iosr-JMCE   National Conference on Advances in Engineering, Technology & Management (AETM'15)

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Longitudinal Velocity Distribution Modeling of a Highly Sinuous Meandering Channel using CFD
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Sumit Kumar Jena || Kishanjit K. Khatua || Arpan Pradhan

Abstract: Every day we people realize how important rivers are to people. These are expedient in numerous ways, often used to generate electricity, providing food, and for domestic purposes among others. So the study of river is authoritative. Previous research show that in defiance of numerous researches has on various aspects of velocity distribution in curved Meander Rivers, no systematic effort has been made to study the variation of velocity along a meander path. This detailed investigation of velocity distribution along the depth and width of a channel is also essential in many hydraulic engineering studies involving bank protection, sediment transport, conveyance, water intakes and geomorphologic investigation. So here , variation of velocity profile along the width and depth of the channel has been methodically analyzed at different cross-sections (3 sections) along a meander path of a sinuous channel of 120° cross-over angle experimentally and comparing the results of the same using ansys fluent as a result developing a simulation model for the same.
Keywords: Conveyance, Meander path, Simulation model, Velocity distribution

[1] Toebes, G.H., and Sooky, A.A.(1967). "Hydraulics of Meandering Rivers with Floodplains."Journal of the waterways and Harbor Division, Proceedings of ASCE, Vol.93, No.WW2, May, pp. 213-236.
[2] Coleman, N. L. (1981)Velocity profiles with suspended sediment. J. Hydro. Res, 19(3), 211-229.
[3] Chang, H.H. (1983). "Energy Expenditure in Curved Open Channels." Journal of Hydraulics Engineering, ASCE, Vol.109, No.7, pp. 1012-1022.
[4] Johannesson, H., and Parker. (1989). "Velocity Distribution in Meandering Rivers." Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 115, No. 8, pp. 1019-1039.
[5] James, C. S. (1994). ""Evaluation of methods for predicting bend loss in meandering channels.‟‟ Journal of Hydraulics Engineering. ASCE, 120(2), 245–253.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	CFD Simulation And Two Phase Modeling Of a Compound Meandering Channel
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Mamata Rani Mohapatra || Abinash Mohanta || K. C. Patra || K. K. Khatua || Deepika P. Palai

Abstract: River is the author of its geometry. Almost all natural rivers meander. In fact Straight River reaches longer than 10 to12 times the channel widths are non existence in nature. For many hydraulic engineering problems the analysis of flow in open channel with a complex geometry is a fundamental prerequisite. In this research project, experimental results of longitudinal velocity profile and depth averaged velocity distribution of a compound meandering channel at the bend apex are calculated and compared with the results of this channel using ANSYS - FLUENT. To solve numerically an investigation has been carried out for studying different flow characteristics of a compound meandering channel. In this numerical study Volume of Fluid method (Two phase model) and Large Eddy Simulation (LES )turbulence model has been adopted. The former one is adopted to analyze the turbulent structure and the later one is used to predict the flow characteristics of a meandering compound channel. The sinuosity index is one for straight channel whereas for meandering channel it is greater than 1and can increase to infinity for a closed loop (where the shortest path length is zero.
Keywords: Large eddy simulation, Meandering Channel, Turbulent structure, Two phase model, Volume of fluid.

[1] Ervine, D.A., et al. 2000. Two-Dimensional solution for straight and meandering overbank f lows. J. Hydr. Engrg, Vol. 126, No. 9, 0653-0669.
[2] Jia, Y., Blanckaert, K. & Wang, S.S. 2001. Numerical simulation of secondary currents in curved channels. Proc. 8th FMTM-congress, Tokyo
[3] Patra, K.C. 2004. Flow and Velocity Distribution in Meandering Compound Channels. J.Hydr. Engrg , Vol. 130, No. 5, 5-398 – 411.
[4] Kang H, Choi SU. (2006) "Reynolds stress modeling of rectangular open-channel flow. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2006; 51:1319 – 1334.
[5] Yang K, Cao S, and LiuX. 2007. Flow resistance and its prediction methods in compound channels, Acta Mechanic Sinica; 21, pp.353-61Yen BC. (2002). Open flow resistance. J. Hydr. Eng, 1(20), pp.20-39.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A Comparative Study of Accident Safety on Haryana Roads
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Kaushal D. Shah || Dr. S. N. Sachdeva

