iosr-JMCE   International Conference on Advances in Engineering & Technology – 2014 (ICAET-2014)

Abstract:During the past decade, GIS and Remote Sensing (RS) have been used wildly in different branch and media of research, especially those researches that involves the geo-referenced spatial data. An increasing demand for water and sewage due to population growth, industrial development and improvement of economic require management of water transfer and improve operation of distributed network systems. Design of water supply systems is one of this issue that can be mapping and analyse using GIS, GPS and RS techniques. this study shows, how to linked GIS and RS facilities the mapping of urban drinking network, positioning of the storage water tank and selection of the source of water for the water supply system, with consideration of ground surface properties. This paper addresses the use of GIS, GPS and RS technology for visualization and network planning and Mapping. In this city Four Storage Tank have connected through the branches of network to supply drinking water to consumers. The information of land use, tin and existing water supply was generated using the Quick Bird Satellite Image (0.6m resolution data) and Survey of India (SoI) toposheets of scale 1:25,000 and integrated them with GIS to identify the distribution supply networks of the study area. The whole water supply network data is collected by GPS Surveyed. The necessary water network maps or information were collected from Chalisgaon Council. A spatial database was designed and created using related database analysis approaches for this project. Results obtained were displayed in GIS maps, tables, and graphics. It has been proved that GIS is a competent and effective tool for managing networks. This paper explains the present water network distributions supply system in and around Chalisgaon city using Remote Sensing, GPS and GIS techniques. In addition, GIS based analysis of the pattern of urban expansion over the demographic change and land use modifications has also indicated that urban growth has mainly taken place linearly along the major roads in the study area.

Keywords: Urban Water Network Distribution Mapping, Land Use Mapping, Geographical Information system (GIS), Digital Elevation model, Zone Wise Water Network Mapping, Global Position System (GPS), and Remote Sensing.

1. Petr Ingeduld, Zdenek Svitak. Ajay Pradhan, and Ashok Tarai. Modelling "Intermittent Water Supply Systems with Epanet". 8th annual WD symposium, Pp 1-7, 2006. 2. Ioan Sarbu and Emilian Stefan Valea. "Nodal analysis of looped water supply networks", International Journal of Energy and Environment, Issue 3, Volume 5, Pp 452-460, 2011. 3. Machell.J, Mounce, S. R. and Boxall, J. B. "Online modelling of water distribution systems: A UK case study", Copernicus Publications, Drink. Water Eng. Sci., 3, Pp 21–27, 2010. 4. Vasan, A. and Slobodan P. Simonovic. "Optimization of Water Distribution Network Design using Differential Evolution". Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, Pp 279-287, 2010

Abstract: In the event of an earthquake or wind load conditions on a building, people can be evacuated safely before the building collapses. Major causalities in the earthquakes around the world are due to the structural collapses. The major structures that collapse are mainly due to their irregularities horizontally and vertically. If we start up with a good configuration and a reasonable framing system, even a poor design cannot harm its ultimate performance too much. In these modern days, most of the structures are involved with architectural importance and is highly impossible to plan with regular shapes. Hence, extensive research is required for achieving ultimate performance even with a poor configuration. In the present work, it is focused to study "Linear Behavior of the Buildings with Plan Irregularities Under Earthquake And Wind Loads". Method of analysis adopted in this work is Linear Static Analysis. Four types of 20- Storied 3-D frames are taken into consideration for this study i.e., a symmetrical plan configuration and three other frames with unsymmetrical plan configuration of L, inverted "U‟ and T-shapes. From the studied results of the analysis of four frames, it is observed that in the regular frame, there is no torsional effect in the frame because of symmetry i.e., due to the centre of mass coincides with the centre of rigidity and also the lateral displacements are same in the direction of earthquake force. The same is observed in the case of wind loads. The responses for an irregular building are different for the columns which are located in the plane perpendicular to the action of force. This is due to the torsional rotation in the structure and additional lateral forces that have been added to the lateral loads due to earthquake loads. In the case of U shaped plan configuration the responses in the corner columns of two limbs are same in the earthquake loads and is not equal in the case of wind loads. Because of these variations in responses, it is healthier to study the response for each and every irregular building instead of taking a broad view

