IOSR-JHSS   Volume-11 ~ Issue-5 ~ May-Jun-2013

Abstract: In this paper an attempt has been made to understand the patterns and determinants of crop diversification in Jammu and Kashmir agriculture. Entropy index has been applied to explore the extent of diversification or specialization across crops and districts. Entropy indices of diversification and Gross Cropped Area (GCA) under non-foodgrains were regressed on different explanatory variables. The study revealed that the crop sector of Jammu and Kashmir agriculture at an aggregate level is gradually diversifying in favour of high-value crops. However, while analyzing the extent of diversification at regional level, the Jammu division is witnessing a specialization in foodgrain crops, whileas Kashmir division depicting a trend towards diversification.Further, an analysis of determinants that facilitated the process of crop diversification revealed all the factors considered under study have significantly affected crop diversification in the state, except fertilizer consumption.

Keywords – Foodgrains, Diversification, Specialization, Entropy Index, Jammu and Kashmir

[1] P.L. Pingali, and M.W. Rosegrant, Agricultural commercialization and diversification: Processes and policies, Food Policy,Vol. 20, 1995, 171-186.

[2] R. Chand, Diversification through High Value Crops in Western Himalayan Region: Evidence from Himachal Pradesh, Indian Journalof Agricultural Economics, Vol. 41(4), 1996, 432-441.

[3] P.K. Joshi, A. Gulati, P.S. Birthal, and L. Tewari, Agricultural Diversification in South Asia: Patterns, Determinants and Policy Implications, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.39, 2004, 12-18.

[4] D.Jha, Rapporteur's Report on Diversification of Agriculture and Food Security in the Context of New Economic Policy, Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics Vol. 51, 1996,829-832.

[5] S.D. Swant, and C.V.Achuthan, Agricultural Growth across Crops and Regions: Emerging Trends and Patterns, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 30. 1995, 17-25.

[6] V.S.Vyas,Diversification in Agriculture: Concepts, Rationale and Approaches,Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 51, 1996, 430-441.

Abstract: This article is about the projection translation process from the Batak Toba language into English. The main problem explored is the application of heuristic translation strategy to achieve the functional equivalence. The strategy depends on the systemic functional grammar theories which is considered as the power house of the meaning creation of language and the bottom-up approach for the meaning analysis when two grammatical aspects go up to a higher level in a text. The research is subject to three concurrent activities in the transfer process of projection samples quoted from the transcription of the Batak Toba traditional wedding speeches as the source text into English as the target text. The findings indicate that heuristic translation strategy can meaningfully transfer all of the projection samples from the source text into the target text.

Keywords: Batak Toba traditional wedding speech, bottom-up approach, functional equivalence, heuristic translation strategy, systemic functional grammar, projection.

[1] Sanggam Siahaan, Batak Pragmatics: Communicating Intentions (Singapore: Singapore International Press, 2012).
[2] Bungaran Antonius Simanjuntak, Konflik status dan kekuasaan orang batak toba Jurnal Antropologi Sumatera Universitas Negeri Medan, 1 (2), 2005, 142-154.
[3] T.M. Sihombing, Jambar hata: dongan to ulaon adat (Pematangsiantar: CV. Tulus Jaya, 1989).
[4] W.M. Hutagalung, Pustaha batak: tarombo dohot turiturian ni bangso batak (Pematangsiantar: CV. Tulus Jaya, 1991).
[5] Roger T. Bell, Translation and translating: theory and practice (Longman, London: Newmark, 1991).
[6] Marina Manfredi, Translating text: translation studies and systemic functional linguistics (Bologna: Dupress, 2008).
[7] M.A.K. Halliday, Functional grammar. 2nd edition (London: Edward Arnold, 1994).
[8] J.C. Catford, A linguistic theory of translation (London: Prentice Hall, 1965).
[9] Julianne House, How do we know when a translation is good? (Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2001).
[10] M.R.M. Cowie Shuttleworth, Dictionary of translation studies (Manchester: St. Jerome, 1997).