Abstract: Accident safety is one of the major concerns for the economy in a developing country.According to UN report, world economy loses over US $50 billion per year in accident crashes.The vehicular population is increasing at very high rate from the beginning of 21st century. From observing the studies done in past, the vehicle population is doubled within 5 years duration but the length of roads existing has not been able to cope up with this increased traffic. Hence, mixed traffic conditions are arising and congestions take place. After certain limit it causes accidents which causes fatalities. In India, an accident occurs almost every minute. Various factors affecting this problem are lack of traffic management measures, improper placement of traffic control devices, roadside hazards and ribbon development along the road network.This paper focusses on importance of accident safety analysis on Indian roads as India is being one of the largest contributor for fatalities and casualties caused because of accidents as well as the state of safety on Haryana roads comparing different aspects.Traffic and accident data for various countries is gathered and it is compared with Indian scenario. And in the same manner a comparison is made between Haryana and India. The various factors viz. population, number of fatal accidents, accident severity, vehicular population and traffic density are considered, compared and discussed.
Keywords: Accidents, Comparison, fatalities, Safety Analysis.

[1] Transportationresearchandinjurypreventionprogramme, The Road Ahead TrafficInjuries andFatalitiesin IndiaDinesh MohanIndian InstituteofTechnology DelhiApril 2004.
[2] Richard Robinson, Bent Thagesen, Road Engineering for development (2004)
[3] Chakraborty S.S, Arora S.P, Koul R.L, Bahadur A.P: A scientific approach to Road safety in India, proc. ICORT-95, 1995 pp.1349-1365
[4] Accidental deaths and suicides in India 2000. 1-178. 2002. New Delhi. National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs
[5] Report on Road Accidents in India 2013, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Transport Research Wing, Govt. of India

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Blast Loading Effects on Steel Columns
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Ashish Kumar Tiwary || Aditya Kumar Tiwary || Anil Kumar

Abstract: In the past two decades, the explosive devices have become the weapon of choice for the majority of terrorist attacks. Several factors including accessibility of information bomb devices manufacturing, mobility and portability, coupled with significant property damage and injuries, are responsible for significant increase in bomb attacks all over the world. A bomb explosion within or immediately nearby a building can cause catastrophic damage on the building's external and internal structural elements including collapse walls, blowing out of large expanses of windows, and shutting down of critical life-safety systems. Loss of life and injuries to occupants can result from many causes, including direct blast-effects, structural collapse, debris impact, fire, and smoke. The indirect effects can combine to inhibit or prevent timely evacuation, thereby contributing to additional casualties. In some cases one or columns of the building are damaged which leads to failure of beam-slab systems above and thereby causing progressive collapse of the part of or entire structure. Thus, columns prone to blast are required to be investigated for high strain loading effects. In an attempt in this direction, this paper presents the modal analysis of a steel column taken from a large building frame subjected to blast loading. Implicit modal analysis was done to assess the robustness of numerical model prepared in explicit dynamic ANSYS-Autodyn 3D.
Keywords: Blast loading, Explosion phenomena, Material Behaviour, Analytical Calculation, High Strain Rate.

[1] Khadid et al. (2007), "Blast loaded stiffened plates" Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences,Vol. 2(2) pp. 456-461.
[2] A.K. Pandey et al. (2006) "Non-linear response of reinforced concrete containment structure under blast loading" Nuclear Engineering and design 236. pp.993-1002.
[3] Alexander M. Remennikov, (2003) "A review of methods for predicting bomb blast effects on buildings", Journal of battlefield technology, vol 6, no 3. pp 155-161.
[4] American Society for Civil Engineers 7-02 (1997), "Combination of Loads",pp 239-244.
[5] ANSYS Theory manual, version 5.6, 2000.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effect of Mainstream Velocity and Roughness on Velocity Profile on Flat Surface in Turbulent Boundary Layer Zone
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Arunima Singh || A. Kumar

