IOSR-JHSS   Volume-15 ~ Issue-1 ~ Sep-Oct-2013

Abstract: This paper explores how Nigerian politicians respond to the flaws that dog political campaigns in a fledgling democracy. The paper identifies three flaws: (1) indiscriminate extension of the voting right to everybody of eighteen years and above (2) absence of balance and fairness in media practice (3) the obsession by the media to practice snippet journalism. The paper investigated how these flaws are implicated in politicians' proclivity to run campaigns that are not issue-based. To accomplish the investigation, I theoretically sampled newspaper texts of2011 general elections in Nigeria. The texts were presented in a titled table. Critical Discourse Analysis was used to analyze the texts. Analysis provided a ground to hypothesize that indiscriminate extension of voting right to every person of 18 years and above in a fledgling democracy will lead to a situation where majority of the electorates will be naïve to a degree that will make politicians to often see no reason to run intelligent, issue-based campaign.

Keywords: Politicians, electorates, Issue-based campaigns, voting rights

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[5]. Webster, F. (2011). Information and democracy: the weakening of social democracy. In S. Papathanassopoulos (ed.), Media perspectives for the 21st century.New York: Routledge
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Abstract: It is estimated that one in four adult population, aged 15-49 years in Africa are HIV infected, with the highest age specific rate occurring among young women 25-29 years. This project is part of an intervention programme whose goal is to reduce the rate of HIV infection and unwanted pregnancies among female out of school youths in Kweneng East District, Botswana. In 2000, twenty (20) female out of school youths who are mainly school drop outs, unemployed, know their HIV status and are willing to participate in the project were screened and recruited as Peer Educators by the AIDS Secretariat in Molepolole, Botswana Interventions include training in interpersonal communication, HIV prevention, safer sex practices, sexual negotiation, human sexuality, sexually transmitted infections, family planning, sexual assertiveness, income generation activities and entrepreneurship skills. For social support and community ownership of the project, there were advocacy and capacity building activities with health providers, community leaders, the private sector, the police and the legal system. Midterm evaluation of the project in 2003 shows that more young women participated in the project, twice more than the original number intended. The level of knowledge of HIV-AIDS prevention and contraception had improved among the group members. The demand for and use of condoms and reproductive health services increased, resulting in low rates of unplanned and unwanted pregnancies. Through the face to face contacts made by the Peer Educators in the community, several female out of school youths were reached with HIV-AIDS and family planning messages. Sustainability of the project however depends on increased local political commitment and sustained donor support.

Keywords: Interpersonal Communication, Promoting Safer Sex Practices, Peer Education

[1]. Aggleton, O. (1992). Working with Young People. AIDS Health Promotion. EXCHANGE, No. 2. p. 10-12.
[2]. Economist 22nd January (1999). Obstacles to HIV Prevention in Africa.
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[5]. Ibhabepa, (2002) "The Concept Paper on HIV-AIDS Peer Education and Poverty Alleviation in Palapye, Botswana.
[6]. Ike, Anya and Ehikwe Ihekweazy (2008), "Democracy in Nigeria: The Challenges of Infectious Diseases and Control" Journal of Infectious Diseases in Developing Countries. 2(2)151-153.
[7]. Imoh, G. (2002). Annual Reports of the Activities of the District Multisectoral AIDS Committee, Kweneng District, Bostwana.
[8]. Imoh, G. (2008). Awareness, Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviour of Out of School Youths Relating to Sex and Condom Use in Urban Nigeria. Ibadan, University Press.
[9]. Imoh, G. (1991). "Health Behaviour" in Communication for Social Mobilization. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
[10]. Kanla, P. & Adeyi, 0. (2006).AlDS in Nigeria: A Nation on the Threshold, Harvard, Centre for Regulation and Development Studies.

Abstract: Now a day cyberspace is the place where children grow and learn, it is the duty of the every regulator to secure the children in the cyberspace. Privacy and security are the great concern while using social networking. Children are worst affected by the ill-practice of social networking. It is need of the hour to look into the legal aspects of the social networking and the child. Protecting the child from the cyber predators is one of the key concerns in India. This article throws light on the offenses committed to the child in the virtual space. It embarks upon various legal aspects related to the child and the use of social networking. This paper meticulously analyzes the lacunae in the legal framework and also brings out the problem solving solutions.