1. IS 1893 (Part-1):2002. Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design Of Structures, General Provisions and Buildings (Fifth Revision).
2. STAAD pro V8𝑖, 2007 Version, general-purpose structural analysis and design solution, Bentley California, USA, 2007
3. ASCE-7:2002 , Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.2002
4. Kimiro Meguro and Hatem Tagel-Din: Applied Element Method for Structural Analysis: Theory and Application for Linear Materials, Structural Eng./Earthquake Eng., International Journal of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE), Vol. 17, No. 1, 21s-35s, April 2000
5. Hatem Tagel-Din and Kimiro Meguro: Applied Element Method for Simulation of Nonlinear Materials, Theory and Application for RC Structures, Structural Eng./Earthquake Eng., International Journal of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE) Vol. 17, No. 2, 137s-148s, July 2000

Abstract: Plates supported on elastic foundations are encountered in many Civil Engineering applications. Conventionally such systems can be analysed using regular plate bending element plus discrete soil springs. The present work aims at an element formulation suitable for analysis of such systems without the use of explicit discrete soil springs. The scope of the work includes static analysis of an isotropic rectangular plate resting on elastic foundation with various boundary conditions, various types of load applications for varying properties of foundation. In this paper, finite element analysis has been carried out for an isotropic rectangular plate by using a four noded Kirchhoff rectangular element with three degrees of freedom per node, with Winkler model for Elastic foundation. The finite element formulation has been carried out by integrating the properties of the plate with those of elastic foundation using Galerkin's approach instead of the commonly used potential energy approach. Numerical analysis has been carried out by suitable MATLAB code and the results obtained are in good agreement with those reported in earlier studies.

Keywords – Elastic foundation, Galerkin's method, Kirchhoff theory, rectangular plate, Winkler model

1] S.P. Timoshenko, S. Woinowsky-Krieger, Theory of Plates and Shells,second ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972.
[2] K.J. Bathe, Finite Element Procedures, (Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 1996).
[3] R.D. Cook, D.S. Malkus, and E.P. Michael, Concepts and Applications of Finite Element Analysis,( John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Canada, 1989).
[4] J. Kobayashi, K. Sonoda, Rectangular Mindlin plates on elastic foundations, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 31 (1989) 679–692.
[5] H. Al-Khaiat, H.H. West, Analysis of plates on an elastic foundation by the initial value method, Mechanics of Structures and Machines 18 (1) (1990) 1–15.
[6] R.C. Mishra, S.K. Chakrabarti, Rectangular plates resting on tensionless elastic foundation: some new results, Journal of Engineering Mechanics. 122 (4) (1966) 385–387.

Abstract: Due to the innovations and developments of new topics like fracture mechanics, earthquake engineering and, composite materials, temperature effects on materials, dynamics and vibration control, fatigue, creep and others, structural engineering now provide basis for great future developments and new techniques for different structures with increasing complexity. This paper discusses state of art developments in the fields of Structural Engineering and also focuses on new challenges and future developments.

Keywords:complexity, creep, fatigue, structures, vibration etc.

Web Content : [1] History of structural engineering - Wikipedia, the free encycloped Modern_developments_in_structural_Engineering,
[2] Prof Roger Plank, "Key developments in structural engineering", http://www.istructe.org Proceedings Papers: [3] Proceedings of international conference on Recent Developments in Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation (SEMC 2007) took place in Cape Town, South Africa, from 10 to 12 September 2007

Abstract: A study was conducted on the production of Bio-gas from Kitchen food waste and from cow dung and results are presented in this paper. This paper gives an idea and state of art innovations and research in the field of waste digestion and utilization of wasteful energy. In a 20 liters air-tight anaerobic digesterbacteria were flourished and used for digestion of kitchen food waste and cow dung. Tremendous amount of Bio-gas was found to be produced which can be utilized for domestic purpose. Keywords :anaerobic, bacteria, Bio-gas,digester, innovations, kitchen etc.

