iosr-JMCE   National Conference on Advances in Engineering, Technology & Management (AETM'15)

Abstract: An axially loaded pile tests have been carried out on 0.6m diameter bored cast in-situ piles in clayey silt soil with decomposed organic matter upto minimum depth of 11m.This paper presents an FEM model for simulating these field axial load tests embedded in such soils using PLAXIS 2D. The simulation is carried out for a single pile with an axial load at pile top, so as to evaluate the settlement of the pile. The vertical load versus settlement plots on single pile is obtained from field tests and are compared with the finite element simulation results using PLAXIS 2D, showing reasonable agreement. Different approaches for estimating the bearing capacity of piles from SPT data have been explained and compared. Statistical and probability approaches were engaged to verify the SPT predictive methods with the log-normal distribution in order to predict the degree of scattering of uncertainty.
Keywords: Pile Bearing Capacity, Standard Penetration Test, Finite Element Method, Standard Deviation.

[1] EI-Mossallamy Y.(1999), Load settlement behaviour of large diameter bored piles in over consolidated clay, Proceedings NUMOG VII Graz, Balkema Rotterdam.
[2] Meyerhof, G. G. (1976), bearing capacity of settlement of pile foundations. The Eleventh Terzaghi Lecture, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 102, GT3, pp. 195-228.
[3] Bazaraa, A. R. & Kurkur, M. M. (1986), N-values used to predict settlements of piles in Egypt. Proceedings of In Situ '86, New York, pp. 462-474.
[4] Aoki, N. & De'Alencar, D. (1975), an approximate method to estimate the bearing capacity of piles. Proceeding of the Fifth Pan-American Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Buenos Aires, Argentina, pp. 367-376.
[5] Briaud, J. L. & Tucker, L. M. (1988), Measured and predicted axial capacity of 98 piles. ASCE, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 114, No. 9, pp. 984-1001.

Abstract: Haryana is one of the states experiencing a fast growth of road network through NHDP and PMGSY. This has resulted in a rapid growth of various types of traffic modes on the highways. In absence of proper safety measures and design of crossings Traffic from nearby villages merges with the through traffic in a very dangerous manner resulting a large number of traffic accidents and fatalities. For this study traffic and accident data on NH-1, SH-11 and SH-20 was collected and the trends were analyzed. The results indicate the presence of mixed traffic on various roads but the share of non motorized traffic was found very low on NHs. The trends of fatalities indicate heavy involvement of trucks and cars in accidents, and VRUs as major victims.
Keywords: Highway Safety Mixed Traffic, Road Accidents, Traffic Volume, Vulnerable Road Users (VRU).

[1] Basic Road Statistics of India, 2011-12, Government of India, Ministry of Road Transport And Highways, Transport Research Wing, New Delhi, 2013; www.morth.nic.in
[2] Road Accidents in India,. MoRTH, 2013.
[3] Mohan D. (2009), Road Accidents In India, IATSS RESEARCH ,Vol.33 No.1, 2009
[4] Sundar Committee Report, MoRTH, February, 2007.
[5] Tiwari, G., 2000, Traffic Flow and Safety: Need for new models for Heterogeneous traffic. Injury Prevention and Control, Ed.: D. Mohan and G. Tiwari. London, Taylor and Francis.: 71–88.

Abstract: Generally a meander is a bend in a sinuous watercourse or river. Rivers generally meanders due to many factors like environmental condition and roughness. In an open channel flow the resistance is dependent on factors like number of flows and several geometric parameters. Discharge estimation are necessary flood prediction, flood protection measure and water management too. For the actual carrying capacity of a channel it is quite indispensable to understand the accurate value of roughness coefficient. . The usual practise in flow analysis is to select a value of n to determine the carrying capacity of a channel. The excessive value and lowest value can underrate and overrate respectively. Rivers generally change their flow of pattern minimizing the "energy loss". All the different parameters are correlated the single value of manning‟s n. The value of "n‟ is directly proportional with the loss of energy. Recently discharge estimation methods used in river modelling software are originated from the hand calculation formulae such as chezy‟s, manning‟s and Darcy-Weisbach equation. The factors influence the roughness coefficient is dimensionless. The different geometric, flow parameters and surface always affect the flow properties. In this paper the variation of coefficient roughness manning‟s n, chezy‟s c and Darcy‟s weisbach coefficient f are estimated in both meandering and straight channel.
Keywords: Aspect ratio, Compound channel, energy loss, Meander, manning‟s n, Relative depth, Sinuosity.