Keywords: child, law, privacy, protection, social networking, India

[1] According to the social media company Socialbakers.

[2] http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report_cyberbullying-social-media-s-darker-side_1712080 (Accessed on 07-07-2013)

[3] For more detailed result please visit : http://www.microsoft.com/security/resources/research.aspx (Accessed on 12-07-2013)

[4] 'Tata Consultancy GenY Survey 2011-2012' of nearly 12,300 high school students across 12 Indian cities.

[5] http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/more-indian-teens-using-networking-sites-to-communicate_100619826.html (Accessed on 22-06-2013)

[6] http://gadgets.ndtv.com/internet/news/indian-parents-wary-of-kids-getting-hooked-online-survey-225908(Accessed on 22-06-2013)

[7] articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-18/computing/31764543_1_networking-sites-delhi-school-social-media(Accessed on 09-07-2013) [8] to pull out the links to Nazi sites

[9] http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Standard+form+contract(Accessed on 07-07-2013)

[10] For full report : http://news.consumerreports.org/electronics/2011/05/five-million-facebook-users-are-10-or-younger.html(Accessed on 11-08-2013)

Abstract: So long as human beings live together and pursue different goals in the same environment, conflict of interest must arise. The inability to manage conflict is the cause of crisis. While conflict is sometimes desirable for a state of equilibrium and positive change to occur in the society, crisis is undesirable because it brings about destruction, which could have been avoided by dialogue. Thus dialogue is a necessary tool for crisis management. The main concern of an arbitrator in crisis management is peace. In doing this, parties to a crisis assist the arbitrating panel in determining the causes of the crisis, adequate compensation for victims and recommendation of measures for lasting peace. Examples are Federal Government of Nigeria versus Niger-Delta Militants and the Citizens of Nigeria, Michelin industries Plc versus Udo community in Edo State, Oghareki community versus Presco Industries Ltd in Delta State and the Ogonis versus Shell Development Co. Plc in Rivers State. These crises ended on a dialogue table. A case study is Oghareki Community and Presco Industries Ltd where 100 persons from disagreeing parties were randomly selected. Their responses to a set of questions were analysed and discussed. The result showed that the parties had mutual interest for peace.

[1]. Longman Family Dictionary (1989:162)1
[2]. Ronald H. Tuschl, and Hassan Tai Ejibunu (2007), Nigeria's Niger-Delta Crisis: Root Causes of Peacelessness.http://epu.ac.at/fileadmin/downloads/research/rp_0707.pdf
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[4]. Prime Newsline Jan/Feb. 1999and This Day News Paper13th June 1999.
[5]. Andre Gunder Frank: The development of underdevelopment in James D. Cockcroft et al. Dependence and underdevelopment Latin America's Political Economy, Anchor Books New York.
[6]. Chief Zimugha F."Deprivation is the Root of Our Tragedy" in Prime Newsline, Vol. 1 No 2. (1998).
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ion of Inquiry into the communal crisis in the Riverine Area of Ondo State". Newsline Publication 1998 P.1

Abstract: This paper applies central social science approaches in order to analyze recent developments in the region – a major task of theoretically oriented social sciences in the coming years. In addition to providing an overview of the existing literature on the Arab Spring, the article examines the empirical results of political diversification in the Arab world. A two‐by‐two matrix of political rule that differentiates according to the type of rule and the degree of stability is presented and discussed. Although the analysis draws heavily on rent theory, it also applies findings from transition theory and revolution theory to illuminate the current political dynamics in the Middle East. This article deals with the Arab Spring as a process of deep political change in the Arab world, previously the only major world area where authoritarianism persisted unchallenged for decades. While in various countries of the Arab world mass protests in 2011 forced rulers to resign, other authoritarian regimes have – despite political and economic pressure – so far been able to remain in power, or have even been only insignificantly affected.

Keywords : Arab Spring, Middle East, rent theory, revolution theory, transition theory, democratization, authoritarianism, political and economic liberalization.