[1]K.M.Mital (2007)," Biogas Systems"(Policies,Progress and Prospects) Published By New Age International(P) Limited. [2] D.Mukhergee,S.Chakrabarti (2005), "fundamentals of RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM".Published By New Age International(P) Limited. [3] Rajesh K. Prasad (2008 ),"Non Conventional Energy Sources " Published By Jain Brothwrs (New Delhi) [4] Metcalf and Eddy (1979), "Waste Water Eneering.Treatment,disposal and Reuse" By Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd.New Delhi.(1979) Papers:
[5] Karve .A.D. (2007), "Compact biogas plant, a low cost digester for biogas from waste starch.",http://www.arti-india.org.
[6] Karve of Pune A.D (2006) "Compact biogas plant compact low-cost digester from waste starch",www.bioenergylists.org. [7] Lusk, P. (1998),"Methane recovery from animal manures. The current opportunities casebook",NREL, Golden, Colorado.pp. i to 7-3.

Abstract: Due to sedimentation, growth of vegetation and other environmental effects the morphology in the Arunavati Reservoir Basin have been changed considerably after construction of dam across Arunavati River. Computer modeling of catchment of Arunavati Reservoir Basin located near DigrasTahsil in Yavatmal District of Maharashtra State, India, will be done to simulate hydrological processes and to carry out flood forecasting. A diversion channel will be modeled, morphological computations will be done and effect of diversion on flow regime will be studied. Based on the results a proposal will be prepared to construct artificial channels at Digras (on upstream) and at Arni on downstream of the dam as a remedy for controlling flood disaster and in view of Aesthetics and Landscape energy that benefit the locality.

Keywords :channel, diversion, flood,hydrological,sedimentation, simulation etc.

[1] "Case Study: Dealyed Sedimentation Response to inflow and operation at Sanmenxia Dam", Baosheng Wu, GuangqianWang and JunqiangXia ,Journal of Hydrulic Engineering ASCE/ May 2007. [2] "Effects On The Upstream Flood Inundation Caused From The Operation Of Chos Phraya Dam", SuthamVisutimeteegorn, KanchitLikitdecharote and SuphatVongvisessomjai, SongklanakarinJ.Sci. Technol., Vol.29.No.6.Nov.Dec.2006. [3] Modeling of Sedimentation upstream of NyumbaMungu Reservoir in Pangani River Basin Preksedis Marco NDOMBA, University of Dar esSalaam(UDSM), Tanzania, Nile Basin Water Science and Engineering Journal, Vol.3, issue No.2, 2010. [4] Experimental Study of Hydraulic Sediment properties on deltaic sedimentation in reservoir., J. Mammizadeh, S.A.AyyoubZadeh, M.A.,Banikasemi, Int Res. Appl.Basic Sci. Vol.3(4) 810-817, 2012.

Abstract: Clayey soils often exhibit undesirable engineering properties such as low strength, swelling and shrinkage characteristics etc., to improve these properties the common method followed is stabilization. In this paper an attempt was made to assess the effectiveness of clayey soil blended with Beas sand and fly ash for soil stabilization by studying the subgrade characteristics. It gives solution for proper disposal of fly ash and also provides good subgrade material for pavement construction. The results show substantial improvement in compaction and California bearing ratio of composite containing clay, sand and fly ash (70: 30: 10). The swelling nature of the clay also reduced up to 60% after stabilization. Thus the stabilized composite can be used for construction of flexible pavements in rural areas with low traffic.

Keywords- Beas sand, California bearing ratio, clayey soil, compaction, fly ash

[1] A.U. Ravishankar, S.N. Suresha and B. Kashinath, "Characterisation of lateritic soil modified with pond ash and cement", Indian Highways, June 2008, pp. 41-48.
[2] B. Bose, "Geo engineering properties of expansive soil stabilized with fly ash," Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 17, Bund. J, 2012, pp. 1339-1353.
[3] Bureau of Indian Standards (1973). Methods of Tests for Soil, Part 2, Determination of Water Content of Soil, IS 2720, B.I.S, New Delhi.
[4] Bureau of Indian Standards (1985), Methods of Tests for Soil, Part 4, Grain Size Analysis, IS 2720, B.I.S, New Delhi.
[5] Bureau of Indian Standards (1985). Methods of Tests for Soil, Part 5, Determination of Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit. IS 2720, B.I.S, N. Delhi.
[6] Bureau of Indian Standards (1980). Methods of Tests for Soil, Part 3/Sec1: Determination of Specific Gravity, IS 2720, B.I.S, New Delhi.
[7] Bureau of Indian Standards (1992). Methods of Tests for Soil, Part 7, Determination of Water Content-Dry Density Relation using Light Compaction of Soil, IS 2720, B.I.S, New Delhi.
[8] Bureau of Indian Standards (1987). Methods of Tests for Soil, Part 16, Laboratory Determination of CBR, IS 2720, B.I.S, New Delhi.

