iosr-JMCE   International Conference on Advances in Engineering & Technology – 2014 (ICAET-2014)

Abstract: This paper presents an experimental study of isobutene (R-600a), an environment friendly refrigerants with zero ozone depletion potential (ODP) and very low global warming potential (GWP), to replace R-134a in domestic refrigerators. A refrigerator designed to work with R-134a was tested, and its performance using R-600a was evaluated and compared its performance with R-134a. The average COP using R-600a was 27% higher than R-134a respectively. The power consumption by compressor reduced by 3.7% with R-600a refrigerant. The compressor ON time ratio was lowered by 6.98% with R-600a compared with R-134a. The experimental results showed that R-600a can be used as replacement for R-134a in domestic refrigerator.

Keywords: Pull down time, ON time ratio, Total Equivalent Warming Impact.

[[1] McMullan JT. Refrigeration and the environment issues and strategies for the future. International Journal of Refrigeration 2002; 25(5):89-99. [2] Bolaji BO. CFC refrigerants and stratospheric ozone: past, present and future. In: Okoko E, Adekunle VAJ, editors. Environmental Sustainability and Conservation in Nigeria 2005; 37: 231-239. [3] B. O. Bolaji, Experimental study of R152a and R32 to replace R134a in a domestic refrigerator, Energy 35 (2010) 3793–3798. [4] Radermacher R, Kim K. Domestic refrigeration: recent development. International Journal of Refrigeration 1996; 19:61-9. [5] Z. Jiang, Development of alternative refrigerant to HCFC22, Organo-Fluorine Industry 3 (1997) 8–10 (in Chinese). [6] K.J. Park, D. Jung, Thermodynamic performance of HCFC22 alternative refrigerants for residential air-conditioning applications, Energy and Buildings 39 (2007) 675–680. [7] J.Y. Chen, J.L. Yu, Performance of a new refrigeration cycle using refrigerant mixture R32/R134a for residential air-conditioner applications, Energy and Buildings 40 (2008) 2022–2027. [8] A. Arora, S.C. Kaushik, Theoretical analysis of a vapour compression refrigeration system with R502, R404A and R507A, International Journal of Refrigeration 31 (6) (2008) 998–1005. [9] R. Doring, H. Buchwald, J. Hellmann, Results of experimental and theoretical studies of the azeotropic refrigerant R507, International Journal of Refrigeration 20 (2) (1997) 78–84.

Abstract: Homogenous charge Combustion ignition (HCCI) engines are being considered as an alternative to diesel engines. The HCCI concept involves premixing fuel and air prior to induction in to the cylinder (as is done in current spark- ignition engine) then igniting the fuel –air mixture through the compression process (as is done in current diesel engines) As per the report of united state congress (2005), The HCCI engines might be commercialized in light duty vehicles by 2012 and by 2015 as much as half million barrels of oil per day may be saved. Because of the need of reduce worldwide fuel consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, there is strong interest in HCCI worldwide. This paper describes the results & operation of a single cylinder KOEL engine in HCCI mode. This experiment represents the first step towards the development of engine based on HCCI concept.

[1]Lida Normans and Yamasaki Yudi , "Combustion Technology for Homogeneous charge Compression Ignition engine" Massachusetts Institute of Technology Publication, 2003 [2]Su.W.Lin,Pei.Y " A Compound technology for HCCI Combustion in a DI Diesel Engine based on multi-plus injection" SAE paper, SAE 2005-01-1743, 2005 [3]Matson,.A., Diesael Particulate Matter Emission: Background, Characterization and Reduction Problem, Licentiate thesis ,Sweden, 2000 [4]Helmental Arjan,Denbratt Ignabat " HCCI Operation of a Common Rail Diesel Engine with early Injection of Conventional Diesel Engine" SAE paper 2005-01-1978, 2005 [5]Harip Sanjay, "Emission Control Technology for Automobile – The HCCI Technology", National Conference on Emerging Technologies and Applications-ETA-2006 at Saurashtra University, Rajkot, 2006 [6]Prof .Sanjay Harip, " The Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Technology for Perfect Combustion and minimal emission" National Conference on State of The Art Technologies in Mechanical Engineering ( STEM 2009), at PantNagar , Uttaranchl. [7]Prof Sanjay Harip, ," an experimental Analysis of HCCI", National conference on Emerging Trends in Technology, VISION 2011, at Bharti vidyapith, Navi Mumbai on March 11, 2011.

