IOSR-JHSS   National Conference on SOCIO CULTURAL REDEMPTION IN COMPARATIVE LITERATURE

Abstract: The link between Comparative Literature and translation creates a new reading framework that challenges the classic approach to translation, and allows the widening of the scope of the translated text. This paper explores this relationship through the analysis of two versions of Charles Baudelaire's Les fleurs du mal published in Argentina during the 20th century, stressing the nature of translation as an act of rewriting

[1] BALAKIAN, A. (1969): El movimiento simbolista. Juicio crítico. Trad. de José Miguel Velloso,
[2] Madrid: Guardarrama.
[3] BASSNETT, S. (1998): «¿Qué significa Literatura Comparada hoy?» en Romero López, D. (comp.), Orientaciones en Literatura
Comparada. Trad. de Cistina Naupert, Madrid: Arco, 87-101.
[4] BAUDELAIRE, Ch. (1999): Las flores del mal. Trad. de Eduardo Marquina, Madrid: JM ediciones.
[5] BAUDELAIRE, Ch. (2006): Las flores del mal. Trad. y prólogo de Nydia Lamarque, Buenos Aires: Losada.
[6] BAUDELAIRE, Ch. (1980): Les fleurs du mal. Ed. de Vincenette Pichois, Paris: Union Générale d'Éditions.
[7] BAUDELAIRE, Ch. (2006): Las flores del mal. Trad., prólogo y notas de Américo Cristófalo,Buenos Aires: Colihue.
[8] BAUDELAIRE, Ch. (2005): Correspondencia General. Traducción y notas de Américo Cristófalo y Hugo Savino, Buenos Aires:
Paradiso.
[9] BENJAMIN, W. (1999): Iluminaciones II. Poesía y capitalismo. Traducción y prólogo de Jesús Aguirre, Madrid: Taurus.
[10] BENJAMIN, W. (2007): Conceptos de filosofía de la historia. Trad. de Héctor Murena, La Plata: Terramar.

Abstract: The paper compare Louise Erdrich's novel Tracks and Kamala Markandaya's novel Nectar in a Sieve, both describes about the futuristic life of the people after the exploitation of the environment and focuses on their own particular community and their life controlled by nature. Ecocriticism takes an earthcentred approach to literary criticism. It is said to be the study of the relationship between environment and literature. Since literature has always conditioned the philosophical understanding of nature. Louise Erdrich captures passions, fears, myths and doom of the Indian tribes struggling to keep the little that remained as their lands. The author tracks down the hardships borne by the men and women of North Dakota who ceaselessly fought against the weather who were pushed to the brink of their endurance.
Key words: endurance, environment, nature, relationsm struggl

Primary Source
[1] Erdrich, Louise. Tracks. New York: Harper Perennial Library edition, 1989.
[2] Markandaya, Kamala. Nectar in a Sieve. Penguin books: New Delhi, 2009.
Secondary Sources
[1] Beidler, G. Peter & Barton, Gay. A Reader's Guide to the Novels of Louise Erdrich. Columbia & London: University of Missouri
Press, 2006.
[2] Chavkin, Allan., Ed. The Chippewa Landscape of Louise Erdrich. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press, 1999.
[3] Chen, Liang. Hybridizing Identity: Louise Erdrich as Mixed-blood, A Postcolonial Study of the Novels of Louise Erdrich.
Germany: Lap Lambert Academic Publishing, 2010.
[4] Stirrup, David. Louise Erdrich –Contemporary American and Canadian Writers. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2010.
[5] Abidi, S.Z.H. Nectar in a Sieve: A critical study. Prakash Book Depot: Bareilly, 1989.
[6] Agarwal, K.A. Spectrum of Indian Writing in English. Book Enclave: Jaipur, 2004.
[7] Dhawan, R.K. Indian Women Writers. Prestige Books: New Delhi, 2001.
[8] 8.Prasad, Madhusudan. Perspectives on Kamala Markandaya. Vimal Prakashan: New Delhi, 1984.

