IOSR-JHSS   Special Issue On Translation Studies

Abstract: Translation Studies is not only an interesting but a challenging job also. It is highly skilful action and profession in the Twenty-first century. Translation Practice is an intercultural activity through languages. In this paper, I intend to explore the role and scope of translation in the globalized world. How translators play a vital role to build a bridge between two different cultures, languages and customs. This paper provides a panorama of the many perspectives in which translation is becoming an essential for us and for interdisciplinary studies. How the future of translation is bright and beautiful? Translation studies, theory of translation and courses on translation are introduced and implemented at University level all over the world.

Keywords: translation studies, language, scope, role, nature, and culture of translation

[1]. Bassnett, Susan AndTrivedi Harish ed. Post- Colonial Translation 1999, New York, Routledge Print.
[2]. Linda, Hutcheon. A Theory of Adaptation (2006, New York, Routledge)
[3]. Nida. Eugene and Taber ed. The Theory and Practice of Translation
[4]. Ray. Mohit K. ed. Studies in Translation 2008, New Delhi, Atlantic print.
[5]. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/21-day-workshop-on-translation-of-knowledge-texts/articleshow/21111075.cms

Abstract: The poem "I loved you" by Alexander Pushkin was originally written in the Russian language. Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin was a Great Russian poet born in Moscow Russia. Pushkin was believed to be incredibly intelligent and started writing his poems at an early age of 14. He wrote his poems in the Russian language and there have been several translations of his poems. Pushkin used his poems to address his feelings concerning the political views in Russia. Between 1814 and 1817 he published about 130 poems and for this the leaders did not like him much. Pushkin at the age of 27 married Natalya Nikolayevna Goncharova in 1826 who was 16 at the time and they had two kids. Pushkin got into great debt because of his wife's luxurious life. Pushkin was shot and killed in 1837 by his brother in-law whom he suspected

[1]. Pushkin, Alexander.A Collection of Poems.Oxford: Oxford UP, 2001. Print.

Abstract: Translation is an art: it requires a certain experience, a certain education and a substantial amount of talent. Despite all these requirements, translators are undervalued, underpaid and their status in society is a rather complicated one. They receive minimal credit and almost no attention from readers and from critics as well. Nowadays, translators are undervalued; their work is thought of as unimaginative and secondary. The study of creativity is possible only if the translations are creative to a certain degree, but the creativity of translations depends on that of the source text. Translation is as old as human civilization. Since the dawn of civilization, we, human beings, have been using language to translate our thoughts and ideas. We use a set of symbols or codes to communicate or transfer an idea or thought or a feeling to the person whom we address during an act of communication............
Keywords: Coexist, multi-lingual, civilization, regional languages, cultural communitiesetc.

[1]. Bassnett, Susan. (2002): Translation studies. London: Routledge.
[2]. Cronin, Michael. (2003). Translation and globalization.London: Routledge.
[3]. Holmes, James S. (1988): The Name and Nature of Translation Studies. In Holmes, J.S.,Translated!Papers on Literary Translation and Translation Studies.Amsterdam:
[4]. Munday, Jeremy (ed.) (2007): Translation as Intervention. London: Continuum.
[5]. Nida, Eugene A. (1964). Toward a science of translating: With special reference to principles and procedures involved in Bible translating. Leiden: Brill. (p.11)

Abstract: The paper proposes to highlight the importance of verbal and written translation in the government sectors. In Government circles there is a wide scope for written and verbal communication. Since the spheres of Government is wide ranging, this paper would focus much on some selective fields like Foreign Ministry, Indian High Commissions, Inter-state communications and Judiciary. The range of translation differs in these fields as few sectors would require verbal translation and few written translation. The paper also would focus on the job opportunities available for the futures translators.

Abstract: Rabindranath Tagore's lyrical drama, the character of Chitra remains the ultimate truth by physical base but in the steady evolution of the self. The illumination of a young princess' mind lies in the recognition and realization that it is in Truth alone that true happiness resides. Similarly Aurobindo's epic Savitri narrates the story of a young princess who saves the life of her husband from Death and thereby suggests the ulitmate liberation of man from universal Death. Chitra and Savitri are Upanishadic works in the sense that their principal theme is search for knowledge, that liberates man from ignorance, and that their main stylistic device is the conversation between the human and divine characters. Evolution thus becomes the watchword of both Aurobindo and Tagore.

