iosr-JMCE   International Conference on Advances in Engineering & Technology – 2014 (ICAET-2014)

Abstract: This paper brings out the results of experimental program carried out in the laboratory to evaluate the effectiveness of using foundry sand and fly ash with tile waste for soil stabilization by studying the compaction and strength characteristics for use as a sub-grade material. Foundry sand, fly ash and crushed tile waste are waste materials which are obtained from different industries. These wastes impose hazardous effect on environment and human health. These materials cannot be disposed of properly and their disposal is not economical. Utilization by exploiting their inherent properties is the one of the way to solve the above stated problem. The effect of mixing different proportions of foundry sand, fly ash and tile waste with clayey soil on compaction and California bearing ratio have been studied in this study.

Keywords: Compaction, California bearing ratio, foundry sand, fly ash, tile waste.

1] A. K. Sabat, "Stabilization of Expansive Soil Using Waste Ceramic Dust", Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol.17, Bund. Z, 2012.
[2] ASTM D422-63, "Standard test methods for hydro meter analysis of soils," American Society for Testing of Materials, Pennsylvania, Pa, USA.
[3] ASTM D698-07e1, "Standard test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using standard effort," American Society for Testing of Materials, Pennsylvania, Pa, USA.
[4] ASTM D854-10, "Standard test methods for specific gravity of soil," American Society for Testing of Materials, Pennsylvania, Pa, USA.
[5] ASTM D1883-05, "Standard test methods for California bearing ratio test for soils," American Society for Testing of Materials, Pennsylvania, Pa, USA.
[6] ASTM D2487-11, "Standard practice for classification of soils for engineering purposes (unified soil classification system)," American Society for Testing of Materials, Pennsylvania, Pa, USA.
[7] ASTM D4318-10, "Standard test methods for liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of soils," American Society for Testing of Materials, Pennsylvania, Pa, USA.
[8] ASTM D5239-2004, "Standard practice for characterizing fly ash for use in soil stabilization," American Society for Testing of Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
[9] ASTM D6913-04, "standard test methods for particle size distribution of soils," American Society for Testing of Materials, Pennsylvania, Pa, USA.
[10] B. Bose, "Geo engineering properties of expansive soil stabilized with fly ash," Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 17, Bund. J, 2012.

Abstract: Being the life line of the valley of Kashmir, the water quality of River Jhelum has a direct bearing on the sustenance of flora and fauna of the valley. This paper deals with a trend analysis of fourteen water quality parameters monitored at three stations located along River Jhelum from the year 2001 to 2012 by CWC (Central Water Commission, India). The analysis is performed on seasonal and annual timescales using both parametric and non-parametric methods – Mann-Kendall test and linear regression respectively. Also, this study highlights the advantages of non-parametric methods over parametric methods for studying water quality data that is not normally distributed.The results indicate an increase in the concentrations of water quality parameters of the River during the study period. The increase can be attributed to the continuing loading of the river with pollutants and to the lack of an appropriate management plan. Keywords -Linear regression, Mann-Kendall test, River Jhelum, water quality parameters.

[1] Antonopoulos, Vassilis, Papamichail, Dimitris Mitsiou, Konstantina, Statistical and Trend Analysis of Water Quality and Quantity Data for the Strymon River in Greece, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,5(4),2001, 679-691. [2] Tsanis I.K, El-Shaarawi, Trend evaluation of water quality parameters in the Niagara and St. Lawrence rivers, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,23, 1993, 205-218. [3] Evans et al, Surface Water Acidification in the South Pennines II. Temporal Trends, Environmental Pollution (Elsevier),109(1), 2000, 21-34. [4]Raike A., Pietilainen O.P., Rekolainen S., Kauppila P., Pitkanen H., Niemi J., Raateland A. and Vuorenmaa, J., Trends of phosphorus, nitrogen and chlorophyll a concentrations in Finnish rivers and lakes in 1975-2000, The Science of the TotalEnvironment, 30, 2003, 47-59.
[5]Naddafi K., Honari H., AhmadiM., Water quality trend analysis for the Karoon River in Iran, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,134,2007, 305-312
[6] Kannel PR, Lee S, Kanel SR, Khan SP, Lee YS, Spatial-temporal variation and comparative assessment of water qualities of urban river system: a case study of the river Bagmati (Nepal), Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 129,2007, 433-459
[7]Chang, Spatial analysis of water quality trends in the Han River basin, South Korea,Water Research (Elsevier), 42, 2008, 3285–3304. [8] Bouza-Deano R., Ternero-Rodriguez M., Fernandez-Espinosa A.J., Trend study and assessment of surface water quality in the Ebro River,Journal Of Hydrology (Amsterdam), 1, 2008, 227-239
[9] HosseinTabari , Safar Marofi ,Mohammad Ahmadi, Long-term variations of water quality parametersin the Maroon River, Iran, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2010.