Abstract: Countdown, a travelogue by Amitav Ghosh, deals with a panorama of things-the author's visit to Pokharan, Pakistan and Siachan, his conversation with so many people of India, their grief and sorrow, their horrendous and horrifying experience regarding the nuclear explosion; the compulsion behind south Asia nuclearisation and a mild satire on the arrogance and dominance of politics seldom cares for the peace and prosperity of the people.The real beauty of the book lies in its simplicity of language and the sobriety of thought which cannot help without giving jerks and jolts to the average reader. The book opens with the apocalyptic vision of the nuclear explosion tested at the Pokharan site on 11 May 1998 where the author, Amitav Ghosh, has travelled some three months later.It was a great irony that the dust from the test site was also sent around the country so that the whole nation could partake in the glow of the blasts. This paper focus on the international peace with reference to the novel Countdown. Key words: blast, journey, peace, pilgrims, terrorism,

[1] Bhatnagar K. Manmohan. Indian Writing in English. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers, 2000. Print.
[2] Dhawan.R.K.Indian Writing in the New Millennium. New Delhi:Chaman Offset Press, 2000. Print.
[3] Dhawan.R.K. Indian Women Novelists.New Delhi: Prestige, 1995. Print.
[4] Gosh Amitav.Countdown. New Delhi: Ravi Dayal Publisher, 1999. Print.
[5] Gopalkrishnan.A.Frontine May 22-June 4, 1999, p. 114.
[6] Ravi.P.S. Modern Indian Fiction. New Delhi: Prestige books, 2003. Print.

Abstract: German novelist Hermann Hesse traced the purpose of his life by trying to find out the truth about art and spirituality. At a time when the world was caught between the two devastating world wars, he chose to concentrate on the East, especially on India from where he borrowed the idea of spiritual transformation of energy. This evolution of the energies forms a pattern in his novels, when they are read chronologically. The novels can therefore be mapped according to the Indian system of evolution of mankind; the spiritual evolution of man. Hesse's novels can be read through this motif , where the characters exhibit the dual tendency of the concept of the Ardhanarisvara. What emerges is a frame work which encloses the European mind in the Eastern matrix of spirituality and progression. Europe provides the truths from psychoanalysis, and Hesse remains one of the first major writers to be psychoanalysed.
Key words: chakras, concept, male, journey, spirituality

[1] Abrams, M.H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Bangalore: Prism. 1993. Print.
[2] Haich, Elisabeth. Sexual Energy and Yoga. Trans. D.Q. Stephenson. London:George Allen &Unwin,1972. Print.
[3] Hesse, Hermann. ―Childhood of the Magician.‖ Trans. Denver Lindley. Ed.
[4] Introd.Theodore Ziolkowski. www.scribd.com/doc/37572755/ Hesse-Hermann- Autoiographical- Writings-Essays - 1-12. V 3. First
Noonday. 1973. Web. 24 Sep 2013
[5] Demian. Trans. W.J.Strachan. London: Picador,1995. Print.-
[6] Gertrude. Trans. Hilda Rosner London: Owen, 1955.Print
[7] Peter Camenzind. Trans. Michael Roloff. NY: Picador, 1969. Print.
[8] Prodigy: Under the Wheel. Trans. W.J.Strachan. London: Peter Owen, 2002. Print.
[9] Rosshalde. Trans. Ralph Manheim. London: Triad/Paladin, 1986. Print.
[10] Siddhartha. Trans. Hilda Rosner. NY: Bantam, 1971. Print.
[11] ---. Soul of the Age: Selected Letters of Hermann Hesse 1891-1962.
[12] Trans. Mark Harman. Ed. Theodore Ziolkowski. NY: Farrar. 1991. Print.
[13] ---. Steppenwolf. NY: Picador, 1953. Print.
[14] ---. Journey to the East. Delhi: Book Faith India, 1998. Print.
[15] Kramrisch, Stella. The Presence of Siva. Motilal: Delhi, 2007. Print
[16] Speer, Helmut. Preface. Sexual Energy and Yoga. By Elizabeth Haich. Trans. D.Q. Stephenson.
[17] London:George Allen &Unwin,1972. Print.
[18] Svoboda, Robert E. Aghora At the Left Hand of God. Calcutta: Rupa, 1996. Print.
[19] ---. Aghora 11: Kundalini. Delhi: Rupa. 1993. Print.