[1] Chang, H. H. (1984). ""Variation of flow resistance through curved channels‟‟,Journal of Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, 110(12), 1772–1782.
[2] Khatua, K. K. (2008) "Interaction of flow and estimation of discharge in two stage meandering compound channels". Thesis Presented to the National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, in partial fulfillments of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of philosophy.
[3] Chow V.T., Open-Channel Hydraulic, McGraw- Hill, New York (1959)
[4] Khatua K.K., Patra K.C., Nayak P. ( 2012), "Meandering effect for evaluation of roughness coefficients in open channel flow" Sixth international conf. on river basin Management, WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment (ISSN 1743-3541),CMEM,WIT Press. 146(6):213-227.

Abstract: Arch bridges have been known for their unparalleled aesthetics since ages. Though there is very little or rather seems to be no scope to improve it further, an effort has yet been made to enhance it for various arch bridges constructed in the state of Himachal Pradesh, India. The present paper primarily discusses about the aesthetics and features of Baner khad bridge (NH88), Trilokpur bridge (NH20) and Nagrota nallah bridge (NH20) which have recently been constructed in the state of Himachal Pradesh. The Baner khad (river) bridge is a unique "unsymmetrical framed arch bridge" which not only has a distinct graceful look but also unmatched features of both arch bridges as well as integral bridges. The unsymmetrical shape of the bridge which was insisted by the presence of a small hillock towards one end of the bridge has added innocence to the bridge as it did not involve painful destruction to the beautiful hilly surroundings. Trilokpur and Nagrota nallah bridges are open spandrel arch bridges of similar type with different span lengths and heights. Aesthetics of these two bridges has been further enhanced by introducing an opening with curved top in the piers and flaring the piers at the top with smooth curvature till edge of the carriageway. Doing this has added improved performance to the bridges too. Bearings have been completely eliminated from these bridges and expansion joints have been provided only at the junction of bridge and approach roads.
Keywords: Aesthetics, Arch Bridge, Durability, High Performance, Integral Bridge.

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Abstract: Rivers are one of the most important sources of water which are continuously changing. It is very important to identify and recognize factors which affect the behavior and morphology of the river or channel such as the form of Meander River, waterway geometry, the shape of the channel bed and the profile of the channel. In particular, these factors are valuable for meandering compound channel which have unsteady flow patterns. In this study, the present research work utilizes the flume facility available in the Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory of the Civil Engineering Department at the National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, which has a sinusoidal-like turn is analyzed using CCHE2D. Commonly, for being done a numerical modeling of any natural phenomenon, like as water flow pattern, need to an exquisite and modify calculated mesh. Thus, the optimum calculated mesh could be selected. For simulating of flow pattern, the boundary conditions must be entered on a perfect calculated mesh. Finally the mesh has been generated as of the domain provided using CCHE-MESH generator. Moreover experimentation value was compared with the concerned numerical model for longitudinal velocity distribution and depth average velocity.
Keywords: CCHE2D, CCHE-MESH, Compound Channel, Depth Average Velocity, longitudinal Velocity

[1] Lien, H.C., et al., Bend-flow simulation using 2D depth-averaged model. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 1999. 125(10): p. 1097-1108.
[2] Patra, K.C. Flow and Velocity Distribution in Meandering Compound Channels. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 2004, Vol. 130, No. 5, 5-398 – 411.
[3] Wu, W. Computational River Dynamics, NCCHE, University of Mississippi, 2008, USA. pp: 508.
[4] Jia, Y., and Wang, S. S. Y., "Numerical model for channel flow and morphological change studies." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 1999, 125(9). 924–933.
[5] Zhang, Y.and Jia, Y. CCHE2D mesh generator and user's manual (2002).Technical Report No. NCCHE-TR-2002-5., University of Mississippi.