Abstract: The marble is a most prefer stone of India and available mostly in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. The Rapid growth of industries of marble produces hazardous waste materials at a large extent which creates a big problem to the humans surrounding them as well as acts as a pollutant so affect the ecological system of the environment. It shows that there is urgent need for exploring the alternative of disposal of these materials. As we know that the black cotton soil having lack of construction problem due to insufficient stability naturally. The aim of research is, showing that the influence of waste materials such as marble dust, fly ash on the sub grade characteristics of black cotton soil. The series of test conducted in laboratory on fly ash, sand stabilized black cotton soil which further blended with 0-20 % marble dust and concluded that the 15% marble dust is sufficient to increases the California bearing ratio soaked value up to 200% approximately.

Keywords: Compaction, California bearing ratio, black cotton soil, sand, fly ash, marble dust

Agrawal Vinay,Gupta Mohit (2011) "Expansive Soil Stabilization Using Marble Dust," International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering ISSN 0974-5904, Volume 04, No 06 SPL, October 2011, pp 59-62. ASTM D422-63, "Standard test methods for hydro meter analysis of soils," American Society for Testing of Materials, Pennsylvania, PA, USA. ASTM D698-07e1, "Standard test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using standard effort," American Society for Testing of Materials, Pennsylvania, PA, USA. ASTM D854-10, "Standard test methods for specific gravity of soil," American Society for Testing of Materials, Pennsylvania, PA, USA. ASTM D1883-05, "Standard test methods for California bearing ratio test for soils," American Society for Testing of Materials, Pennsylvania, PA, USA. ASTM D2487-11, "Standard practice for classification of soils for engineering purposes (unified soil classification system)," American Society for Testing of Materials, Pennsylvania, PA, USA. ASTM D4318-10, "Standard test methods for liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of soils," American Society for Testing of Materials, Pennsylvania, PA, USA.

Abstract: To reduce greenhouse gas emissions, efforts are needed to develop environmentally friendly construction materials. This paper presents the development of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. In geopolymer concrete, a by-product material rich in silicon and aluminum, such as (ASTM C 618 Class F) fly ash, is chemically activated by a high- alkaline solution to form a paste that binds the loose coarse and fine aggregates, and other unreacted materials in the mixture. The test results presented in this paper show the effects of various parameters on the properties of geopolymer concrete. The applications of geopolymer concrete and future research needs are also identified. Fly ash, considered to be a waste material is rich in silica and alumina and hence can be used as a source material for manufacture of Geopolymers. These binder shave been reported to achieve high early strength and better durability as compared to Ordinary Portland cement based counterparts.

Keywords: Compressive strength, Fly Ash, GeoPolymer, Ordinary Portland, Weight loss.

[1] ACI Materials Journal, V. 101, No. 6, November-December 2004. International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 6, May 2009. Books: [2] Somnath Gosh, Fly ash Based Geopolymer Composites: Manufacturing and Engineering Properties LAP LUMBERT PUBLISHING HOUSE, Germany [3] Rangan B.V, Low-Calcium Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete, Chapter 26 in Concrete Construction Engineering Handbook, Editor-in-Chief E.G. Nawy,( Second Edition, CRC Press, New York 2008), Theses: [4] Sachitanand, Experimental study on partial replacement of OPC by flyash, Bharath Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 2006.