Abstract: : Comparative literature is an interdisciplinary field whose practitioners study literature across national borders, across time periods, across languages, across genres, across boundaries between literature and the other arts and across disciplines. n spite of their cultural diversities the two nations share their postcolonial status and their male-dominated societies. In both countries women suffer loss of dignity and selfrespect. Atrocity against women cuts across all racial, social, cultural, economic, political and religious boundaries. Margret Laurence, a celebrated Canadian writer and Arundhati Roy, an Indian novelist, are conscious of the marginalization and discrimination meted out to women in their patriarchal societies. The Stone Angel is Laurence's first novel in the Manawaka series. Roy's The God of Small Things is a booker prize winning novel. In this novel, Roy picturises the marginalization of women in the society, and exhibits the horrors of caste system in India. The present study compares Laurence's The stone Angel and Roy's The God of Small Things to bring out the similarities of problems faced by women and the difference in their attitude towards the problems. It attempts to delineate the reason behind this difference and tries to provide a solution through analysis. Key words: marginalization, caste, systems, dignity, respect

Abstract: Women are treated as the secondary citizens in the family as well as in the society. Though they have the power of endurance, affinity, love and foresight, they are treated badly by man. They are forced to sacrifice their happiness for the wellbeing of others. Often their sufferings are not brought out to the limelight adequately and they are covered by the mask of sacrifice of the womanhood. Women writers have brought out such hidden sufferings of their community by their commendable works. They adeptly portray the critical issues of women in their writings to highlight the sad plight of the women folk in the world. This study aims at an analysis of the select novels of Anita Nair and Alice Walker to bring out their treatment of the sufferings of women in their respective works. The Indian writer Anita Nair's Ladies Coupe and the Afro-American Alice Walker's The Color Purple are chosen for the analysis. Both the writers have brought out the critical issues related to women in their writings such as the sexual exploitation, motherhood, child-bearing, subjugation and male hegemony and so on in their novels. Key words: gender, identity, sacrifice, sufferings, womanhood

[1] Banerji, Jaya. "Six Women in a Box." Rev. of Ladies Coupe: A Novel in Parts in Indian Review of Books 10.9 (July 16-Sep. 15,
2001): 43-44.
[2] Bari, Rachel, "Narrative of Confinement and Captivity: Anita Nair‟s Ladies Coupe" in Poetcrit 17.1 (Jan. 2004): 42-47.
[3] Gaur, Rashmi. Women‟s Writing Some Facts, New Delhi: Swarup and Sons, 2003.
[4] Heglar, Charles J. Named and Namelessness: Alice Walker‟s Pattern of Surnames in The Color Purple. Lexington: Winter,
2000.Nair, Anita. Ladies Coupe. New Delhi: Penguin, 2001.
[5] "Orhan Pamuk, Nair and I," in Kerala, Kerala, Quite Contrary. Ed. Antony Shinie.New Delhi: Rupa, 2009.
[6] Nityanandam, Indira, "A Post Colonial Reading of Anita Nair‟s Ladies Coupe" in Indian Writing in English: Perspective. Ed. Joya
Chakravarty. New Delhi: Atlantic, 2003.
[7] Singh, Savita. "Repression, Revolt and Resolution, Anita Nair‟s Ladies Coupe," in The Quest 16.2 (Dec. 2002): 28-35.
[8] Thomas, Doris. "Towards the Emergence of an Autonomous Woman: A Reading of Anita Nair‟s Ladies Coupe," in The Quest 20.1
(June 2006): 46-51.
[9] Walker, Alice. The Color Purple. New York: Simon and Schuster Inc., 1985