Abstract: The present study undertakes a comparative analysis the article also aims to bring to light translation techniques employed and culture related the translator from rendering the intended meaning with high accuracy This paper has emerged out of the conviction that linguistic theory has more to offer to translation the translation theorists have made little systematic use of the techniques and insights of contemporary linguistics. Translation Studies developed into a discipline in its own right, and although translation has taken on concepts and methods of other disciplines. There has also been a shift towards studies that have incorporated models from functional linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis, locating the text within its socio cultural context.............

Keywords: Translational problems, extra culture -linguistic elements, translation theory, Cultural studies, socio cultural.

Abstract: The theme of this paper is to explore the effects of the African American cultural identity in the translation of literary prose texts. Due to the growing level of worldwide globalisation, identity has emerged as important issues in public and political debate and the translation of literature plays an important role in transferring cultural heritage across boundaries. Identity in literature highlights differences between cultures and authors deliberately emphasis on identity in their manner of writing. As an effect of technical translation problems arise in terms of style in written literary texts.

Keywords: Translation, Political debate, Cultural heritage

Abstract: Beautiful is not faithful. Faithful is not beautiful. Between these two propositions pendulums the entire scenario of translation. The first form of translation is textual or etymological translation is word by word translation. This sort of translation is very faithful to the writings of the author. But it hardly reads nice and beautiful. The second form is thematic translation. Here, the translator picks up the thoughts of the writer and reproduces in his own words and makes it beautiful according to his own aptitude. This sort of translation although reads beautiful but not faithfully to the writer.

Abstract: Sri Lankan Tamil literature is as old as Indian Tamil literary tradition. It dates back to the Sangam Age, when Eelathu Poothanthevanar was the reputed poet of Eelam. In the Medieval and Colonial eras, a few Tamil poets added glory to the Tamil corpus. The modern Tamil poetry in Sri Lanka originated in 1980s, when the Civil War began. After the burning of Jaffna public library in 1981, Tamil consciousness started to exhibit through poems. Poetry is the dominant mode in Sri Lankan Tamil literature. The Tamil poets wrote on the inhuman issues of death, destruction and rape...........

Abstract: Translation is as old as Human Civilization. Human beings have been using language to translate our thoughts and ideas. A good translator is not born but made. Due to the increasing need for translation in many sectors, translation and interpretation services are being offered by many organizations which provide training and placement facilities for the people working in the field of translation. All the Government Ministries like External Affairs, Agriculture, Science and Technology, Textile and Education require Junior Translators, Senior Translators, Subject Experts and Assistant Director.........

Keywords: Translation, Target Text, Monolingual, Interpreter, Media, Glossaries, Globalization.

Abstract: Short stories mirror the age and influence the readers' to a great extent. "Clear Sky" is a short story written in Tamil by Ambai, pen name of C.S. Lakshmi and translated into English by Lakshmi Holmstrom. The multidimensional and life-like characters savours the readers. The impact given by the characters through their conversations and its effect in their relationship is examined here. This paper shed light on the effective plot structure of the author with handful of characters intertwined to express her views boldly. India as a multilingual, multicultural and multiracial country is prone to experience discriminations in various areas. The regional livelihood is the key factor in social discrimination. Ambai attempts to deliver a vivid picture on the prevailing social scenario of Tamilnadu, India in this work "Clear Sky."

Abstract: Translation, according to Dr Johnson, involves the process of "change into another language, retaining the sense," which is indeed the basic objective. Modifying this statement, A. H. Smith maintains that "to translate is to change into another language retaining as much of the sense as one can." Catford defines translation from the linguistic point of view; translation may be defined as follows: The replacement of a textual material in one language by an equivalent material in another language

Abstract: A Kitchen in the Corner of the House is an outstanding story that concentrates on the experiences of women. It highlights diverse abstract themes such as liberation of women, position of women in the past and the present, symbols of freedom and renaissance of women. The story describes the life of a group of women in Ajmir. Their life revolves around the kitchen. These women are the representatives of entire women population especially in India, who spend large part of their day within the confinement of kitchen. This confinement is often undertaken willingly since nurturing of the family is considered to be the chief duty of a woman in our society. Ambai narrates the story from the perspective of Minakshi, the youngest daughter-in-law of the house – a person from outside the cultural background of Ajmir.