[1]. Agence France‐Presse(2011), Jordan Defers Corruption Bill Debate After Outcry, 29 September, online:

[2]. American University of Beirut and Konrad Adenauer Stiftung (eds) (2012), The Arab Uprisings –What Happened, Whatʹs Next?, Lecture and Working Paper Series, 1, Special Issue, Beirut:American University of Beirut.

[3]. Arbeitsstelle Politik des Vorderen Orients (eds) (2011), Proteste, Revolutionen, Transformationen –die Arabische Welt im Umbruch, Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin, Center for Middle Easternand North African Studies, July, online:

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Abstract: The paper seeks to examine the functioning of local government as a tier of government in Nigeria in the present struggle by state governments to apparently stultify the existence of democratic governance at the local level and assume total control of local councils in Nigeria. This paper situates poor performance of the fourth republic local government system in Nigeria in the present trend of dismantling democratic structures at the local level and usurping the constitutional responsibilities of the local government by the state. It is the view of the paper that for the local governments in Nigeria to perform optimally, the excesses of the state governments would be checked. This in the opinion of this paper demands clearing constitutional clouds and incongruences that fraught the 1999 constitution and ensuring commensurate autonomy that would guarantee autonomous but co-ordinated local government system in Nigeria. The paper adopts democratic-participatory theory and uses qualitative method of analysis as its methodological approach. It recommends that the legislature should expedite action in the light of the present constitutional amendment to end undemocratic practices at the local level before local governments in Nigeria fully become subsidiary agencies of the state governors.

Key words: Decentralization, Devolution, Functionality, Local Government, Nigeria.

[1] O. Ezeani, Local government administration (Enugu, Zic-Chuks Printing Press, 2004).

[2] A. Olukoshi, Building democratic local governance in Nigeria: The imperatives. Being a paper delivered at the Wole Soyinka centre, as part of activities to commemorate the 77th birthday of Professor Wole Soyinka, Lagos, 2011, 1-11.

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[4] A. Gboyega, Political values and local government in Nigeria (Lagos, Malthouse Press Ltd, 1987).

[5] A. Mokoro, Evolution of a democratic local government system in Nigeria, Kama-Raj Journal of Social Science, 7 (3), 2003, 170-179.

[6] O. Ikeanyibe, Local government and constitutional elasticity, in S. Odion-Akhaine (Ed.), Local Government Administration in Nigeria, Old and New Vision (Lagos: Centre for Constitutionalism and Demilitarization 2009) 22-43.

[7] S. Omotola, Local government reform under the fourth republic, in S. Odion-Akhaine (Ed.) Local Government Administration in Nigeria, Old and New Vision (Lagos: Centre for Constitutionalism and Demilitarization 2009) 142-160.

[8] C. J. Nwanegbo, Local government and intergovernmental relations under Nigerian federalism, in J. Onuoha and C. J. Nwanegbo (Eds.) Theory and Practice of Intergovernmental Relations in Nigeria (Enugu: Quintagon 2007) 121-134.

[9] C. J. Nwanegbo and P. Chikendu, Local government autonomy under true federalism in Nigeria, American Journal of International Politics and Development Studies, 1 (1), 2005, 177-189. [10] C. J. Nwanegbo, and U. Okafor. The constitutionality of the creation of local government by some states vis-à-vis the power of the national assembly in Nigeria, African Journal of Political and Administrative Studies, 2 (1) 2005, 315-330.

Abstract: Social, political, familial, religious and economic forces, all tied to poverty have continued to push children to the streets of urban centres in Third World countries, especially Africa and particularly, Nigerian cities. The study adopted the social survey method. Furthermore, purposive sampling technique was used in selecting heterogeneous sample of eighty (80) street children in Kaduna metropolis. Findings indicated that these children survive under hazardous circumstances as they are victims of material and social-psychological deprivation both from the home front and the society. Many of these children use the street corners as their homes and worst still; they are denied formal education, a very fundamental factor that will change their situation. The study is therefore an attempt to expose the problem and suggest the way forward, for the future of these children in particular, and society at large. Keywords: street children, poverty; almajiri; delinquency.