Abstract: The study empirically examine the impact of the Nigerian Stock Exchange on economic growth from 1980-2011. The period was considered appropriate for the study in view of the challenges of building a strong financial base for the economy for long term investment that stimulate economic growth and development of Nigeria. Over the years, Nigeria capital market has developed in a more reliable market in terms of accessibility of funds. Also, the capital market form the basis in which assets and other near money such as shares and bonds can be easily converted into cash. For the purpose of this work, data were sourced from the Central Bank Statistical Bulletin; on various issues (1980-2011).The study revealed that Nigerian Stock Market has experienced a tremendous expansion when compared with what it used to be in recent years. This expansion cut across the volume of traded shares and other securities which runs into Millions of Naira. The result further revealed that with the provision of a place for the exchange of securities, the Nigerian Stock Exchange helped in the mobilization and allocation of capital resources among numerous competing alternative used in the stock exchange. The exchange provides sufficient liquidity for investors or group of investors who wish to invest their money. Also, Nigerian Stock Exchange encourages more sufficient allocation of wealth. This assertion was made possible as a result of the authentication of the variables such as GDP, GCF, ASI MCAP, EXCHR used in carrying out the work through the use of econometrics tools of ordinary least square (OLS) analyses and other econometrics test such as stationarity test, cointegration test ,over-parameterized error correction test, parsimonious error correction test. Therefore, the government through her regulatory agencies be prudent in the management of exchange rate to ensure that the Nigerian Stock Exchange will be more efficient. The government should try to; establish a unit trust, give incentives to demand for listed securities, privatization of government owned business, development of analyst services and processing of new security.

Keywords: Stock Exchange, Econometric, Co integration, Error correction Economic Growth, Nigeria.

[1]. Arestis,Demetriades & Luintel (2001). Financial Development and Economic Growth: The role of Stock market. Journal of money, credit and banking. 33(1):16
[2]. Fama E.F (1976). Efficient Capital Market. Review of Theory and Empirical Work. Journal of Finance Chapter 25:383-417.
[3]. Harris, Richard D.F (1997). Stock market and development: A re-assessment. European Economic Review, Elsevier, Vol. 41(1):139-146
[4]. Mohtadi & Agarwal(2008). Does Stock market development raise Economic growth? Evidence from Nigeria. Review of finance and banking. Vol.1 issue 1: 26-36
[5]. Nourzad (2002) Financial development and productive efficiency: A panel study of developed and developing countries. Journal of Economics and finance Vol. 26 no.2:123-134
[6]. Robert Barro (1990) Stock market and investment. NEER working paper series, working paper no. 2925. National Bureau of Economic Research 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138, April.
[7]. Rose Levine & Sara Zervos (1996) Stock market development and long run growth. Policy Research working paper 1582. The World Bank policy Research department. Finance and private sector development division, March.
[8]. Rousseau, P.L.& Wachtel P. (2000) Efficiency markets and growth: Cross country evidence on timing and outcomes 1980-1995. Journal of Banking and finance. Elsevier Vol. 24(12):1933-1957.
[9]. Seyyed A.P. Oskooe (2012) Emerging Stock market Efficiency, nonlinearity and Episodic Dependence Evidence from Iran Stock market. Journal of Basic and applied scientific research 2(11):11370-11380

Abstract: Modernism is a movement which aims at defying the established norms and conventions. It challenges the coherence and harmony in the structure of the literary works. Modern drama departs from such conventionality of the well-made plays of the classics and other realistic dramas. Harold Pinter's Betrayal is one such play of the modern theatre. Pinter narrates a story of betrayal in an unconventional way. Harold Pinter shows that men are betrayed not only by men, but by time. Such betrayal is a recurring theme in the play. The paper is an attempt to explain how the truth about its characters is approached by reversing the chronological order in which their actions are viewed. Recollection of events on the basis of memory leads one to recall them retrospectively in a non-chronological order. The paper further highlights how the play is a rendering of the author's memory.

Keywords- Absurdism, betrayal, chronology, memory, time

[1] Abrams, M.H. A Glossary of Literary of Literary Terms. Sixth Edition. Bangalore: Prism Books, 1993.