Abstract: The Portland Cement industry contributes approximately 7% of global greenhouse gas production. The reduction of CO2 emissions can be possible through the development of alternate binders like Alkali-activated slag (AAS). An attempt has been made to manufacture Alkali-Activated Slag composites which can be considered as a Green construction material. The paper presents the effect of curing conditions on engineering properties such as Water absorption, Apparent porosity and Compressive strength of AAS pastes. The alkali-activation was done using a combination of potassium hydroxide and sodium silicate. The test parameters include curing types (Water curing at room temperature (280 C) , Heat curing at 400, 500 and 600 C ) and Alkali content ( 6.41%, 10.41% and 12.41% ) of the mass of blast furnace slag ). It has been found that Curing condition and Alkali content have significant effects on the physical and mechanical properties of AAS.

Keywords: Alkali activated blast furnace slag, Apparent porosity, Compressive strength, Curing conditions, Water absorption

[2] M. Tyrer , C.R. Cheeseman, R. Greaves et al. , Potential for carbon dioxide reduction from cement industry through increased use of industrial pozzolans. Advances in Applied Ceramic, 109(5), 2010, 275–279. [3] K.H. Pedersen, A.D. Jensen, M.S. Skjøth-Rasmussen and K. Dam Johansen, A review of the interference of carbon containing fly ash with air entrainment in concrete, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 34(2), 2008, 135–154. [4] O‟Rourke B, McNally C and M.G. Richardson, Development of calcium sulphate - GGBS – Portland cement binders. Construction and Building Materials, 23(1), 2009, 340-346. [5] MCG Juenger, F. Winnefeld, JL Provis and J. Idekar, Advances in alternative cementious binders, Cem Conc Res, 41, 2011, 1232-1243. [6] P. Duxson, J.L. Provis, G.C. Lukey and J.S.J. Van Deventer, The role of inorganic polymer technology in the development of "Green Concrete‟, Cem and Conc Res, 37, 1590-1597. [7] Jay G. Sanjayan and Bill Sioulas, Strength of Slag – Cement Concrete Cured in Place and in Other Conditions, ACI Materials Journal, 97(5), 2000, 603-6011. [8] A.A. Novopashin, Theoretical p

Abstract: This paper presents an alternative numerical method to model the two dimensional contaminant transport through saturated porous media using a finite difference method (FDM) and finite element method (FEM). A finite-difference model is constructed by dividing the model domain into square and rectangular regions called blocks or cells. Concentrations are computed at discrete points within the model called nodes. The network of cells and nodes is called the grid or mesh. For analysis, the two-dimensional advection-dispersion equation with sorption is considered. MATLAB code is developed to obtain the numerical solution. CTRAN/W is also used for modeling of contaminant transport which is based on the finite element method. Results of the FDM and FEM are compared and it is found that they agree well.

Keywords: Advection, Finite Difference Method, Finite Element Method, Saturated Porous Media.

[1] Igboekwe, M. U., and Amos-Uhegbu, C. (2011). Fundamental approach in groundwater flow and solute transport modelling using the finite difference method, I. A. Dar (Ed.),Earth and Environmental Sciences,ISBN: 978-953-307-468-9, InTech.,pp. 301-328. [2] Bear, J., and Cheng, A. H. D. (2010). Modeling groundwater flow and contaminant transport (Springer, Dordrecht) [3] Praveen Kumar, R., and Dodagoudar, G. R. (2008). Two-dimensional contaminant transport modelling using meshless method, A. N. Alshawabkeh, K. R. Reddy, and M. V. Khire (Eds.) , Geocongress 2008,Geotechnical Special Publication No. 179, ASCE, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, pp. 774-781. [4] Domenico, P. A., and Schwartz, F. (1998). Physical and chemical hydrogeology (John Wiley and Sons, New York). [5] Hossain, Md. A., and Yonge, D. R. (1997). Linear finite-element modelling of contaminant transport in groundwater, J. Envi. Eng., ASCE, 123, 1126-1135. [6] Rowe, R. K., and Badv, K. (1996). Advective-Diffusive contaminant migration in unsaturated sand and gravel, J. Geotech. Eng., ASCE, 122, 965-975. [7] Rowe, R. K., and Booker, J. R. (1985). Two-Dimensional pollutant migration in soils of finite depth, Can. Geotech. J., 22, 429-436.