Abstract: Comparative literature deals with the literature of two or more different linguistic, cultural or nation groups."Shame" is Salman Rushdie's third novel, published in 1983. Like most of Rushdie's work, this book was written in the style of magic realism. The central theme of the novel is that violence is born out of shame. The concepts of shame and shamelessness are explored through all of the characters. "Shame" discusses heritage, authenticity, truth, and, of course, shame and shamelessness, as well as the impact of all these themes on an individual, the protagonist Omar Khayyám. Mahasweta Devi is one of the most popular contemporary writers of Bengali literature. She speaks about the exploitation of womanhood in the hands of male-chauvinism. Another major aspect that she deals is on the stupid rituals followed by the people which also sometimes draw back from their progress and which is a major factor for women to lose their identity. "Till Death Do Us Part" is one of the fictional works of Mahasweta Devi. It is a volume of five short stories spanning over three decades of writing, showing an unusual tenderness on the side of the author who is wildly known for her satiric prose and biting indictment of social inequalities. In this manuscript, three of her works are discussed. These fictions deal with the stories of elderly women and the men in their lives: husbands, lovers, sons and friends. These touching tales, with their humor, delicacy and warmth, are each centered on a woman character.
Keywords: Gender bias, Womanhood, exploitation, men, women

[1] Salman Rushdie, "Shame", novel published by Vintage, 1995.
[2] [online] http://www.gradesaver.com/author/salman-rushdie (available October, 2013).
[3] Bernard F.Rodgers, "Critical Insights Salman Rushdie", Salem Press, 2012.
[4] [online] http://www.parabaas.com/translation/database/authors/texts/mahasweta.html
(available October, 2013).
[5] NiveditaSen and Nikhil Yadav, "Mahasweta Devi: An Anthology of Recent Criticism", published by Penecraft International, 2008

Abstract: Tagore is the greatest of the Indians writing in English. His fame as a poet in English rests chiefly on his Gitanjali which is a "transcreation" of the Bengali original. It was with this work that he achieved international fame and recognition, and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. His message is spiritual, both Hindu and universal at one and the same time. In this poetry Indianness acquires a universal significance. Stress on Tagore's mysticism has led to the neglect of his poetry, it has tended to obscure his greatness as a poet and artist. He perfected a kind of incantatory rhythmic prose and demonstrated that Indian sentiment, thought and imagery can be as well expressed in English as in any Indian language." This paper highlights Tagore's Spiritual Humanism in Gitanjali.
Key Words: Tagore, Gitanjali, Spiritual, Universal.

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Abstract: Shashi Deshapande's seven novels are apparently alarmed with feminist issues. She depicts contemporary, educated and career-oriented married woman, who are sensitive to the changing times and situations. All her protagonists' women, narrate the story from their point of view. Deshpande's protagonists are stronger than Anita Desai's women, for they attempt to resolve their problems by a process of temporary withdrawal. Revealing a remarkable insight into the nature of a women's mind, she depicts women in myriad roles—wife, mother, daughter, and above all an individual in her own right. She is concerned always with a woman's search for her identity. She endeavors to establish woman as an individual, who break loose from the traditional constraints and refines her identity in tune with the changed social ambience of the modern times.
Key words: feminism, family, identity, psyche, suffering

[1] Deshpande, Shashi, Moving on New Delhi: Penguin Viking, 2004
[2] Deshpande, Shashi, Small Remedies: New Delhi: Penguin 2000
[3] Deshpande Shashi, That Long Silence: Penguin Books 1988

The word ―culture‖ itself is so difficult to pin down; ―cultural studies‖ is hard to define. According to Elaine Showalter ―cultural is a model of feminine difference, ―cultural studies‖ are not so much a discrete approach at all, but rather a set of practices. It arises from the social from the social turmoil of the 1960's, cultural studies is composed of elements of Marxism, Post Structuralism and post Modernism, feminism, Gender Studies, Anthropology, Sociology, Race and Ethnic Studies. These field that concentrate on social and cultural factors that either create community or cause division and alienation. Jacques Derrida ha urged cultural critics ―to erase the boundaries between high and low culture, classic and popular literary texts, and literature and other cultural discourses that, following Derrida, may be seen as manifestations of the same textuality.‖ In the current scenario, the discipline of psychology has also entered the field of cultural studies.