[2] Vassilopoulou, Katerina. "Possible worlds in the theatre of the absurd." Lancaster University Post Graduate Conference in Linguistics and Language Teaching. Vol. 1. Costas Gabrielatos, Richard Slessor and J.W.Unger ed. Lancaster: Lancaster University, 2007.

[3] Pinter, Harold. Betrayal. London: Faber and Faber, 1978.

Abstract: Two hundred adolescent boys in the age group of 16-18 yrs, studying in std. X, XI, XII were chosen at random from purposely selected seven schools and colleges Parbhani town, Maharashtra State. Their depression levels were assessed by administering depression scale of Karim and Tiwari and their background information related to the study was collected through personal interview. Out of the 200 adolescent boys, 100 of them hailed from low SES and the remaining to middle SES group. The results indicates that majority (83%) of the selected adolescent boys were assessed to have low level depression followed by moderate (8%) and high(8%) level of depression irrespective of the socioeconomic status of the family. The background variables like family size, family type, socio-economic status, relationship with parents and siblings were found to have significant influence on the depression levels of adolescent boys.

Keywords: Adolescent Boys, Depression levels

[1]. Chen, X., Rubin, K. H., & Li, B. (1995). Depressed moods in Chinese children: Relations with school performance and family environment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 938-947.
[2]. Khan, S., Ahamad, S. and Arshad, N. (2006). Birth order, family size and its association with conversation disorder. Pak J. Med. Sci., 22 (1): 38-42.
[3]. Lasko, D.S., Field, T.M., Gonzalez, K.D., Harding, J., Yando, R. and Bendell, D. (1996).Adolescent depressed mood parental unhappiness. J. Adolescence, 31(121): 49-47.
[4]. Lewinsohn, P., Rohde and Seeley (1998). Cited in Adolescent depression, family psychopathology and parent/child relations: a case control study by Seguin, M., Manion, J., Clutier, P., Mcevey, L. and Cappelli, M. (2003). J. Child Adolescence Pscyhatric Rev., 12(1):2-9.
[5]. Ritsher, J. (2001). Inter-generational longitudinal study of social class and depression: a test of social causation and social selection models. The British J. Psychiatry, 178:84-90.
[6]. Sethi, B.B. and Sharma, M. (1980). Depressive disorder and family constellation. Indian J. Psychiatry, 22(1):69-73.
[7]. Sethi, B.B., Gupta, S.C. and Kumar, R. (1967). 300 urban families. A psychiatric study. Indian J. of Psychiatry, 9(4):280-302.
[8]. Sheeber, L., Hops H., Alpert, A., Davis, B.Z. and Annadrews, J. (1998). Family support and conflict prospective relation to adolescent depression, website: http://www.springerlind.comm/content/m8 .
[9]. Thallia, E., Holan, L., Robert, P., Pak, S., Abram, S., Richard, W. and Shaun, P. (2004). Parental familial vulnerability, family environment and their interactions. As predictor of depressive symptoms in adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent psychiatry, 43(3):298-306.

Abstract: This paper is set out to characterize some of the significant features of language of religious stickers. Data on two major religions i.e. Christianity and Islam were collected in the year 2004 in three major towns in Oyo State of Nigeria. The investigations revealed that the type of stickers placed on individual cars identified the faith of the car owner and the inscription on the sticker shows the intention of the owner of the car for the rest of the year or the rest of his life. It was also observed that some of the car owners had more than a sticker on their cars. Some of the stickers depict the year, their deities, denominations, specific occasions, or situations, which also depicts the intentions of the owners. The investigation also reveals that some of the stickers have logo signs associated to the two religions likewise the colours used in printing out the stickers also have semantic meanings. The paper used some semantic concepts for the analysis of the data collected.

Keywords: Car, Christian, Moslem, Semantic, Stickers, Oyo State.