Abstract: The analysis of deep beam by finite element method is presented in this paper, which involves the convergence study of deflection, bending stress and shear stresses at a critical point of the beam. There are several analytical tools available for analyzing of a deep beam. Among all the available analytical methods, finite element analysis (FEA) offers a better option.

Y.M. Desai, T.I.Eldho, A.H.Shah, Finite Element Method with applications in Engineering (Dorling Kinderley (India) Pvt. Ltd., Noida, 2011). E. Burman, A. Jacot, M. Picasso, Adaptive Finite Elements with High Aspect Ratio for the Computation of Coalescence using a Phase-Field Model, Journal of Computational Physics, 195, 2004, 153-174. G. L. Miller, D. Talmor, S.H. Teng, Optimal Good-Aspect–Ratio Coarsening for Unstructured Meshes, Proc. of 27th annual ACM symposium on theory of computations, 1995, 683-692. J.R. Rice, Is the Aspect Ratio Significant For Finite Element Problems?, National science foundation grant MS-8301589, 1985, 1-14. J.I. Enem, J.C. Ezech, M.S.W. Mbagiorgu, D.O. Onwuka, Analysis of deep beam using finite element method, Int. Jour. Of Applied Sciences and Engineering Research,1(2), 2012, 1-9. I. M. Khalaf, Prediction of behavior of reinforced concrete deep beams with web openings using finite elements, A1-Rafidain Engineering, 15 (4), 2007, 1-12. B.R. Niranjan, S.S. Patil, Analysis of R.C. deep beam by finite element method, Int. Jour. Of Modern Engineering Research, 2, 2012, 4664-4667.

Abstract: This report summarizes the comparative design of a single-span Bridge using AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specification, Indian standard T beam girder Bridge specification and Deck slab (excluding girders). The writers address the differences in design philosophy, calculation procedures, and the resulting design. Foundation design and related geotechnical considerations are not considered. The single span bridge is studied for 10m The significant differences were:- 1)Increased shear Force in IS Method; 2) Increased amount of Concrete in the deck Portion in IS Method; and 3)Large amount of Reinforcement was calculated in case of IS Method. For the design of more than 25m span above results were reversed.The design using LRFD Method is far safer than IS method (with/without Girder) because of special provision for parapet wall along the bridge. Design procedures under the LRFD Specification tend to be more calculation-intensive. However, the added complexity of the LRFD Specification is counterbalanced by the consistency of the design philosophy and its ability to consider a variety of bridges.

Keywords -AASTHO, Bridges, Girder, Load and resistance factor design, IS Method, Spans.

[1] Richard J. Nielsen, M.ASCE, and Edwin R. Schmeckpeper, M.ASCE, Single-Span Prestressed Girder Bridge: LRFD Design and Comparison, journal of bridge engineering / January / February 2002 [2](AASHTO). (1996). AASHTO standard specification for highway bridges, 16th Ed., Washington, D.C. [3 ] Indian Standard: 456-2000PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE - CODE OF PRACTICE, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi [4](AASHTO). (1994a). Guide specification for distribution of loads for highway bridges, Washington, D.C. [5](AASHTO). (1998). AASHTO LRFD bridge design specification, 2nd Ed., Washington, D.C. [6]Barker, R. M., and Puckett, J. A. (1997). Design of highway bridges based on AASHTO LRFD bridge design specifications, Wiley, NewYork. [7]D.J. Victor,Essentials of Bridge Engineering (Oxford and IBH, J.P. House New Delhi, 2007). [8]IRC: 5, 6, 21, 24, 40-1998 Standard specification and code for practice for road Bridges, Indian Road Congress, 1998.