Abstract: A comparative literature transcends national and cultural boundaries, offers a global view of world literature. In a comparative literature, religions probe vital issues everywhere as innumerable religions are followed all over the world reflect in various literatures. The present paper is focused on a short story titled "A Father", extracted from Bharathi Mukherjee's short story collection, Darkness. "A Father", deals with a tricky situation in which the cultural and ethnic encounter is not between individuals but attitudes acquired as well as preserved between reason and superstition. The inadequacy of the expatriate, the father's conflict between the Indian Hindu religion, and the American way of life brings his inability to cope with immigrant living, are brought out in this story. The final eruption of violence in Mr. Bhowmick, reveals when he turns himself as an Indian goddess Kali, leads to attack his daughter, in a rolling pin, and is due to his inability to reconcile the wistful expatriate in himself with the immigrant, in his militantly feminist daughter.
Key words: culture, ethnic, religion, superstition, violence,

[1] Mukherjee Bharathi. Darkness, Fawcett crest publications, 1985

Abstract: Gender relations in India involve influence dynamics. Woman's distinctiveness is constructed by gender, social class, caste, religion etc. Colonialism had rendered the doubly colonized identity of woman as a fixed and unchangeable one. Patriarchy, tradition, and Hindu religion had endorsed this inequality and injustice by legitimizing the control and oppression of women. Confined in the 'pativrata' ideal of Indian wifehood set by the images of Sita, Damayanti, Gandhari, Savitri etc., the Indian woman finds herself silenced. In the post colonial period, the decolonized male continued oppressing the female. Marriage, the promised end and ultimatum for an Indian girl continued to subjugate her. Under the banner of family, men continued to dominate over women in the name of love and security. This paper focus on the struggle and sufferings of women in Ladies Coupe.
Key words: gender, oppression, suppression, sub-alternity

[1] B. Ashcroft, G. Griffiths, H. Tiffin, The Empire Writes Back. New York: Routledge, 1989. Print.
[2] Mohanty, Chandra Talpade. "Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses." Laura Chrisman, and
Patrick Williams, eds. Colonial Discourse and Postcolonial Theory: A Reader. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993. Print.
[3] Nair, Anita, Ladies Coupe. New Delhi: Penguin Books India, 2001. Print.

Abstract: This paper focuses on the study of emerging, potent voices of two women writers, Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, and Shashi Deshpande. Belonging to India gives these writers certain common cultural traits, while the differences between them result from the fact that living abroad widens the mental horizons of Indian women. These women are no doubt conditioned by the Indian upbringing but have risen above the traditional constraints. This paper attempts to describe the similarities and contrasts between two writers from India living in two hemispheres, in order to highlight how the pulls and pressures of the past lives of women continue to influence their present. There is constant interplay of nostalgia and reality in Deshpande's and Divakaruni's novels. At a deeper level they show a conflict between tradition and modernity. The trials and tribulations and the struggle to maintain the modern values and to carve out an identity of their own in the new and ostensibly stifling environment of her protagonists makes them a feminist.
Key words: Traditional Bonds, Tradition and Modernity, Identity

Abstract: A Thousand Splendid Suns by Afghan writer Khaled Hosseini is an example of portrayal of life of women in Afghanistan. The struggle and oppression in the lives of two Afghan women are shown in this novel. Centers on the friendship between Mariam and Laila, the novel A Thousand Splendid Suns describes the cruelty and problems faced by Afghani women in their daily life. With the setting of Afghanistan, the novelist has taken the last thirty three years of that country's tumultuous history of war and oppression and told it on an intimate scale through these two characters. A Thousand Splendid Suns is set against the background of Afghanistan's recent history. The novel, which spans Afghan history from before the Soviet war until after Taliban rule, has been said by critics to be even better than the Hosseini's critically acclaimed The Kite Runner. Khaled Hosseini's second novel A Thousand Splendid Suns is written from a third person's point of view. In his novels, he speaks out and reveals the true face of the society. His novels are highly popular and critically appreciated.
Key words: family, history, policies, physical, spiritual