[1]. Amali, A.O. and Ojogbane, V.T. (2004). "The child, family and value inculcation in Idoma Land", Journal of Development,(2), 236-237.
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Abstract: In the global economy, IT firms are becoming more and more aware of the need to have competent employees with appropriate skills and domain/business knowledge to cater to global clients. Providing the clients with competent resources is the need of the hour given the present weather of the global economy. Nonetheless understanding the nuances of competency mapping is critical while organizations implement their competency mapping model. The rising in competency mapping is direct fallout of the systematic changes that the corporates are witnessing today. Competency mapping is the process of identifying skill requirement and mapping them with the right resource which in turn becomes the underlying criteria to create a potential room for succeeding in a project

[1] Boyatzis, Richard E, The Competent Manager: New York
[2] Berger, The Talent Management Handbook
[3] Lyle M. Spencer, Signe M. Spencer, Competence at Work Models for Superior Performance
[4] Seema Sanghi, The Handbook of Competency Mapping

Abstract: The present study is to known the trends and patterns in mate selection choice among college student in Bagalkot. The study was conducted on a sample of 762 respondents, studying in final year degree of professional and non-professional colleges, as they were on the verge of completion of their degree and also they have attained marriageable age. To understand & analyze the trends, an interview schedule was prepared and used. Findings show that most of the respondents consider marriage is an important and an inevitable event in every body's life. Choice marriages within the caste with parents consent and with traditional rituals were preferred. Matching of horoscope was favored while dowry was considered as an evil of society. Male respondents prefer partner younger than themselves while females prefer near their own age or older 2-3 years of age difference between male and female was found ideal.

[1]. Back.c,& Powell.L(2005) Mate selection and age: What Females really want. Journal of evolutionary ecology Rerearch, 84 (2),96-113

[2]. Botwin, M.D, Buss, D.M & Shackel ford, T.K (1997) Personality and mate preference. Five factors in mate selection and marital satisfaction. Journal of personality 65,107-136

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[5]. Nzidee, K.L ( 2001 ) Factors determining choice of marriage partners among students couples of two universities in Rivers state. Implications for counseling. Unpublished M.Ed thesis, Nigeria university of part Hart court.

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Abstract: In this article, I try to present an English translation of idiomatic expressions that emerged in Egypt during the first decade of the twenty-first century. This translation is achieved through semantic, rather than literal, interpretation. The slang items translated are often populated by the Egyptian media, cinema and literature. Thus, the article is considered a comparative overview of modern Egyptian artistic works, and how their discourse has been affected by socio-political background of Egypt today. Slang appears to be associated with the culture in which it is created, so I found it would be irrelevant ( as well as difficult for a non-native speaker of English who is not used to English culture and habits) to transfer the Egyptian-Arabic words and expressions into culturally-base English slang; rather they have been translated into standard ( formal or informal) English. This paper may be safely regarded as a minute contribution to the roughly limited number of attempts to translate slang.

[1]. Adams, Michael. Slang – The People‟s Poetry. Indianapolis, Indiana: Oxford Press,2009
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Abstract: Science Fiction is the literature of change. Another widely-held view is that Science Fiction is fiction that describes the impact of science or technology on people. The current paper is intended to exploring human potential and speculating about mankind's problems and their possible solutions. The discussion led to the facts that science fiction is fully imagined and well research can provides us with a road map for the future and it can become a kind of "testing ground" wherein new innovations and the implications surrounding them can be explore ahead of time.

[1]. Clute, John, and Peter Nicholls. The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. New York: St. Martin's, 1993.
[2]. Fabun, Don. "Science Fiction-News From the Hinter Worlds."
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[4]. McNurlin, Kathleen Woitel. "Question of Ethics: Themes in the Science Fiction Genre." Interdisciplinary Humanities 12, no. 4 (1995): 19-36.
[5]. Patrouch, Joe." Symbolic Settings in Science Fiction : H.G. Wells, Ray Bradbury, and Harlan Ellison." Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts I, no. 3(1988): 37-45
[6]. Pell, Sarah-Warner J. " Style Is the Man: Imagery in Bradbury's Fiction." In Ray Bradbury. edited by Martin Harry Greenberg and Joseph D. Olander, 186-94. New York: Taplinger, 1980.
[7]. Stockwell, Peter. "Language Knowledge, and the Stylistics of Science Fiction. "In Subjectivity and Literature from the Romantics to the Present Day, edited by Pilip Shaw and Peter Stockwell, 101-12, London: Pinter, 1991.