Abstract: Time and cost are the lifelines of any and every project. They are vital, still they are neglected. Earned Value is a project control technique which provides a quantitative measure of work performance. Budgeted cost of work performed is compared against actual cost of work performed to give cost variance. This paper describes how excel spreadsheets can be useful for calculation of cost variance and its three components namely: quantity, price and productivity variance which can be applied at element level of any project.

Keywords: Variance analysis, earned value

Robert I. Carr, (2010), "Cost, Schedule and Time Variances and Integration", Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol. 119, page no. 245 Suneerat Wongwitdecha, (2009), "Owner contractor risk apportionment for Lump-sum and unit-price contracts using project control systems" Alberto De Marco, Diego Briccarello, Carlo Rafele, (2009), "Cost and Schedule Monitoring of Industrial Building Projects: Case Study", Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol. 135, page no.9 Sou-SenLeu, You-CheLin, (2005), "Project Performance Evaluation Based on Statistical Process Control Techniques", Vol.134, page no.10

Abstract: The importance of water is felt in all sectors as the demand and needs of the populace is growing. The remotely sensed data provides synoptic viewing and repetitive coverage for thematic mapping of natural resources. In the present study hydrogeomorphological, soil, lineament and geomorphological mapping has been carried out in PT-7 watershed in Akola District, Maharashtra , The area is demarcated from the survey of India Topographical maps were used, it covers an area about 93.66sq.km. In this paper LISS III Satellite Image data in conjunction with Survey of India Toposheet (1:50000 scale) and field inputs data were used for thematic mapping. Geomorphic units identified through visual interpretation of FCC include: alluvial plain, plateau, pediment pediplain, linement, and land use land cover. In addition, lineaments were mapped since they act as conduit for groundwater recharge. The application of the increasingly and internationally accepted method of artificial recharge on the ground water aquifer was decided to be the most effective for the restoration of balance of the hydrogeological system. Scenes contour is digitized for preparing elevation map and drainage pattern analysis.

Anbazhagan S, Ramasamy SM (2001) Remote sensing based artificial recharge studies-a case study from Precambrian Terrain, India, and management of aquifer recharge for sustainability. In: Dillon PJ (eds) Management of aquifer recharge for sustainability, ISAR-4, Adelaide. Balkema, Lisse, pp 553–556 Balachandar.D, Alaguraja.P, Sundaraj.P , Rutharvelmurthy.K and Kumaraswamy.K. Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Artificial Recharge Zone in Sivaganga District, Tamilnadu, India, International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences volume 1, No 1, 2010, pp-84-97 Choudhury, P. R. 1999, integrated remote sensing and GIS techniques for groundwater studies in part of Betwa basin, Ph.D. Thesis (unpublished), Department of Earth Sciences, University of Roorkee, India. CSME, 1993, Groundwater Resources Assessment and Management of the Bankura District, West Bengal, A report by Center for Study of Man and Environ, Calcutta, 26p.

Abstract: The Analysis of frame supported Deployable membrane structures is done. The parametric study is carried out on the structure considering the structure as deployable anywhere in India. For this purpose the wind loads are calculated for all wind zones from 33m/sec to 55m/sec basic wind velocity specified in I.S.875 (part 3)-1987.the loads are calculated as surface pressure and are applied over the surface of membrane modeled as membrane shell element. The element output from SAP 2000 v9.0 for the elements identified as critical under the action of axial forces is obtained. The element output is checked for the capacities of the section under the action of tension and compression.