Abstract: Modified reinforcement technique using crossed inclined bar at beam column junction is a feasible solution for increasing the shear capacity. The presence of crossed inclined bars introduces an additional mechanism for shear transfer. Exterior beam-column joints with crossed inclined bar modeled in ANSYS workbench showed high strength. From experimental data the analytical result done via ansys workbench concludes that the specimen with diagonal cross bar at joint shows better performance under the static loading and it is a feasible solution for increasing the shear capacity of exterior and interior beam-column joints. Behavior of beam column joint is less efficient when subject to large lateral loads, such as strong wind. One of existing solution is inclusion of high percentages of transverse hoops in the core of joints in order to meet the requirement of strength, stiffness and ductility under static loading. From the analytical study it is observed that the provision of cross diagonal reinforcement increased the ultimate load carrying capacity, stiffness and ductility of joints in the both upward and downward loading conditions. The present study is confined to static load only.
Keywords: Comparison of Results, Exterior Joints, Finite-Element Modeling, RC Frame, Static load.

[1] S.H.ALSAYED, Y.A.AL-SALLOUM, N.A. SIDDIQUI AND T.H.ALMUSALLAM, 2010, "SEISMIC RESPONSE OF FRP-UPGRADED EXTERIOR RC BEAM COLUMN JOINTS", JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES FOR CONSTRUCTION ASCE/MARCH/APRIL, 2010, PAGE NO.195-208.
[2] S. H. Alsayed, Y. A. Al-Salloum, T. H. Almusallam, and N.A. Siddiqui, 2010, "Seismic Rehabilitation of Corner RC Beam-Column Joints Using CFRP Composites" journal of composites for construction ASCE/NOVEMBER/DECEMBER , 2010, page no.681-692.
[3] C.D.Vecchio, M.D.Ludovico, Albeeto Balsamo, Andrea Prota, Gaetano Manfredi, and Mauro Dolce,2014, "Experimental Investigation of Exterior RC Beam-Column Joints Retrofitted With FRP system" journal of composites for construction ASCE/JANUARY/, 2014, page no.01-13.
[4] Tarek H. Almusallam, Yousef A. Al-salloum, and M.sc student, dept. of civil engineering, king saud university, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2007, "seismic response of interior RC beam-column joints upgraded with FRP sheets. II: Analysis and Parametric Study" journal of composites for construction ASCE/NOVEMBER/DECEMBER, 2007, page no.590-600.
[5] Tarek H. Almusallam, Yousef A. Al-salloum, and M.sc student, dept. of civil engineering, king saud university, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,2007, "Numerical Investigations on the seismic Behavior of FRP and TRM Upgraded RC Exterior Beam-column Joints I" journal of composites for construction ASCE/MAY/JUNE, 2012, page no.308-321.

Abstract: Pedestrians are one of the most vulnerable entities of the transportation system. Most of the developments that have taken place are directed towards the improvement of the vehicular network and facilities, but little has been done for the pedestrians. With an increase in the motor vehicular traffic and the corresponding increase in the corresponding increase in the congestion and increase in the road accidents, the importance for improvement of the pedestrian facilities has assumed great significance. The facilities for such movement can be ramp, stairs or escalators. Pedestrian characteristics need to be studied on these facilities under usually congested flow condition as prevailing in India or other developing countries. This will provide input for the improvement in design of these facilities so that pedestrian movement can be faster, efficient and convenient. The study/ paper is an effort to gather information about the way the people think for the pedestrian's facilities they are using day to day. It will provide an insight into the people's mind what they think about the facilities and what are the mind blocks for them to discard those facilities leading to accidents.
Keywords: Pedestrian safety, behaviour, Transportation.