Abstract: Magical realism is an essential tool in the author's arsenal of literary element that implements the use of fairy tale like diction underlining dialogue or scenes. This literary device molds the character of any novel by instilling the reader into a realm where they can question practicality. Magical realism plays a vital role in the translated works of Chronicle of a Death Foretold by Gabriel García Marquez. Humanity has built grand and wondrous cultures and societies, for the better of mankind people have devoted themselves to a functional structured society. But have these creations become merely fabrications that hinder one's true beliefs? Throughout the novel Chronicle of a Death Foretold, author Gabriel Garcia Marquez gives insight into Colombian society. As the story of a murder unravels Marquez projects the themes of honor and fate cautiously, using the town's hesitation to prevent Santiago's murder despite "foretold" warnings to portray how they flaw Columbian culture. By doing so Marquez effectively creates a fictional situation that highlights how the deeply rooted philosophies of these two themes can danger society.Marquez portrays the theme of honor as a fundamental value in Columbia which everyone must respect, such that it leads to a situation that binds the characters, restraining them from doing the right thing - or anything at all - to prevent the murder of Santiago Nasar. This respect can be clearly seen in the town's reaction to the murder, where they turn away from their actual morals and beliefs in the face of the unspoken law of another's honor.
Key words: The significance of the church, Demonstration of strong Catholicism, Columbian culture, honor and fate, code of honor

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Abstract: This paper proposes to analyze the complex interface between the East and West, tradition and modernity in the two characters called Sudha and Anju in Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni's novel Sister of My Heart. Both characters have their own perceptions towards culture. Sudha considers herself to be traditional and follows Indian tradition while Anju adapts to the modern culture of the Western society. Through these characters, Divakaruni picturises the conflict between Indian identity and transnational location, the conflict between individual desire and social norms. Although she captures different aspects of the cultural encounter, thewaysin which identities are codified forms a common matrix in her writings.

[1] Chatterji, Shoma A. The Indian Women's Search for an Identity. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1988. Print.
[2] Divakaruni,Chitra Banerjee. Sister of My Heart. New York: Anchor Books,1999. Print.
[3] Mandal, Somdatta. Asian American Writing: Theory, Poetry and the Performing Arts. Vol.3. New Delhi: Prestige Books, 2000.
Print.
[4] Prasad, Amar Nath. Indian Novel in English: Critical Perspectives. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons, 2000. Print.
[5] Woolf, Virginia. The Room of One's Own. North America : Broadview Press, 2001. Print.

Abstract: Kamala Markandaya was an Indo-Anglian novelist with an international reputation commanding a vast concourse of readers both at home and abroad. She was not only the earliest Indian woman novelist of repute but also the most gifted and one of the most outstanding writers in the galaxy of Indo-Anglian novelist of today. She wrote ten novels. Markandaya uses fiction as a vehicle for communicating her vision of life. When she started writing novels, the theme of Hunger and Degradation, East-West encounter, Rootlessness, Policies and Human Relationship had already been dealt by a number of Indian-English novelists, but Kamala Markandaya has provided variety and vividness to these themes.

[1] Markandaya, Kamala. Nectar in a Sieve. Bombay: Jaico Publishing House, 1955.
[2] Markandaya, Kamala. A Handful of Rice. New Delhi: Orient paperback,1985.
[3] Markandaya, Kamala. Two Virgins. NewDelhi: Penguin Books, 2010.
[4] Parameswaran, Uma. Kamala Markandaya. Jaipur: Rawat Publications, 2000
[5] 6.Iyengar, K.R. Indian Writing in English. NewDelhi: Sterling Publishers Private Limited, 2004.