Jamshid Mohammadi and Amir Zamani Heydari ,Seismic and Wind Load Considerations for Temporary Structures, Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction, August (2008), ASCE, 128–134. Books: I.S 875 (Part 3)-1987, Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. Markus Balz and Mike Dencher ,European Design Guide for Tensile Surface Structures, (TensiNet, Chapter No. 7)

Abstract: Concrete is a mixture of Portland cement or any other hydraulic cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water, with or without admixtures. The concrete industry is one of the largest consumers of natural resources due to which sustainability of concrete industry is under threat. The environmental and economics concern is the biggest challenge the concrete industry is facing. The global cement industry contributes about 7% of greenhouse gases emission in to the earth's atmosphere. Today many researchers are ongoing in the use of supplementary cementitious materials using many waste materials like Pulverized Fly Ash (PFA) and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS). Like PFA & GGBS a waste glass powder also act as a filler material in partial replacement of cement which takes some part of reaction at the time of hydration. Waste glass when ground to a very fine powder shows pozzolanic prosperities as it contains high SiO2 and therefore to some extent can replaced cement in concrete and contribute strength development. In this study Glass Powder partially replaced at varying percentage 0 to 40, at interval of 5% and tested for its Compressive, Tensile, and Flexural strength up to 60 days of age and were compared with those of conventional concrete. The overall test results shows that Waste Glass Powder could be utilized in concrete as a good substitute of cement.

Keywords: Pozzolana, Strength, Supplementary cementitious material, Workability, Waste glass powder

[1] Aimin Xu and Ahmad shayam, "Value –added utilization of waste glass in concrete", Cement and concrete research, vol.34,81-89,2004. [2] Pereira de Oliveira. L.A, J.P. Castro –Gomes, P. Santos, "Mechanical and Durability Properties of concrete with Ground waste Glass Sand", International conference on durability of Building Materials and components, Turkey, 2008.

Abstract:The rising cost of construction material is a matter of concern. The reason for increase in cost is high demand of concrete and scarcity of raw material. Hence the concrete technologists must search for some economical alternative to the coarse aggregate. In this study, M 20 grade of concrete was produced by replacing granite by coconut shell. Forty five cubes were casted and their compressive strength and workability were evaluated at 7, 14 and 28 days. The compressive strength of concrete reduced as the percentage replacement increased. Concrete produced by 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% replacement attained 28 days compressive strength of 19.71,19.53,19.08,18.91 respectively. These results showed that Coconut shell concrete can be used in reinforced concrete construction. Its utilization is cost effective and eco friendly.

1. J.M.Crow, The Concrete Conundrum,2006, available at www.chemistryworld.com 2. A. short and W.Kinniburgh, Lightweight Concrete, Applied Science Publishers, London 3. Daniel Y.O, (2013)" Experimental Assessment on Coconut Shell as aggregate in concrete", International Journal of Engineering Science Invention, Vol.2, Issue 5, pp 07-11 4.Maninder Kaur, Manpreet Kaur,(2012),"A review on utilization of coconut shell as coarse aggregate in mass concrete", International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, Vol. 7, No.11, pp 05-08 5. Kulkarni V.P, Kumar .S, (2013),"Comparitive study on coconut shell aggregate with conventional concrete", Vol.2, Issue 12, pp 67-70. 6. Shetty M.S," Concrete Technology Theory and Practice"(1991),3rd edition, S.Chand Company Limited, New Delhi. 7. British Standard Institutions, BS 8110 – Part1, The structural use of concrete, BSI, London 1997. 8. Kabiru Usman Rogo, Selah Abu-Bakr" Exploratory study of coconut shell as aggregate in concrete production", Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol.2, Dec 2010. 9. Gunasekaran K, Kumar P.S, Laxmipathy M" Mechanical and Bond properties of Coconut Shell Concrete" Construction and Building Material (2011),pp 92-96.

Abstract: Base isolation of structures is regarded as a promising solution for earthquake resistant design. This technique ensures the safety of structural and non structural elements, thereby keeping the building and equipment functional during and after a severe earthquake. Seismic isolation of active components mounted on structures may be achieved by isolating the structure on which the active component rests or by isolating the active components itself. Former may serve dual purpose as it optimizes the seismic design of structures as well the machine. The present work would deal with the design of 3D isolation system, using laminated rubber bearings with thick, thin rubber layers, helical springs and their combination. Experimental modal analysis of isolator is carried out to validate the design procedures followed. The effectiveness of 3D isolation over conventional seismic design is numerically studied using a case study of a industrial structure which houses rotating equipment. From the floor response spectra generated, it is observed that seismic accelerations on the floor mounted active components are drastically reduced in 3D isolated structure.