Abstract: Turbulence is the chaotic and seemingly random motion of fluid parcels. Turbulence has mechanical and convective origins. Here the Wind tunnel experiment was conducted to study the effects of surface roughness on the turbulent boundary layer flow over a flat plate surface at zero angle of incidence. To study the variation of main stream velocity on velocity profile at a particular distance from the leading edge, a graph of velocity versus vertical distance from the surface has been plotted. And it has been observed that the velocity is significantly influenced by the mainstrem velocity and the roughness of the surfaces.
Keywords: Boundary layer, Flat plate, Roughness, Turbulence, Velocity profile

[1] Aubertine, Carolyn D, et al. Parameters controlling roughness effects in a separating boundary layer. International journal of heat and fluid flow 25.3 2004, 444-450.
[2] Blom, J., and L. Wartena. The influence of changes in surface roughness on the development of the turbulent boundary layer in the lower layers of the atmosphere. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 26.2 1969, 255-265.
[3] Cao, Shuyang, and Tetsuro Tamura. "Experimental study on roughness effects on turbulent boundary layer flow over a two-dimensional steep hill." Journal of wind engineering and industrial aerodynamics 94.1 2006, 1-19.
[4] James Cardillo & Yi Chen DNS of a turbulent boundary layer with surface roughness, Journal of Fluid Mechanics/ Volume 729 /, pp 603-637 Cambridge University Press. August 2013
[5] Klipp, Cheryl. Wind direction dependence of atmospheric boundary layer turbulence parameters in the urban roughness sublayer. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 46.12 2007, 2086-2097.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Temporal study of Bawana Industrial Area using Remote Sensing Data
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Har Amrit Singh Sandhu || Ankit Bansal || Vikas Lakra

Abstract: Change detection is an image enhancement technique that compares two images of same area from different time period. It is useful in land use/land cover change analysis. To better understand image has to classify. It is the process of classifying according to shared qualities, some common characteristics and affinities. There are two types of classification. In unsupervised classification, software classifies an image based on natural groupings of the spectral properties of the pixels, without any input from user. Unsupervised classification yields an output image in which a number of classes are identified and each pixel is assigned to a class. Supervised classification can be very effective and accurate in classifying and can be applied at the individual pixel level. However, for the process to work effectively, the user processing the image needs to have a prior knowledge of where the classes of interest are located, or be able to identify them directly from the imagery. In the present study, images of 2002 to 2012 time period the Bawana area which is located between 28º46'22 " N to 28º44' 53" N and 77º07'18" to 77º08'23" are registered, then change detection as well as classification is done using ERDAS IMAGINE. The study area is characterized by vegetal cover and industrial buildings based on results of supervised and unsupervised classification. Moreover, temporal changes are also discussed in the end.
Keywords: Classification, ERDAS Imagine, temporal resolution.

[1] Coppin, P.R. and Bauer, M.E., 1996．Digital change detection in forest ecosystem with remote sensing imagery. Remote Sensing Reviews, 13, pp.207-234.
[2] Carvalho L.M.T, Fonseca L.M.G., Murtagh F., Cleves J.G.P.W., 2001．Digital change detection with the aid of multiresolution wavelet analysis．International Journal of Remote Sensing, 22, pp.3871-3876.
[3] D.Lu, P.Musel, E.Brondizio and E.Moran, 2004．Change Detection Techniques．International Journal of Remote Sensing， Vol.25，No.12，pp.2365-2407.
[4] Deer P.J., 1995．Digital change detection techniques：civilian and military applicat -ions．International Symposium on Spectral Sensing Research 1995 Report. http://ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov/ISSSR-95/digitalc.html.
[5] Jensen J.R., Rutchey K., Koch M.S. and Halls J., 1997．Principles of change detection using digital remote sensor data．In Integration of Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing, pp.37-54.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Pozzolanic potential of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as verified through TGA and XRD Techniques
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Ajay Goyal || Bharat Bhushan Jindal || OGATA Hidehiko