Abstract: Jhumpa Lahiri, Pulitzer Prize winner 2000 was born in 1967 in London, England, and raised in Rhode Island. Her father a librarian and mother a teacher had emigrated from Calcutta, India. 2000 Pulitzer Prize winning short story collection Interpreter of Maladies focuses on the lives of Bengali-Indian in Americans, and India. Two out of nine short stories in the collection are set in India and the remaining seven are set in America. They almost invariably picture the cultural difference, isolation, and sufferings of the Indian in India and abroad. A brief survey on the evolution of the east –west conflict in Indian Writing in English has been made. In her 'A Temporary Matter' Hindu religious ceremony- rice ceremony or Annaprashan has been referred. In 'Mr. Sen's' cultural and social alienation has been discussed in detail. In 'This Blessed House' religious conflict between Hinduism and Christianity has been presented in a light manner. Some of the Hindu cultural elements present in the short stories have also been discussed. This paper attempts to substantiate Lahiri's cultural and religious ties with Hinduism and Indian culture.

[1] Jhumpa Lahiri, Interpreter of Maladies harper-Collins, 2000
[2] Bijay Kumar Das, Postmodern Indian English Literature, Atlantic Publishers, New Delhi, 2006
[3] Gauri Shankar Jha, Current Perspective in Indian English Literature, Atlantic Publishers, New Delhi, 2006
[4] Basavaraj Naikar, Indian English Literature- Vol:6 Atlantic Publishers, New Delhi, 2007
[5] Rajinder Kumar Dhawan, Writers of Indian Diaspora, Prestige Books New Delhi,2001
[6] Susan Ram, Chronicles of Cultural Interface, Frontline, 22 October 1999
[7] Pasupathi Jha and T. Ravichandran "Bicultural Ethos and Conflicting Claims in Interpreter of Maladies" in Jhumpa Lahiri: The
Master Story Teller, Suman Bala, Prestige Books, New Delhi 2002

Abstract: The birth and beginning of civilization as seen by every society had lived by certain human values and norms. Especially Indian society is bounded with traditional culture. If we specify in particular south Indian society is made up of family culture. The girl or the boy in the family needs to preserve the dignity of the family whether they like it ornot.This boundary makes the people to consider the value of the relationship.At one time or another one will understand the importance of their beloved ones and it bonds the separated ones. This scenario is well defined by Manju Kapur, the reputed Indian novelist who lives in New Delhi, where she is a teacher of English at Miranda House College, Delhi University. In her first novel Difficult Daughters which received international appreciation and won the Commonwealth Prize for First Novels. This paper aims to compare the two woman characters where the readers need to know more about the protagonist Virmati from the voice of Ida who disliked her in the beginning.
Key words: family, marriage,reliability, relationship, self

[1] Kapur Manju, Difficult Daughters, Faber and Faber,1998.

Abstract: Mario Vargas Llosa is one of the most significant writers among the Latin American novelist and essayist. Vargas Llosa belongs to the first generation of Latin American novelist to capture fully the attention of an audience beyond their national borders. His novels can be considered as microcosms of Peruvian society. He has used the mythical, popular and heroic elements in his texts to capture the social, political or cultural reality of this country. William Faulkner is a seminal figure in modern American Literature. His works reflect the distinct heritage of the American South. His novels mainly deal with the Civil War and reconstruction devastated many of these once-great southern families economically, socially and psychologically. The novel Conversation in the Cathedral by Mario Vargas Llosa and The Sound and the Fury by William Faulkner talks about the depressed and disappointed characters because of the political strategy. The paper concentrates on how the Civil War and the dictator rule make an individual to distract or compels him to distract from the moral values.
Key words: faith, family,influence, society, politics

Primary Sources:
[1] Vargas Llosa, Mario. Conversation in The Cathedral. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2005.
[2] Faulkner, William. The Sound and Fury. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1981.
Secondary Sources:
[1] Bryfonski, Dedrida. ed. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1979.
[2] Gallagher, David. Mario Vargas Llosa "In Modern Latin American Literature. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973.
[3] Kristal, Efrain and King, John. ed. The Cambridge Companion to Mario Vargas Llosa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2012.
[4] Riley, Carolyn. ed. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1975.
[5] Riley, Carolyn and Mendelson, Phyllis Carmel. eds. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1976.