[1]. Bloor, T. and Bloor, M. (1995): The Functional Analysis of English: A Hallidayan Approach.
[2]. London: Arnold.
[3]. Babajide, A.O (2004): Decoding Cultural Semantic Undertones in Dialogic. Ibadan Journal of English Studies Vol. 1: 100-116.
[4]. Akhimien, E.P (2004): The Use of "How are You?‟ in Nigeria Society, Journal of Pragmatics 36:2055-2058
[5]. Chiluwa, I. A Critical Linguistic Study of Language Variation and Ideological Differences in Media Discourse in Nigeria, Ibadan Journal of English Studies, (3), 1998, 87-99.
[6]. Abdullahi-Idiagbon, M.S. Language Use in Selected Nigerian Presidential Election Campaign Speeches: A Critical Discourse Analysis Perspective, Journal of the Nigeria English Studies Association (JNESS), (13)2, 2010, 32-49.
[7]. Olaniyi, O.K. A Pragmatic Analysis of President Umaru Yar‟ Adua‟s Inaugural Speeches of 29th May, 2007, Journal of the Nigeria English Studies Association (JNESA), (13)2, 2010, 50-67.
[8]. Okanlanwon,B. An Analysis of T-Shirt Inscriptions among Undergraduate Students of a Nigerian University, Papers in English and Linguistics (PEL), (12), 2011, 1-11.
[9]. Lamidi, T (2004): Agreement Relations in English and Yoruba, Ibadan Journal of English Studies Vol.1: 35- 53.
[10]. Oyetade. S.O (2004): Attitude to Foreign Languages and Indigenous Languages Use in Nigeria in Igboanuasi.H (ed) Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa Ibadan ,Enicrownfit Publ.: 14-29.

Abstract: Till a few hundred years ago man and nature has a satisfactory give and take arrangement and the system worked very well. There was no interference in the smooth working of the nature. The resources of the earth appeared to be vast and inexhaustible. No one could imagine that humans could bring any substantial change in the earth, but this proved to be a myth. Rapid increase in the human population has resulted in such large numbers of men and women that they virtually overcrowded the earth. With the increase in the needs of man there has been a manifold increase in the urbanization, industries, and agriculture and mining operations. We have therefore to make an appraisal of the present and predictable ecological, economic, social and political problems to stop the dangerous expansion with the advancement of technology and accumulated knowledge: we have to comprehend the danger in time to undertake the necessary steps to maintain a viable earth. The chief objective of the study is that individual, and social groups should acquire awareness and knowledge, develop attitudes, skills and abilities and participate in solving real life environmental problems. Environmental Education is a kind of education, which will seek to make people fully aware of the problems connected with their environment so that they may be able to tackle those problems with a sense of responsibility and with the technical skills which enable them to contribute to their solutions.

[1]. Aggarwal,Y.P., The Science Of Educational Research, Nirmal Book Agency, Kurukshetra,1998
[2]. Aggarwal,Y.P., Statistical Methods: Concepts, Application And Computation , Sterling Publisher Pvt. Ltd..2000
[3]. Aggarwal, S.K. and Garg, R.K. , Environmental Issues And Research In India, Himanshu Publications, Udaipur,1988
[4]. Chandana, R.C., Environmental Awareness, Kalyani Publishers,New Delhi,1998
[5]. Sharma, P.D. Ecology And Environment , Rastogi Publications, Meerut 1998

Abstract: Background: Tobacco use is a growing global public health problem. The adverse effects of tobacco use on health are well known. The objectives of this study was to determine the prevalence of tobacco use and to determine the association of tobacco use with selected variables like age, education, occupation, etc among females in an urban community. Methods: A cross sectional study using personal interviews was carried out on 307 individuals aged 18 years and above. Descriptive statistics and Chi –square test was used for analysis. Results: The prevalence of ever use of tobacco use was 58.6% and of which 97.2% were current users. Tobacco was used predominantly in smokeless form (zarda pan, khaini, gutkha) by 85.6% of the users. Only smoked tobacco was used by 4.4% of the users. The commonest influencing factor for tobacco use was peer pressure. Conclusion: Prevalence of tobacco use in this community was high. There is a need to develop effective health education and multifactorial tobacco quitting strategies with focus on help and support for those who wish to quit tobacco.