Abstract: Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA), a sugar-mill waste, has the potential of a partial cement replacement material if processed and obtained under controlled conditions. This paper discusses the reactivity of SCBA obtained by control burning of sugarcane bagasse procured from Punjab province of India. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Thermo-gravimetric Analysis (TGA) techniques were employed to ascertain the amorphousness and morphology of the minerals ash particles. Ash-blended cement paste specimens were analyzed by XRD, thermal analysis, and SEM methods to evaluate the hydration reaction of SCBA with cement. Results showed that the SCBA processed at 600oC for 5 hours was reactive as ash-blended mortar specimens with up to 15% substitution of cement gave better strength than control specimens.
Keywords: Bagasse ash, Blended mortar, Pozzolanic Activity, X –ray diffraction, SEM, Thermal Analyses.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Numerical Simulation of a Dam Break Flow Using Finite Difference Method
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Saudamini Naik || K. K. Khatua

Abstract: Analysis of a dam break flow numerically is an essential part of hydraulic engineering practice. Estimation of peak flood flow depth, its time of occurrence at a specified location, wave fronts and assessment of its fetch can be done through numerical models. In the following paper a numerical method based on the Mac Cormack finite difference scheme is presented. The approach was followed for simulating two-dimensional shallow water equation presenting a dam break flow. This paper describes the use of the Mac Cormack explicit time-splitting scheme in the development of a two-dimensional (in plan) hydraulic simulation model that solves the St. Venant equations. The basic Mac Cormack scheme is enhanced by using the method of fractional steps forsimplifying application, treating the friction slope, a stiff source term, point-implicitly, for numerical oscillation control and stability which is validated by comparing the current data with the benchmark results, and good agreement is achieved in the case of a partial dam-break simulation. The present numerical analysis is able to resolve shocks, complex bed geometry including the influence of bed slopes and roughness. Here MATLAB software is used for coding and mesh generation.
Keywords: Dam break, Maccormack method, SWE, finite difference method

[1] C. Zoppou , S. Roberts(1999), Numerical solution of the two-dimensional unsteady dam break, Applied Mathematical Modelling 24 (2000) 457-475
[2] Hubbard, M. E., and Garcia-Navarro, 2000 ""Flux difference splitting and the balancing of source terms and flux gradients.‟‟ J. Comput. Phys., 165, 89–125
[3] Causon, D. M., Ingram, D. M., and Mingham, C. G. 2001. ""A Cartesian cut cell method for shallow water flows with moving boundaries.‟‟ Adv. Water Resource.24, 899–911.
[4] E.F. Toro. Shock Capturing Method for Free-Surface Shallow Flows, John Wiley & Sons, Manchester, 2001.
[5] Xing Zheng and Wen-yang Duan (2004), Numerical Simulation of Dam Breaking Using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics and Viscosity Behaviour, J. Marine. Sci. Appl. (2010) 9: 34-41 DOI: 10.1007/s11804-010-8037-9

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effect of variation of fly ash on the compressive strength of flyash based Geopolymer Concrete
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Charul Sharma || Bharat Bhushan Jindal

Abstract: The production of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) causes havoc to the environment due to the emission of CO2 as well as mining which results in unrecoverable loss to nature. Geopolymer concrete , a cementless concrete is an innovative construction material in which binding properties are developed by the interaction of alkaline solutions with a source material that is rich in silica and alumina . Fly Ash, a by- product of coal obtained from the thermal power plant is rich in silica and alumina which on reacting with alkaline solution produces aluminosilicate gel that acts as the binding material for the concrete. It can be accepted as an excellent alternative construction material to plain cement concrete without using any amount of ordinary portland cement. Geopolymer concrete promises to be an eco friendly substitute for ordinary portland cement concrete in some applications. This paper briefly pust forward the experimental results of variation of fly ash content on compressive strength of geoploymer concrete.
Keywords: Geopolymer concrete, fly ash, aluminosilicate, compressive strength.