Abstract: Many accidents are at least partially caused because of rash driving. This can happen due to many reasons: poor judgment on the part of the driver, poor driving by the driver. Once the driver has lost control it is very difficult to drive the vehicle. To avoid rash driving and to prevent losing of valuable property we need some safety systems in the vehicles. We can make this true by controlling the flow of fuel to the Engine using sensors and other mechanical arrangements and this can bring the vehicle to the intended course. This simple system provides safety, and avoids rash driving in highly populated regions.

Keywords: formatting, insert, style, styling, sensors.

Edward C. Jordan, Keith G. Balmain, Electro magnetic waves and radiating system(Prentice Hall (1968)). V.Ganeshan, Internal combustion engine(New Delhi,Tata McGraw-Hill,2007). R.K.Rajput,Thermal engineering(New Delhi,Laxmi Publications,2010). Kripal Singh, Automobile engineering(Standard Publishers Distributors, 2002). John B Heywood, Internal combustion engine function.(McGraw-Hill, 1988). Richard Fischer, Rolf Gscheidle, UweHeider,Modern automatic technology(Verlag Europa-LehrmittelNourney, Vollmer GmbH & C; English edition (2006)).

Abstract: The present paper deals with the synthesis of chemically deposited nickel-phosphorous coatings on mild steel substrate and optimization of the hardness behaviour of the coating. There are several parameters associated with this coating procedure which can affect the hardness of the coating. In this study three coating process parameters are varied within a specific range and various thermal heat-treatment temperatures from 300°C to 500°C were also performed on the coating to obtain the maximum hardness. Thus it is a maximization problem which has been solved using Taguchi L27 orthogonal array design method. ANOVA is performed to determine the individual significance of parameters and finally a confirmation test is carried out to validate the result.

[1] R. C. Agarwala, and V. Agarwala, Electroless alloy/composite coatings: A review, Sadhana, 28, 2003, 475-493. [2] P. Sahoo, and S. K. Das, Tribology of electroless nickel coating – A review, Materials and Design, 32, 2011, 1760-1775. [3] A. Brenner, and G.E. Riddell, Nickel plating by chemical reduction, US Patent US2532282, 1950. [4] P. Sahoo, Optimization of electroless Ni-P coatings based on multiple roughness characteristics, Surface and Interface Analysis, 40, 2008, 1552-1561. [5] K.G. Keong, W. Sha, and S. Malinov, Crystallisation kinetics and phase transformation behaviour of electroless nickel–phosphorus deposits with high phosphorus content, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 334, 2002, 192-199. [6] J.N. Balaraju, T.S.N. Sankara Narayanan, and S.K. Seshadri, Electroless Ni-P composite coatings, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 33, 2003, 807-816.

Abstract:Vibration monitoring is the most effective technique to detect mechanical defect in rotating machinery. Early detection of cracks is essential to avoid a catastrophic event. The vibration signals gives idea about the dynamic behavior of the machinery In this work, a detailed physics-based three-dimensional model of an experimental Machinery Fault Simulator apparatus is developed using NX software. Transverse crack is developed near the disc-1and numerical analysis is carried out for healthy shaft and for damaged shaft. Modal analysis is used to evaluate the natural frequency of the system and mode shapes. Vertical response is obtained from the analysis by giving transverse excitation at different operating speed. Analysis shows that there is significant difference in response of healthy and damaged shaft