Key words: Cross sectional study, females, urban community, Manipur, tobacco use.

[1] World Health Organisation.Tobacco. Fact Sheet No.339. 2012. Available from: URL:http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs339/en/index.html. Accessed 18 June 2012.
[2] Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS): India. World Health Organisation; 2009-2010. Available from: http://www.searo.who.int/LinkFiles/Regional_Tobacco_Surveillance_System_GATS_India.pdf. Accessed 6 July 2011.
[3] Reddy KS, Gupta PC, editors. Report on tobacco control in India. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India 2004;57-61. [4] Jha P, Chaloupka F, editors. Tobacco control in developing countries (Oxford:Oxford University Press;2000). [5] World Health Organisation (WHO). Tobacco or health: A global status report, Geneva:WHO;1997.
[6] Rani M, Bonu S, Jha P, Nguyen SN, Jamjourm L. Tobacco use in India: Prevalence and predictors of smoking and chewing in a national cross sectional household survey. Tob Control, 12,2003,341. Available from: URL: http://www.tobaccocontrol.com/cgi/content/full/12/4/e4. Accessed 28 June, 2011.

[7] Jhanjee S. Tobacco control in India-Where are we now? Delhi Psychiatry Journal, 14(1),201126-32.

[8] World Health Organisation. Tobacco control:strengthening national efforts, World Health Report; WHO , Geneva, Switzerland.2003;91-5.

[9] Gupta R, Prakash H, Gupta VP. Prevalence and determinants of coronary heart disease in a rural population in India. J Clinl Epidemiol, 50,1997,203-9.

[10] Padmavati S. Prevention of heart disease in India in the 21st century. Need for a concerted effort. Indian Heart J, 54, 2002, 99-102.

Abstract: Women have always been part and parcel of the struggle to develop society. However, many times issues in this regard are portrayed as though they have been inactive. Evidence from scholarly studies have shown that the problem with women as regards societal development has not been lack of participation, but rather set backs in their participation arising from unfavourable and sometimes violatory social and cultural practices like marital violence. Because of such set backs, many women like the employed ones, who occupy positions where they disposed to contributing to societal development hardly create meaningful impact. This paper showcases the extent of damage a practice like marital violence can cause to the efforts and abilities of women as actors in sustainable societal developments, offering suggestions for possible change.

[1]. Barnett, O. W. and Laviolette, A. D. (1993). It could happen to any one: Why battered women stay. London: Sage Publication.
[2]. Brown, L., Dubau, F, and Mckeon, M. Y. D (1997). Stop domestic violence: An action plan for saving lives. New York: St. Martin‟s Griffin.
[3]. Browne, A. (1987). When battered women kill. New York: Free Press.
[4]. Burns, A. A., Lovich, R., Maxwell, Y and Shapiro, K. (1997). Where women have no doctor: A health guide for women. California: Macmillan.
[5]. Chukwuma, J. E., Osakwe, B., Ekpenyong, U. and Imona, M. (2002).No save haven: Reports of attacks on women in Nigeria December 2000-November 2002 Lagos. Mbeyi and Associates.
[6]. Davis, M. (1994). Women and violence: Realities and responses worldwide. New York: Zed books.
[7]. Essien, E. E. (2005) "Empowering women for development: A business perspective". In I. V. O. Modo (ed). Sustainable development in Africa-A book of readings. Uyo. Cultural research publishers.
[8]. Ganny, M. (1996). "Domestic violence: The case of wife abuse and its effects on women‟s contribution to national development". In Y. Oruwari (ed). Women, development and the Nigerian environment. Ibadan, Vantage publishers.
[9]. Giddens, A. (2006) Sociology. Cambridge: Polity Press.
[10]. Nigerian Environmental Study/Action (1993) Nigeria: The Challenge of Sustainable Development. Ibadan.