[1] Cembureau "Cement in Cembureau Countries Statistics 2005- 2007" available at http://www.cembureau.be/Documents/KeyFacts/STATISTICS/Cement%20in%20CEMB%20countries.pdf
[2] Mehta, P. K. 2001 "Reducing the Environmental Impact of Concrete", ACI Concrete TechInternational 23(10):pp. 61-66
[3]. Davidovits, J., Geopolymer Chemistry and Properties. Proceedings of Geopolymer '88, First European Conference on Soft Mineralogy, The Geopolymer Institute, Compiegne, France, 1988,pp. 25-48
[4]. Ramujee,Potharaju " Development of Mix Design For Low Calcium Based Geopolymer Concrete In Low, Medium and Higher Grades – Indian Scenario" Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology(JCIET), Vol 1 Issue 1, July December(2013) pp. 15-25
[5] Lloyd, Darryl Hole; " The mix design development of geopolymer concrete under ambient curing condition" , 2009.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Behavior and Analysis of Horizontally Curved Composite Steel Girder Bridge System
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Gourav Gajrani || Dr. L. M. Gupta

Abstract: Horizontally curved composite steel girder bridge systems are gaining popularity in modern bridge infrastructural system. The curved bridge facilitates smoother flow of traffic where land constraints are prevailing and change in the direction of movement is required. However, some shortcomings of horizontally curved bridge system are that they are more difficult to predict their behavior and to construct in comparison to the straight bridges. The current study focuses on determination of effects of number of parameters on the maximum total bending moment of the horizontally curved composite girder bridge system subjected to IRC loading. The modeling of the bridges used in this study is done by generalized grillage beam systems consisting of horizontally curved beam elements for steel girders, beam grid elements for modeling deck slab and cross frames which consist of truss elements. The finite-element analysis software package "MIDAS Civil" is used to examine the key parameters that can influence the response of horizontally curved composite steel girder bridge system. In the present study it has been observed that cross frame spacing, radius, support skewness and lateral bracing configuration most significantly affects the behavior of bridge. Comparison of the results obtained by the grillage analysis is made with V-load analysis method.
Keywords: Grillage analysis, horizontally curved, IRC loading, V-load.

[1]. Zureick and R. Naqib, Horizontally Curved Steel I-Girders State-Of-The-Art Analysis Methods, Journal Bridge Engineering, 4(1), 1999, 38-47.
[2]. AASHTO (2012). Aashto Lfrd bridge design specifications. (6th edition), (Washington D.C.: American Association of State and Highway Transportation Officials, 2012)
[3]. Richardson, Gordon and Associates. Structural Report Analysis and Design of Horizontally Curved Steel Bridge Girders. (Pittsburgh, PA,: United States Steel, 1963).
[4]. Domenic Coletti, and Jay Puckett, Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Structural Analysis (Springfield, VA: National Technical Information Service, 2012).
[5]. Ann L. Fiechtl, Gregory L. Fenves , and karl H. Frank. Approximate analysis of horizontally curved girder bridges. (Pittsburgh, PA,: United States Steel, 1987).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Uniqueness & Elegance of Irregular Structures
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Alok Panday

Abstract: World is witnessing the era of innovations where concept of architecture and structural engineering is also getting modernized. The trend now is shifting towards the irregular structures to add altogether a different elegance to the structures. Khalsa Heritage Complex at Anandpur Sahib, Punjab is one of the structures across the globe which depicts the extent till which the modernization of the structures can be done by providing irregular shapes to the buildings. The project has been acknowledged as 'eighth wonder of world' and 'ajooba project' across the country. The project has been developed in about 70 acres of land where built-up area of the buildings is approximately 25,000m2. The project primarily has been divided into three building complexes i.e. Complex 'A', 'B' & 'C. The pedestrian arch bridge along with an artificial water body at ground level adds further elegance to the complex. The part of small existing hillocks at the site, which had to be cut during constructing various structures, were rebuilt to the same surface profile using the concept mechanically stabilized earth using geogrids as soil reinforcement. The complexity and irregularity of the shapes & geometry of various structures created much more challenges than expected while designing and detailing the structures. The reward, in return, was the professional satisfaction and learning experience which crossed all the limits. The present paper describes the salient features of the project along with the structural system, design parameters, design methodology and detailing adopted for the various structures of the project.
Keywords: Arch bridge, Artificial water body, Heritage structures, Irregular buildings, Precast canopy, Seismic design.

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