[1]. Fruin J.J. (1971), "Designing For Pedestrians A Level of Service Concept", Highway Research Record No. 355.
[2]. Mohan, D.(2004), "The road ahead: Traffic injuries and fatalities in India", WHO World Health Day, April 14, 1-30. [3]. Burden, Dan, (1996), "Walk able and Bicycle Friendly Communities" Florida Dept. Of Transportation.
[4]. Polus, A schofer, J.L., and Ushpiz, A., (1983), "Pedestrian Flow and Level of Service", Journal of Transportation Engineering, ASCE, 109, 46-56.
[5]. Sarkar. Sheila (2002), "Qualitative Evaluation of Comfort Needs in Urban Walkways in Major Activity Centers", Thesis, California Institute of Transportation Safety.

Abstract: The rapid economic growth of country has lead to heavy investment in construction of new infrastructure and replacement of older infrastructure. This has lead to a new variety of solid waste that environmental engineers have to contend with namely, Construction & Demolition (C&D) waste. It has been reported that a portion of this waste can be recycled and reused as aggregate. Recycled aggregate is eco-friendly, economical and solves the construction industry waste management problem. It has, however, not been commercialized on a large scale yet (due to lack of extensive results, though research efforts are currently underway) and is so far been used in the construction of roads on a very minor note. Here the recycled aggregate properties have been studied along-with the strength properties of concrete. In this research work, a comparison between natural aggregate (NA) and recycled aggregate (RA) has been done and various proportions of NA: RA (0:100, 60:40, 70:30, 80:20 and 100:0) have been experimentally tested for efficacy of use in two concrete mixes (M20 and M25). Tests on aggregates such as Impact Value Test, Abrasion Value Test, Aggregate Crushing Test, and of concrete such as Compression Test has been carried out in both the mixes to come to a specific conclusion.
Keywords: Abrasion Value, Compressive Strength, Crushing Value, Impact Value, Natural Aggregate, Recycled Aggregate, Recycled Aggregate Concrete.

[1] Mehus, J., Petkovic, G., Engelsen, C.J., Karlsen, J. & Lillestøl, B. 2003. Recycled concrete aggregate a viable alternative for the Norwegian building and construction industry. WASCON 2003.
[2] H.J. Chen, T. Yen, T.P. Lai, Y.L. Huang, Determination of the dividing strength and its relation to the concrete strength in lightweight aggregate concrete, Cem. Concr. Compos. 21 (1) (1999).
[3] N.Sivakumar , S.Muthukumar , V.Sivakumar, D.Gowtham , V.Muthuraj, Experimental studies on High Strength Concrete by using Recycled Coarse Aggregate, International Journal of Engineering and Science, Vol.4, Issue 1, Jan 2014
[4] Amnon Katz, Properties of Concrete made of recycled aggregate from partially old hydrated old concrete
[5] Khatib J.M. 2005. Properties of concrete incorporating fine recycled aggregate. Cement and Concrete Research. 35: 763-769.

Abstract: Mobility is the one of the major issue in urban areas. The growth of population and vehicles are choking our cities. The cities with inefficient or no public transport system have encouraged the growth of alternative mode of transportation such as paratransit system. Autorickshaw, one of the paratransit mode, provides the mobility to who cannot afford private vehicles due to various economical constraints and who does not have access to public transport. Autorickshaw is the major mode of urban passenger carrier satisfying the different demands of trip makers. Autorickshaw's ability to provide door-to-door service, flexible in route and schedule has popularized them among various transportation modes. In Silchar, autorickshaw is the one of the major mode of public transportation in the absence of efficient public transportation system. The narrow and unplanned road network of the city encourages the autorickshaw operation as large size transit vehicles cannot ply on such roads. The other modes operating in city are cyclerickshaw, taxi and a few mini buses. The socio economic status of autorickshaw operators have been studied in this paper. The basic socio economic indicators are family size, house condition, literacy rate .Traffic volume survey, Autorickshaw operators questionnaire survey, Vehicle occupancy survey have been conducted at major locations of the city. The traffic volume survey and vehicle occupancy survey revealed the maximum usage of autorickshaws in Silchar.
Keywords: Autorickshaw, Door-to-door service, Modal share, Paratransit, Socio-economic status.