Abstract: "Employee turnover" as a term is widely used in business circles. Although several studies have been conducted on this topic, most of the researchers focus on the causes of employee turnover. This research looked at extent of influence of various factors on employee turnover in urban and semi urban banks. The research was aimed at achieving the following objectives: identify the key factors of employee turnover; determine the extent to which the identified factors are influencing employees' turnover. The study is based on the responses of the employees of leading banks. A self-developed questionnaire, measured on a Likert Scale was used to collect data from respondents. Quantitative research design was used and this design was chosen because its findings are generaliseable and data objective. The reliability of the data collected is done by split half method.. The collected data were being analyzed using a program called Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS ver.16.0 For Windows). The data analysis is carried out by calculating mean, standard deviation and linear correlation. The difference between means of variable was estimated by using t-test. The following factors have significantly influenced employee turnover in banking sector: Work Environment, Job Stress, Compensation (Salary), Employee relationship with management, Career Growth.

Key words: Employee Turnover, Job Stress, Work Environment, Career Growth SPSS, T-Test,

[1]. Ongori, H. (2007); A Review of the Literature on Employee Turnover, African Journal of Business Management pp. 049-054, June 2007
[2]. Banerjee ,S. and Guha ,S. (2008); Employee Attrition in EngineeringFirms: Case Study of DCIPS Pvt. Ltd, India, International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, January 2010
[3]. Mobley, W. H., Griffeth, R. W., Hand, H. H., & Meglino,B. M. Review and conceptual analysis of the employee turnover process. Psychological Bulletin, 1979, 86, 493-522.
[4]. March, J. G., & Simon, H. A. Organizations. New York: John Wiley, 1958.
[5]. Michie, S and Williams, S (2003) "Reducing psychological ill health and associated sickness absence: A systematic literature review‟, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Volume 60, Pages 3-9
[6]. Mimura, C and Griffiths, 2003 "The effectiveness ofcurrent approaches to workplace stress management in the nursing profession: an evidence based literature review‟, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Volume 60,Pages 10-15
[7]. Bashir, Asad 2007, Employees‟ Stress and Its Impacton Their Performance, First Proceedings of International Conference on Businessand Technology, Pages 156-161, Iqra University Islamabad.
[8]. Imtiaz,S and Ahmad,S (2010), Impact Of Stress On Employee Productivity, Performance And Turnover; An Important Managerial Issue.
[9]. Firth L, David J Mellor, Kathleen A Moore, Claude Loquet (2007). How can managers reduce employee intention to quit?, J. Manage. Psychol. 19 (2): 170-187.
[10]. Price, J.L (1977). The study of turnover, 1st edition, Iowa state university press, IA pp10-25

Abstract: The importance of emphasis on cultural values in the development and management of higher education in Africa to all educational administrators and planners of all types and levels of African Higher education cannot be over emphasis. This paper provides an eagle's eye view of the topography of culture in Higher education in particular from an insider's perspective in the 21st century. This paper does not claim to be conclusive but presents important issues for careful reflection, to provoke discussion on the relationship between culture and education. The paper is not empirical but it is located on sound knowledge and careful observation within African context of culture and Higher education in a global world as viewed by the writer. The paper raises issues around curriculum and management of Higher education in Africa. Thus it has examined the concept of culture, Higher education and their relationship particularly in this age of globalization in Africa. It equally analysed the cultural role ambivalence of education in African countries and made some recommendation on how to utilise this variable to make African Higher educational system achieve its educational aims and objectives and make African Countries great in the nearest future. Methodically, the paper is a product of careful observation and reflections on direct participation in Higher education production and conclusion from studies in the fields of higher education and human values in Africa.

[1]. Abernrthy D B and Coombs T (1960) Education and Politics in Developing Countries, Harvard Education Review, Volume 33 No. 3.
[2]. Adesina, S. (1981) Introduction to Educational planning. Ile-IfeUniversity of Ife Press, Nigeria.
[3]. Ajayi, J.F.A., Goma, L.K.H. & Johnson, G.A. (1996) The African Experience With Higher Education. London:James Currey.
[4]. Ceriman (1978) A Change in Education, A paper presented atsymposium, The Future of Formal education, University of Stockholm.
[5]. Barney P N (2006) Keynote Address: 6th Ordinary Session, Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the African Union, Khartoum, Sudan23 January 2006.
[6]. Busia, K.A. (1964) Purposeful Education for Africa. London: Mouton.