[1] W.G.R. Davies, I.W. Mayes, The vibrational behaviour of a multi-shaft, multi-bearingsystem in the presence of a propagating transverse crack, Journal of Vibration, Acoustics, Stress, and Reliability in Design 106 (1984) 146–153. [2] T.C. Tsai, Y.Z. Wang, Vibration analysis and diagnosis of a cracked shaft, Journal of Sound and Vibration 192 (3) (1996) 607–620. [3] A.S. Sekhar, Vibration characteristics of a cracked rotor with two open cracks, Journal of Sound and Vibration 223 (1999) 497–512. [4] I.W. Mayes, W.G.R. Davies, The vibrational behaviour of a rotatingsystem containinga transverse crack, IMechE Conference on Vibrations in Rotating Machinery, 1976, pp. 53–64. [5] R. Gasch, Dynamic behaviour of a simple rotor with a cross-sectional crack, IMechE Conference on Vibrations in Rotating Machinery, 1976, pp. 123–128. [6] R. Gasch, A survey of the dynamic behaviour of a simple rotatingshaft with a transverse crack, Journal of Sound and Vibration 160 (2) (1993) 313–332. [7] A.S. Sekhar, B.S. Prabhu, Condition monitoringof cracked rotors through transient response, Mechanism and Machine Theory 33 (8) (1998) 1167–1175.

Abstract: In the present study, response surface methodology was used to investigate the relationships and parametric interactions between the measurable and controllable variables on the material removal rate (MRR) in die sinking EDM of EN19 material. The material is extensively being used for the application in High speed components e.g. gears. For conducting the experiments, four process variables viz. pulse on time, pulse off time, discharge current and gap voltage were considered and electrolytic copper was used as the electrode material. Total 31 experiments were carried out for different combinations of process parameters. The experimental results were analyzed using Response Surface Model (RSM). The significant coefficients were obtained by performing analysis of variance (ANOVA). From the analysis, it was found that pulse off time, discharge current, gap voltage and the interaction terms were significant where as the pulse on time had almost negligible effect towards MRR. This methodology was found to be very effective and the model sufficiency was very satisfactory. Moreover, an attempt has been made to optimize the material removal rate in the studied region. The error between the predicted and experimental MRR value was found to be 1.45% .

[1] J.A. McGeough, Advanced Methods of Machining. London: Chapman and Hall, 1998. [2] Lazarenko, B.R., 1943, "To invert the effect of wear on electric power contacts", Dissertation of the All-Union Institute for Electro Technique in Moscow/CCCP, Russian [3] M. Kunieda, B. Lauwers, K.P. Rajurkar, B.M Schumacher, Advancing EDM through Fundamental Insight into the Process, CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, vol. 54 (2), 2005, 64-87. [4] P.J. Wang and K.M. Tsai, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 114 (1) 2001, 1-17 [5] N. Tosun, C. Cogun and G. Tosun, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 152, 2004, 316–322 [6] C.J. Luis, I. Puertas and G. Villa, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 164–165, 2005, 889–896

Abstract: Stress analysis plays important role in the structural safety. Engineering problems are becoming complex with the improvement in the technology and requirements of the industry. Flow induced vibrations are becoming critical in failure of the components. Since flow study and vibrational study are the mix of branches of engineering, these studies are complex and are made possible by advances in finite element based software's using coupled field algorithms. In the present work, a distributor is facing problem of failure due to unexpected vibration. So cause of vibration need to be explored. In the present study, main concentration is given to flow induced vibration. At the distributor, a gas and fluid are mixing. So a multiphase study is required using fluent software. Later the resulting pressure loads need to be considered for prestressed modal analysis to explore possibility of failure of the distributor by Vibration. Vibration analysis is a complicated iterative study which needs coupling of fluid structural interface loads. [1]

Journal Papers: David Roylance, Lecture Notes on Engineering Viscoelasticity, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, 2001 (Available through I' net). G.HERRMANN 1971 NASA Contractor Report CR-1782, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Dynamics and Stability of mechanical systems with follower forces. K. HUSEYIN, 1978, Noordhoff, Alphen aan den Rijn. Vibrations and stability of multiple parameter system. H. LEIPHOLZ, 1978, Noordhoff, Alphen aan den Rijn. Stability of elastic systems. G.HERRMANN and R. W. BUNGAY, 1964 J. Appl. Mech. 31, 435-440. On the stability of elastic systems subject to non-conservative