[1] T. E. Kelly, R . I. Skinner, and B. W. H Robinson, Seismic isolation for designers & Structural engineers, (Nicee publications, 2010). [2] Shuichi YABANA And Akihiro MATSUDA, mechanical properties of laminated rubber bearings for Three-dimensional seismic isolation, Proc. of the 12th WCEE, 2000. [3] David V Hutton, (Fundamentals of Finite element analysis, McGraw hill editions, 2005). [4] TECDOC-1347, Consideration of external events in the design of nuclear facilities other than nuclear power plants, with emphasis on earthquakes, IAEA, 200).

Abstract:The main component of the earth surface is the water, so that RS and GIS is effective utilization in ground water prospecting and watershed management. The rampant growth of population and advancements in life style have tremendously increased the demands for food, fuel, fodder, fiber, shelter, communication, etc. These growing demands are putting the resilience of the natural resource base under threat. To ensure food and water security, the vertical and horizontal expansion of production, has to be effective without degrading productivity. The development of ideas on sustainable livelihoods was witnessed during 1990s. These grew from awareness that rural development approaches based purely on agricultural production were insufficient to meet the livelihood needs of the rural and landless poor. Agricultural land and livestock frequently generate only a portion of rural livelihoods, which are not primarily agrarian or land-based. Other forms of income generation, perhaps derived from migration, part-time trade or handicraft production may make a large contribution to an individual's or a household's livelihood. Instead of considering land or water and its potential for development, attention was given instead to people's needs and their priorities for development, which is challenging for land based development projects, such as the watershed development program.
Development through watershed approach is one such developmental option. Watershed management is the study of the relevant characteristics of a watershed, aimed at the sustainable distribution of its resources and the process of creating and implementing plans, programmes and projects to sustain and enhance watershed functions that affect the plant, animal and human communities within a watershed boundary. A watershed is a logical, natural planning unit for sustainable agricultural research and development particularly when environmental considerations are emphasized. Hydro logically, watershed could be defined as an area from which the runoff drains through a particular point in the drainage system. The database is created using various techniques for the watershed management, i.e Morphometric analysis, Land Use and Land Cover. The most important use of water in agriculture is for irrigation, which is a key component to produce enough food. In this present study, an attempt has been made to understand the groundwater regime of the WRY-2 subwaterhed of Wardha River basin around Wardha Taluka, Wardha District, Maharashtra using an integrated approach of remote sensing and GIS techniques with Arc GIS Desktop 9.3 and ERDAS Imagine 9.2 software for the sustainable watershed management.
Key Words: Morphometric analysis, Land Use, Land Cover, Geographical Information

[1] Rokade V. M. Kundal R. and Joshi A.K. (2004) "Water Resources Development Action Plan Sasti Watershed, Chandrapur District, Maharashtra Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System", Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol. 32, No. 4, 2004
[2] Burrough P.A. (1986) "Principles of Geographic Information Systems for land Resources
[3] College Station, TX, 1990
[4] Morphometric analysis of a highland microwatershed in East Khasi Hills District of Meghalaya, India: Using remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques by Kalyanjit Sarmah*, L. K. Jha and B. K. Tiwari
[5] Strahler AN (1964). Quantitative geomorphology of drainage basins and channel networks. In: V.T. Chow (ed.) Handbook of Applied Hydrology, McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, pp. 439-476.
[6] Wani, S.P., Sreedevi, T.K., Singh, H.P., Pathak, P., and Rego, T.J. (2002) "Innovative farmer participatory integrated watershed management model: Adarsha watershed, Kothapally, India- A success story!"
[7] Anji Reddy M. (2001) "A Text Book of Remote Sensing & GIS", 2nd edition, B.S.Publications, Hyderabad.
[8] Aronoff (1989) "Geographic Information System: A Management Perspective", WDL Publications, Ottawa Canada.
[9] Seshagiri Rao K.V. (2000). "Watersheds Comprehensive Development", B.S. Publication, Hyderabad.