Abstract: This study intends to examine the incidental acquisition of vocabulary through reading for pleasure versus the intentional acquisition through the traditional method among the third grade students of high school in Iran, Shahre-Kord. The methodology: A group of 80 students were selected randomly from among the third grade students and a proficiency placement test already piloted with another similar group was given to them to build two homogenous groups and the extreme items were deleted. Students who scored between +-2SD were selected and divided into a control group and an experimental group. A pretest of vocabulary consisting of 48 unfamiliar vocabulary items extracted from eight short stories supposed to be used in the study was given to both groups. After analyzing, items known by 10% or so were excluded. The treatment: The experimental group was given eight short stories during 10-15 minutes of each class session. The new words occurred only once or twice in the short stories. The control group received no treatment, just were asked to read the 40 new vocabulary items in a list, accompanied with their L1 (Persian) equivalents. Then, a post-test consisting of the same 40 items was given to both groups. Statistical t-test showed no significant difference between the mean scores of the proficiency tests and the pre-tests in both groups. But, the t-test between the mean scores of post-tests yielded a significant difference at 0.5 level of significance between two groups, i.e., the amount of acquisition of vocabulary in the experimental group was higher than that of the control group.

Key words: Incidental acquisition- intentional acquisition- vocabulary- reading for pleasure-

[1] V. F. Allen, Techniques in teaching vocabulary. Oxford University Press, 1983.

[2] A. Brian, Human Memory: Theory and Practice. Needham Heights, 2000. [3] P. L. Carrel, Reading in a foreign language. London: Oxford University Press, 1998.

[4] R. Day, R. Richart, C. Omura, M, Hiramatsu. Incidental EFL vocabulary learning and reading. Reading in a foreign language, 7(2), 1991, 541-551.

[5] J. A. Fodor, Dynamic systems of language learning. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1983.

[6] V. Greaney, M. Hegarty, Correlates of leisure-time reading. Journal of Research in Reading,10(2), 1987, 3-20.

[7] J. Hulstijn, Intentional and incidental second language vocabularyLearning.Cambridge, C.U.P, 2004.

[8] J. R. Jenkins, R. Dixon, Vocabulary Learning. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 8, 1983, 237-260.

[9] S. Krashen, The Power of Reading. Insights from the research. Englewood, Co, Libraries Unlimited, 1981-1985.

[10] S. Krashen, W. Pitts, We acquire vocabulary and spelling by reading: additional evidence for the input hypothesis. Modern Language Journal 73, 1989, 440-64.

Abstract: This study traced the historical development of the Port Harcourt Port and Inland Waterways in Nigeria from 1913 to 2010, in view of its economic and socio-political relevance in Nigeria. The study is based on variety of sources – oral evidence, interdisciplinary approach, archival materials, published and unpublished materials. The study observed that the construction work of the Port Harcourt Port began during the British colonial administration in Nigeria, with the construction of the Bonny River between 1913 and 1916 and also witnessed the first shipment through the Port Harcourt Port. By 1923, the cargo section of the Port Harcourt Port was constructed. Between 1923 and 1966, there were remarkable improvements in Port administration. Following the Nigerian civil war between 1967 and 1970, goods were diverted to Lagos Ports, for security reasons. After the Nigerian civil war, the Port Harcourt Port was rehabilitated and the emergence of the National Maritime Authority, helped to improve the Port and inland waterways in Nigeria. The study concluded that the development of the Port Harcourt Port and Inland Waterways, created economic development in Port Harcourt to other parts of Nigeria, being the nerve for the carriage of oil, gas and other petrochemical products to other parts of Nigeria.