Abstract: This paper presents an overview of the present state of construction of cofferdam techniques with special emphasis and a brief on other techniques developed world over for mitigating hydraulic forces on the temporary structures. A cofferdam is a temporary structure designed to keep water and soil out of the excavation in which a bridge pier or other structure is built. When construction must take place below the water level, a cofferdam is built to give workers a dry work environment. Sheet piling is driven around the work site, seal concrete is placed into the bottom to prevent water from seeping in from underneath the sheet piling, and the water is pumped out. There are different types of cofferdam, some are used to support excavation operation and some are enclosed type box placed in the water. The present case study deals with step by step procedure adopted at Pipav Port, Rajula District, Gujarath. It depicts the intricacy of the management of the work at site and gives lot of insights to such similar works involving details of bentonite slurry, rock bund, planning and execution of interlocking sheet piles, reinforcement, concreting, plants and equipment, safety procedures to be adopted for the construction of cofferdam.

Keywords: Anchors, Bentonite, Capping beam, Integrated piling ring, Sheet piles..

ICE Specification for pilling and embedded retaining wall, 2 nd edition, Tomas Telford Publishing, Heron Quary, London. Charles Evan Fowler, "Coffer Dam Process for Piers" John Wily & Sons, London. IS: 2911 (Part 1/Section2) "Design and Construction of Pile Foundation", BIS, New Delhi, India. J.A. Davies, A.K. Lam, H.S. Chang, S.M. Junaideen, "Diaphragm wall movements associated with the construction of a deep basement in Seoul Korea",IOS PressNieuweHemweg, 6B BG Amsterdam, Netherlands. Thomas D. Richards, "Diaphragm Wall", Nicholson Construction company, Cuddy, Pennsylvania.

Abstract: The water quality issue in Kashmir has not yet got its due importance. A comprehensive water quality monitoring program is indispensable to assess the water quality status of the national rivers. This paper assesses the monitoring data on water quality of the longest river of Kashmir Valley i.e., River Jehlum from 2003 to 2012 and strives to convert it into an understandable format that can be easily interpreted using various analytical techniques pertaining to Water Quality indexing(WQI) such as Canadian Water Quality Index(CWQI) and Arithmetic Water Quality Index(AWQI) where the former is computed using CWQI 1.0 model while the latter is calculated using Weighted Arithmetic Index method. It also formulates certain surface water quality standards according to different water usages and detects long-range trends in selected water quality parameters which account for various potential problems causing alterations to the quality of River Jehlum. This study also identifies most polluted reaches and proposes management scenarios for the reduction of the build-up pollution in River Jehlum.

Keywords: River Jehlum, Water Quality Parameters, Water Usages, Analytical Techniques, Water Quality Index.

[[1] Canadian Council of the Ministries of Environment(CCME), Canadian environmental quality guidelines for the protection of aquaticlife, CCME water quality index: Technical report, 2001. [2] A.G.Devi Prasada and Siddaraju kothathia,Application of CCME Water Quality Index (CWQI) to the Lakes of Mandya, Kar nataka State,India International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, Volume-II, Issue-I, Jan-Feb2012. [3] R.M.Brown, Mc cleiland, R.A Deiniger and O' Connor, A water quality index –crossing the physical barrier, Proc. Intl. Conf. on water pollutionresearch, Jerusalem,1972, 787-797. [4] D. Couillard and Y. Lefebvre, Analysis of Water Quality Indices, Journal of Environmental Management, 1985, 161-179. [5] A. K. De., Environmental chemistry(New Delhi: New Age International Publisher,2003). [6] K. Faisal, H. Tahir and L. Ashok, Water quality evaluation and trend analysis inselected watersheds of the Atlantic region of Canada, Environment MonitoringAssessment, 88,2003, 221-248. [7] C.K. Jain, K.K. Bhatia and S.M. Seth, Effect of waste disposals on the water quality of River Kali, IndianJournal of Environmental Health, 40(4),1998, 372-375.
[8] Tasneem Abbasi and S A Abbasi,Water Quality Indices(Oxford, UK: Elsevier, 2012). [9] M. Nikbakht, The Effect Assessment of Ahvaz No.1,2 Water Treatment Plant on Karoon Water Quality, M.Sc. Thesis, IA University, Ahvaz, 2004. [10] J.N. Tiwari and Manzoor Ali, Water quality index for Indian rivers, in:R. K. Trivedy (Ed.), Ecology and Pollution of Indian rivers (New Delhi: Aashish Publishing House,1988) 271-286.