[1]. Ambai. ―A Kitchen in the Corner of the House.‖ Trans. Lakshmi Holmstorm. Inner
[2]. Line:The Zuban Anthology of Stories by Indian Women. Ed. Urvashi Butalia. New
[3]. Delhi: Zuban an imprint of kali for women, 2006. Print.
[4]. Garg, Mridula. Just Between Us—women speak about their writing. Eds. Ammu Joseph et al. New Delhi: Asmita, 2001. Print.

Abstract: Translation theory during these decades is subjugated by the elemental issue of translatability. Translation is the process of transferring the meaning of oral or written texts from one language into another. Translation is one of the central fields in building cultures. But this course of action may perhaps incorporate other facts and side effects in the procedure of the source text before the product of the target text which layman do not know about them. This differentiates bilinguals from specialized translators. This paper examines the main parts of the equation which are the language, civilization and the negotiable connection stuck between them within the field of socio-cultural translation................
Key words: Translation, Language, Culture, Translator, Mediator,Bilingual

[1]. Baker, M. In Other Words: A Course book on Translation. London: Routledge. 1992. Print.
[2]. Mayoral, R., Kelly, D. & Gallardo, N. "Concept of Constrained Translation. Non-linguistic Perspectives of Translation". Metajounal, 33(3): p. 356-367. 1998. Print.
[3]. Needham, R. Belief, Language and Experience. Chicago: Chicago University Press.1972.Print.

Abstract: Translation studies is an academic interdiscipline dealing with the systematic study of the theory, description and application of translation, interpreting, and localization. As an interdiscipline, Translation Studies borrows much from the various fields of study that support translation. These include comparative literature, computer science, history, linguistics, philology, philosophy, semiotics, and terminology. The term translation studies was coined by the Amsterdam-based American scholar James S. Holmes in his paper "The name and nature of translation studies",[1] which is considered a foundational statement for the discipline

[1]. Cohen, A.D. (1984). On taking tests: what the students report. Language testing, 11 (1). 70-81.
[2]. Culler, J. (1976). Structuralist poetics: structuralism, linguistics, and the study of literature. Cornell: Cornell University Press.
[3]. Graedler, A.L. (2000). Cultural shock. Retrieved December 6, 2006 from http://www.hf.uio.no/iba/nettkurs/translation/grammar/top7culture.html
[4]. Harvey, M. (2003). A beginner's course in legal translation: the case of culture-bound terms. Retrieved April 3, 2007 from http://www.tradulex.org/Actes2000/harvey.pdf
[5]. Hervey, S., & Higgins, I. (1992). Thinking Translation. London & New York: Routledge.

Abstract: Translators are considered as professionals. Translators want to prove their professionalism by translating the famous works of iconic authors around the world. This piece of research is on one such author named Arthur Miller and his work` "Masculinities and femininities" describe gender identities. It refers to the degree to which persons see themselves as masculine or feminine given what it means to be a man or woman in society. Masculinity and Femininity are rooted in the social (one's gender) rather than the biological (one's sex). It is important to distinguish gender identity, as presented above...............
Key words: Masculinity, Femininity, gender roles, social status, Death of a Salesman