[1]. Akinjiogbin, Isaac and Osoba Segun, Topics on Nigerian Economic and Social History, Ile Ife: University of Ife Press, 1980.
[2]. Anyanwu, John and Aloa Oyefusi, The Structure of Nigerian Economy 1960-1997, Onitsha: Joanee Educational Publishers, 1997.
[3]. Ekundare, Olufemi, An Economic History of Nigeria 1860-1960, London: Methuen and Company, 1973.
[4]. Ekundare, Olufemi, An Economic History of Nigeria 1860-1960, London: Methuen and Company, 1973.
[5]. Knowless, Lucius, Economic Development of the British Overseas Empire, London: Heinemann, 1924.
[6]. Kure, Abraham, National Maritime Authority Planning Research and Statistics Department, ―Report of the study on the establishment of Maritime Sabotage in Nigeria‖, 2001.
[7]. Maduka, Ozilli, Port Safety and Environmental Management, Lagos: Concepts Publciations, 2004.
[8]. National Archive, Annual Reports on the Government Coastal Agency, 1957, 1958, 1961, 1971. File No. Port Harcourt, 1972.
[9]. National Archive, Contracts, File No. Mjsc. 57, Port Harcourt, 1975.
[10]. National Archive, Costain (West African) Limited, File No. E. 0170, FEDLAB 3/1/7. Port Harcourt, 1967.

Abstract: Theparalympic games are regarded as a major sporting event,the second largest in the world after the Summer Olympic games. The study we conducted is part of the research on social representations of disability and identity building among disabled persons. Indeed through a comparative approach between three countries with different cultures which are China, France and Tunisia, this work puts the point on the differences and similarities which arise through the photographic analysis of the newspaper industry of the Paralympic games of 2008. Concretely, there is a lack of studies relating the quantitative differences that exist in the way which the Paralympic athletes female and male are represented. TheStatistical analysis of pictures used in this work, first gave us a first look at the treatment of disabled athletes in Tunisia, a field, which until the time unexplored, then compare the results found with the work of other researchers in the discipline.

Key Words: Social representations, Handicap, Media cover.

[1]. Abbassi, D. (2007). Sport, légitimation politique et construction identitaire dans la Tunisie des années 2000, L‟année du Maghreb. Numéro3.
[2]. Akoun, A. (1998), Sociologie des communications de masse, Paris, Hachette.
[3]. Altheide, D.L. (1984), Media hegemony: A failure of perspective, Public Opinion Quarterly, 48, 476-490.
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Abstract: The efficiency or otherwise of an organization and the competitive operations of getting thing done in the way and manner in which they were designed for the achievement of a set objective cannot be achieved without effective capacity development. Human capital development gives hope for the transformation of our institutional and individual components as well as the society in general from what it was to what it should be. The human capital is hereby entrusted with more challenging responsibilities and in it lies the centrality of the process of development, its capacity must be built on constant basis. This paper used survey research as a grand design, examined the human quality response to capacity building techniques in Nigeria, and used questionnaire to extract response from the respondents. The result of the analysis reveals that, the process of human capital development and capacity building in Nigeria faces allot of challenges ranging from institutional to environmental ones among others and concludes that improvement of human capital as a strategy of improving service quality or delivery of same, requires very solid institutional, statutory and economic base(s). It is therefore recommended that stewardship function and improved management support system should be incorporated in the activities of organizations through which human capital development, effective capacity building will combine to expedite positive adjustment in the character of services delivered as well as nature of clients and stakeholders` satisfaction.

Keywords: Human Capital Development and Capacity Building, Sustainable Development and Resource-Based View

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Abstract: From the womb of her mother till the leaving coffin to graveyard runs the story of the women with innumerable miserable plights including her feticide while being baby girl detected very before her birth in the very womb of her mother .Her birth make the parents sad and sorrowful. in society she is looked down with contempt , while passing through streets she Mets the lustful glances of male folk always and times molested, tortured & even raped. The life of the women from all corners of the world including Middle-East India has now become the focus of the modern women writers as a theme of their works. It is because of women giving low status, her physically psychologically and sexually makes her reduce her mental capacity & put her in the mouth of stress , depression , anxiety, worried & even suicidal tendency.

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