Abstract: The use of hollow steel structures is increasing rapidly due to the many advances in construction technologies. However, the behaviour of these sections is characterized by a range of buckling modes (local and overall buckling). These buckling problems lead to strength reduction and they can be eliminated by discovering new technologies. Existing methods utilize steel plates that are bolted or welded to the structure. However, some drawbacks are allied with those methods. Composite system has emerged as an alternative strengthening technique for steel structures. The advanced properties of FRP make them well promising for strengthening steel structures. The main objective of this investigation is to assess the feasibility of strengthening circular hollow steel (CHS) tubular sections with FRP and to develop or predict the suitable wrapping scheme of FRP to enhance the structural behaviour of it.

Keywords: axial compression, circular hollow sections, FRP, local buckling, strengthening

Linde and Joel. Retrofit of Structural Steel Columns Using FRP-Concrete Composite Systems. Open Access Dissertations and Theses, Paper 7802, McMaster University, 2013. Chakrapan Tuakta. Use of Fibre reinforced polymer composite in Bridge Structures, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. Teng JG, Hu YM. Behaviour of FRP-jacketed circular steel tubes and cylindrical shells under axial compression. Construction and Building Materials, 21(4): 2007; 827–38. Shaat A, Fam AZ. Slender steel columns strengthened using high-modulus CFRP plates for buckling control. Journal of Composites for Construction 13(1): 2009; 2–12. Haedir J, Zhao XL. Design of short CFRP-reinforced steel tubular columns. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 67(3): 2011; 497–509.

Abstract: In the present world scenario where fuel and environment have become areas of major concern, especially in the field of transportation, a kind of transport system is required which helps in sustainable development without compromising the present traffic needs. The new transportation system should ideally be eco friendly, congestion free, accident free, fuel efficient and economical. PRT (Personal Rapid Transit) is the most recent development in public transportation and is best possible option which compiles to the above needs. PRT is a new innovative and on demand system for developed or urban environments. The system uses small, driverless, electric vehicles which run on guide ways. Its lightweight and flexible nature enables it to be retrofitted into a broad range of environments. It is designed to be reliable and safety built in to ensure comfort and security of its passengers. The system is running successfully at Heathrow Airport, Morgantown (US) and Masdar City UAE. Amritsar (India) is going to show case world's first urban PRT by the year 2015. The paper deals with detailed discussion and comparison of PRT with other modes of transport. It shows how PRT is efficient in managing urban traffic and solving most of the modern traffic problems.

Keywords: eco-friendly, intelligent, lightweight, rapid.

[[1] www.wikipedia.org
[2] www.personalrapidtransit.com Brouchers:

[1] The Ultra PRT System, By Ultra Global PRT, U.K.

Abstract: By virtue of its height, multistorey buildings are affected by lateral forces due to wind or earthquake or both to an extent that they play an important role in the structural design. In some cases effects of earthquake are found to be dominant and more critical than wind effects and in some cases wind effects are dominant. This depends on various factors defined by IS codes. Seismic zone V and wind zone VI are the most severe zones for earthquake and wind respectively according to IS codes. Hence in this paper an attempt has been made to analyze multistorey buildings situated in wind zone VI and compare their performance to the buildings situated in seismic zone V of India so as to study the severity of wind forces against seismic forces. This analysis is done according to the Indian standard codes IS: 875 and IS: 1893 (Part 1) for wind and earthquake respectively. Multistorey buildings are modeled and analyzed by software ETABS. Design parameters such as storey shear, storey displacement, storey drift are calculated and compared for all models, so that the severity of wind forces against earthquake forces can be checked for different heights of the building.

Keywords: Multistorey building, seismic analysis, wind analysis

S.K. Hirde, A.A. Bajare, and M.N. Hedaoo, Performance of elevated water tanks subjected to wind forces, International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology, 2(3), 2011, 222-230. IS: 1893, Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures - general provisions for buildings: Part 1, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India, 2002. IS: 875, Code of practice for design load (other than earthquake) for buildings and structures: part 3, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India, 1987. P. Agarwal, M. Shrikhande, Earthquake resistance design of structures, PHI learning Pvt. 2012