[1] C.Jotin Khisty, B.Kent Lall, Transportation Engineering, PHI Publication 3rd Edition.
[2] Aworemi, J. R1, Salami, A. O, Adewoye, J. O and Ilori, M. O, Impact of socio-economic characteristics on formal and informal public transport demands in Kwara state, Nigeria, African Journal of Business Management Vol.2 (4), pp. 072-076, April 2008 .
[3] Civitas Consultancies Pvt. Ltd. for City Connect Foundation Chennai (CCCF), Study on the AUTORICKSHAW SECTOR in Chennai, December 2010.
[4] CiSTUP IISc Bangalore, A study of the Autorickshaw sector in Bangalore, Dec 2012.
[5] IUT India, Improving and upgrading IPT vehicles and Services: A study By IUT India, July 2014.

Abstract: Retrofitting is a technique to enhance the structural capacities including the strength, stiffness, ductility, stability, and integrity of a building that is found to be deficient or vulnerable. It can effectively raise the performance of a building against earthquake to a desired level, and to even satisfy the requirements of an upgraded design seismic code. The building need not be deteriorated or damaged. The retrofit is intended to mitigate the effect of a future earthquake. In this paper, an effort is made to elaborate the procedure of providing concrete jacketing to the column as per guidelines of IS 15988: 2013. It is seen that the overall performance of the column significantly improves after jacketing.
Keywords: Concrete Jacketting, Ductility, Retrofitting, Stiffness, Structural Capacities.

[1] Nikita, Gagan, Poonam, A case study of seismic performance of buildings located at Waknaghat and Kandhaghat, Solan, H.P, International Conference on Sustainable Innovative Techniques in Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, ISBN: 978-93-83083-78-72013, pp 184-191
[2] Handbook On Sesimic Retrofit Of Buildings, Cental Power Works Department And Indian Building Congress in association with IIT Madras ( April 2007)
[3] Pankaj Agarwal, Manish Shrikhande, Earthquake resistant design of structures, book , Prentice-Hall, (Prentice – Hall of India 2006)
[4] IS 15988:2013, Seismic Evaluation And Strengthening Of Existing Reinforced Concrete Buildings –Guidelines, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2013
[5] Es Julio, F Branco, V D Silva, Structural Rehabilitation of columns with reinforced concrete jacketting, Prog, Structure Engng Mater. 5:29-37, 2003.

Abstract: In any civil engineering construction work there are two basic criteria's which are to be followed. Firstly the structure should be safe against any type of failure and second is that structure should be economical as far as possible. When the structure is constructed over loose or weak soil then it is very difficult to follow these basic criteria's .Poor soil conditions usually is the reason behind the lack of strength, and associated deformability. Geocell is a Soil reinforcement technique which is proved to be a versatile method in terms of its cost effectiveness for the improvement of the strength of soft soils. It is the latest form of reinforcement which is both economical and durable in long term.. It provides all round confinement to the materials hence it prevents the lateral spreading of soil on the application of load. So the use of geocell reinforcement increases the strength and stiffness property of the soft soil. This paper deals with the study of overall mechanism and applications of geocell in the field of civil engineering.
Keywords: Confinement, Geocell , Reinforcement technique, Stiffness.

[1] Webster, S.L. 1979, Investigation of Beach Sand Trafficability Enhancement Using Sand-Grid Confinement and Membrane Reinforcement Concepts – Report 1, Geotechnical Laboratory, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS, Technical Report GL7920, November 1979.
[2] Dash, S. (2003) "Model studies on circular footing supported on geocell reinforced sand underlain by soft clay", Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 21(4), 197–219. doi:10.1016/S0266-1144(03)00017-7.
[3] Bathurst, R. J. and Jarrett, P. M., Large-scale model tests of geocomposite mattresses over peat subgrades. Transportation Research Record, 1988, 1188, 28±36.
[4] Pokharel, S. K. et .al. (2010). "Investigation of factors influencing behavior of single geocell-reinforced bases under static loading", Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 28(6), 570–578. doi:10.1016/j.geotexmem.2010.06.002.
[5] Yang, X.M. (2010). "Numerical Analyses of Geocell-Reinforced Granular Soils under Static and Repeated Loads", Ph.D. dissertation, CEAE Department, the University of Kansas.