[1]. Bhasin Kamala. 2004. Exploring Masculinity. New Delhi: Women Unlimited
[2]. Burke, Peter J. 1980. "The Self: Measurement Implications from a Symbolic Interactionist Perspective." Social Psychology Quarterly 43: 18-29.
[3]. Burke, Peter J. 1989. "Gender Identity, Sex, and School Performance." Social Psychology Quarterly 52: 159-169.
[4]. Miller, Arthur. 1996. Death of a Salesman. Arnold Associates. New Delhi.
[5]. Eagly, Alice H. 1987. Sex Differences in Social Behavior: A Social-Role Interpretation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Abstract: What is Subramania Bharati to me and me to him? First of all he and I hail from the same place, Pondicherry, the Land of the Spirit, in whatever sense your mind could decipher. He lived there for just a decade (1908-1918) and produced all the best known of his works, both in Tamil and in English. What brought him to Pondicherry makes an interesting story. Pondicherry may be a speck on the tourist map of the world. Yet it is a significant speck…a glorious one at that. It is so because several were the warriors from various lands who invaded this one-time fishing village, later transformed into a port city. The Greeks came. Then the Chinese. And at a later date came the Portuguese and the Dutch. Finally the British and the French

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Abstract: The constant growth of science and technology attracts the entire world. Presently people brief out things especially in the style of using a language to save their time. It leads to the use of 'SMS' language in communication. It becomes fashionable to use such language. Unconsciously, the youngsters inculcate the same culture in formal communication also. The unlimited use of mobile phones as well as e-mails preoccupies the minds of the entire society to use the SMS language in many contexts. This paper aims to do research in this area and to study the impact of SMS language on Standard English. The main objective of this paper is to present more details about such usage and also to recommend a solution to solve this problem.

[1]. Jones Keeping Languages Alive, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2013.
[2]. Rizvi,M.AshrafEffective Technical Communication, McGraw Hill Publication Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi 2013.
[3]. Sinha,MosamEnglish Language and Communication Skills, Yking Books Publishers, Jaipur, India 2014.
[4]. Starkey,LouiseTeaching and Learning in the Digital Age, Routledge Publication, London 2014.

Abstract: English language plays a vital role for the social and the economic development of mankind. But, the tribal children are not much exposed to English. In order to improve the speaking skill, different learning activities like Fruit Game, Hypothetical Questions, Story Board Creation and role play were given to 6-13 age group. The investigator visited various places like Neithalapuram,Geddesal,Dhottagajanure,Kermalam, Palappadugai, Basuvanapuram,Thingalur,Talamalai,Theiginarai and Thattakarai to collect the required data which will be useful for understanding the various factors that inhibit their learning............

Key Words: Speaking Skill, Activities, Tribes, Erode District, Learning Outcome

[1]. Chinniwar S.,Prabha (2014), Techniques of teaching English, A.P.H. Publishing Corporation New Delhi.
[2]. Eastwood, John(2006), Oxford Practice Grammar, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
[3]. Gangal, J.K.(2013), A Practical Course for Developing Writing Skills in English, PHI Learning Private Ltd., Delhi.
[4]. McKay, Penny and JenniGuse(2008), Five-Minute Activities for Young Learners, Cambridge University Press, New Delhi
[5]. Salim. B(2001), A Companion to Teaching of English, Atlantic Publishers, New Delhi

Abstract: "Learning a second language constitutes a very different task from learning the first language. The basic problems arise not out of any essential difficulty in the features of the new language themselves but primarily out of the special "set‟ created by the first language habits‟- Fries. The present paper is mainly based on the conversation method observing everyday conversation, the mass media where the medium of communication is Tamil, like television, radio and so on. The words are identified and listed out. The meanings of the words are then compared with the English dictionary meanings to trace the change in meaning. The observations are recorded on the tapes, CD‟s, as well as to study changes in the pronunciation. As a result the root world is lost e.g. "coffee‟, "water bottle‟, "ticket‟, "train‟, "vegetable rice‟ etc. And observations are made in the journal and books.

[1]. Wood, F.T. An outline History of English Language Cambridge: Cambridge University press,1985
[2]. Howatt A. (1983) A History of English Language. Hammondsworth Oxford University of Press.
[3]. B.V.Belayaye, The psychology of Teaching Foreign Language, trans R.F.Hingley(Oxford:Pengamon Press Ltd., 1963)
[4]. Richards, J.K. and Rodgers, T.S. "Approaches and methods in Teaching" Harvard University. Publication 2003
[5]. Fries, C.C "Linguistic and Reading". Newyork:Holt