here we want increase the capacity of MIMO-OFDM of system by using adaptive modulation, Algebraic Space-Time Codes (ASTC) encoder for MIMO Systems are based on quaternion algebras .we found that ergodic capacity has some limitation which reduce the system's performance to overcome this we use ASTC code . ASTC code are full rank, full rate and non vanishing constant minimum determinant for increasing spectral efficiency and reducing Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) .

Keywords— Adaptive modulation ASTC code, Capacity, BER, Ergodic capacity, PAPR, Spectral Efficiency and SNR

[1] Prof. Jaiswal and Er. Kumar, Anil. And Singh, Anand Prakash. (2012) ―performance analysis of mimo-ofdm in Rayleigh fading channel‖ international journal of scientific and research publication vol.2 issue 5, May 2012

[2] Salim, Alouini Mohamed. And J Goldsmith, Andrea. Member IEEE (1999),‖Capacity of Rayleigh Fading Channel under Different Adaptive Transmission and Diversity-Combining Techniques‖.

[3] Xiao, chengshan. and Zheng, Yahang R.‖ Ergodic Capacity, Capacity Distribution and Outage Capacity of MIMO Time-Varying and Frequency-Selective Rayleigh Fading Channels‖ Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.

[4] Gupta, Jishu Das. And Ziri-castro, Karla. and Suzuki, Hajime.( 2007). "Capacity Analysis of MIMO OFDM Broadband Channels In Populated Indoor Environments," in proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies, Oct. 17-19,Sydney, pp. 273-278.

[5] Bolcskei, Helmut. And Gesbert, David. and Paulraj, Arogyaswami J. Member, IEEE. (2002)‖ On the Capacity of OFDM-Based Spatial Multiplexing Systems‖ IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 50, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2002.

[6] Ahmed Bannour, Mohamed Lassaad Ammari, Yichuang Sun, Ridha Bouallegue,2011 ― On the Capacity of ASTC-MIMO-OFDM System in a Correlated Rayleigh Frequency-Selective Channel‖ 978-1-4244-8331-0/11,2011 IEEE.

[7] Ahmad Bannour , Mohamed Lassaad Anmmari and Ridha Bouallegue,2010 ―Adaptation of ASTC in a Correlated Rayleigh Frequency-Selective Fading Channels in OFDM systems with PAPR Reduction‖ International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN), Vol.2, No.2, May 2007.

[8] J. C. Belfiore, G. Rekaya, and E. Viterbo, ―The golden code: a 2 x 2 full-rate space-time code with non-vanishing determinants,‖ IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 13, pp. 67–75, 2004.

[9] A. Bannour, M. L. Ammari, and R. Bouallegue, ―Analysis of ASTC in a correlated rayleigh fading channel with imperfect channel estimation,‖ International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology, 2010[10]

[10] M. L. Ammari and F. Gagnon, ―Iterative channel estimation and decoding of turbo-coded OFDM symbols in selective Rayleigh channel,‖ Canadian J. Elect. Comput. Eng., vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 9–18, 2007.

Abstract: Recently, wavelet has a powerful tool for image compression. This paper analysis the mean square error, peak signal to noise ratio and bit-per-pixel ratio of compressed image with different decomposition level by using wavelet.

Keywords – Image, wavelet, BPP, PSNR, MSE

[1] Ingrid Daubechies, ten lectures on wavelets, (CBMS-NSF regional conference series in applied mathematics, 1992.)
[2] Rafael C. Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods, Steven L. Eddins, digital image processing using matlab, (Pearson Education, 2004.)
[3] The Mathworks Inc., Wavelet Toolbox User Guide, Natick, MA, 2011.
[4] A. Said, W.A. Pearlman, image compression using the spatial-orientation tree, IEEE Int. Symp. on circuits and systems, Chicago, II, PP.279-282,1993
[5] A. Said, W.A. Pearlman, a new, fast, and efficient image codec based on set partitioning in hierarchical trees, IEEE trans. on circuits and systems for video technology, vol.6,No.3,pp.243-250,1996
[6] J.M. Shapiro, embedded image coding using zerotrees of wavelet coefficients, IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol.41,No.12,pp.3445- 3462,1993.

Abstract: In the recent years, the Home Automation systems has seen a rapid changes due to introduction of various wireless technologies The explosion in the wireless technology has seen the emergence of many standards, especially in the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio band. ZigBee is an IEEE 802.15.4 standard for data communications with business and consumer devices. Zigbee is targeted at applications that requires low data rate, long battery life, and secure networking. Zigbee has a defined rate of 250 kbits/s, best suited for periodic or intermittent data or a single signal transmission from a sensor or input device. The wireless home Automation systems is supposed to be implemented in existing home environments, without any changes in the infrastructure. The automation centers on recognition of voice commands and uses low-power ZigBee wireless communication modules along with microcontroller. This system is most suitable for the elderly and the disabled persons especially those who live alone and since recognize voice so it is secure. The home automation system is intended to control all lights and electrical appliances in a home or office using voice commands. So in this paperwork our aim is to designed a voice recognition wireless ZigBee based home automation system. Keywords - Home automation, Microcontroller , Voice Recognition, ZigBee, Power Supply.

[1]. Y.Usha Devi 1, II M.Tech, Wireless Home Automation System Using ZigBee, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 3, Issue 8, August-2012 ISSN 2229-5518.
[2]. www.imagesco.com/articles/hm2007/SpeechRecognitionTutorial01.html
[3]. Itp.nyu.edu/
[4]. ZigBee Alliance Official Site, [online].Available: www.zigbee.org
[5]. Prof. Jitendra R. Rana, Prof. S.N.Pawar, ZigBee Based Home Automation, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1587245
[6]. "XBee-2.5-Manual," ZigBee RF communication protocol. (2008). Minnetonka: Digi International Inc.
[7]. XBee OEM RF Modules‐ ZigBee ‐ v1.x1x [2007.06.01] © 2007 Digi International, Inc.www.digi.com
[8]. http://www.pyroelectro.com/tutorials/xbee_wireless_interface
[9]. Lakhya1, Inder2, Emanual3, Abhijit4, Lalan5, Debraj6, Er. M. Sujitha7, Home Automation System Based On Arm And Zigbee, Undergraduate Academic Research Journal (UARJ), ISSN: 2278 – 1129, Volume-1, Issue-3,4, 2012.
[10]. Muhammad A Mazidi , Janice Mazidi , The 8051 Microcontroller And Embedded systems, person Education second Edition ,printed in India by Gopson papers Ltd.

Abstract: A new current mode precision rectifier is presented. This circuit provides precision rectification for wide range of input signal with low temperature sensitivity. It can work as full wave rectifier as well as half wave rectifier with controllability on action. It can amplify rectified current signal by a bias voltage. Direction of the output current signal can also be controlled by changing the polarity of the bias voltage. It can operate up to tens of Giga Hertz. The rectifier circuit with above features does not use any diode but only two CMOS CCCDTA. Power consumption of the circuit is 601.05μW. The performance of the circuit is verified by PSPICE simulations Keywords – CCCDTA, CMOS, current mode circuit, full wave rectifier, half wave rectifier, and PSPICE.

[1] R. F. Coughlin and F. Drisol, Operational Amplifier and Linear Integrated Circuit, 1st ed. New Delhi, India.

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[9] Jaroslav Koton, Norbert Herencsar, KamilVrba, "Current-Mode Precision Full-Wave Rectifier Using Single DXCCII and Two Diodes", IEEE, 2011

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