Abstract: STATEMENT: The face of manufacturing has changed in the space of a decade. Competitive forces are intensifying. Companies adapt various techniques to be successful. Lean manufacturing is one of them to thrive in such an environment. PROCEDURE/APPROACH- Lean is the latest buzzword in today‟s industry. It is a philosophy as well as a set of methods for dramatically reducing time from customer order to building and shipping product. Lean manufacturing is a systematic approach to identifying and eliminating waste (non-value added activities) through continuous improvement by flow of product at the pull of the customer in pursuit of perfection. Lean systems are highly flexible to customer requirements. Lean is all about doing more with less with required quality standards. For companies to successfully implement lean it is very much required that they understand the problems also that are associated with these. A thorough understanding of the problem help companies think of counter measures much before implementing lean than at a later stage. ORGINALITY/VALUE- This paper gives a complete guide to lean manufacturing by discussing about the advantages of lean manufacturing, a systematic and scientific method for adapting this and the problems faced during implementation.

J.R.TONY, ARNOLD and Stephen N Champam "AN INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS MANAGEMENT" Pearson Education Asia . Dr. D.D Sharma "TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM): Principles, practice and cases" Sultan Chand and Sons Educational Publishers, New Delhi. David Hutchins "JUST IN TIME" Productivity Press India Ltd, Madras.

Abstract: This paper deals with highlighting the improvisations in the working of a two-wheeled four stroke internal combustion engines. The efficiency of these small engines were enhanced with increased power output just by increasing the number of fuel igniting element i.e. Spark Plug. Conventional engines employed a single spark plug in its engine for igniting the mixture of fuel and air. But to have more effective burning of the mixture in order to increase the power output and reduce the wastage of this mixture as unburnt, the number of spark plug was doubled for efficient burning of the mixture. Two spark plugs helped in igniting the fuel from two directions rather than one, as in conventional engines. This new technology was termed as "Twin Spark Ignition System".

[Books: Dr. Kirpal Singh, Automobile Engineering. Vol.2, Standard Publishers Distributors, 2009. John b. Heywood, Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New Delhi, 2001. A.V.Domkundwar, V.M.Domkundwar, A Course in Internal Combustion Engines (SI Units), Dhanpat Rai & Co. (P) Ltd., Delhi, 2005. Journal Papers: Narasimha Bailkeri, Krishna Prasad, Shrinivasa Rao B.R, COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PERFORMANCE OF DUAL PLUG AND SINGLE PLUG S.I ENGINE AT DIFFERENT COMPRESSION RATIOS , International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, July – August (2013), © IAEME. Other Websites:

Abstract: A key component in any Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) is the electric motor. Permanent Magnet (PM) motors are popular choices for HEV traction drive applications due to their high efficiency, power density and torque-to-inertia ratio. The prediction of the temperature profile inside an operating electric motor is one of the most important challenges while designing. The paper focuses on thermal analysis of Surface Mounted Permanent Magnet (SMPM) synchronous electric motor used for HEV traction drive. In this paper, a lumped parameter thermal network is developed to predict the motor temperatures. The network is composed of 23 interconnected nodes and 38 thermal resistances representing the heat processes within motor for steady state analysis and thermal capacitances of main components are added for transient analysis. The thermal network is then solved in MS-Excel/MATLAB through a system of linear equations. The results of analytical model are confirmed with results obtained from Motor-CAD software. Both steady state and transient results obtained using this approach showed good agreement with existing available experimental results for same motor. This thermal network is accurate enough to predict the thermal behavior of the critical components in the electric motor as well as provides information necessary for component material selection, lubricants, cooling methods, insulation, etc.

P.H. Mellor, D. Roberts and D.R. Turner "Lumped parameter thermal model for electrical motors of TEFC design" IEE Proceedings- B,Vol. 138, No. 5, Sep 1991, pp. 205-218. Ayman M. EL-Refaie, Nathan C. Harris, Thomas M. Jahns and Khwaja M. Rahman "Thermal analysis of multibarrier interior PM synchronous using lumped parameter model" IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol.19, No.2, June 2004, pp.303-309. Mohamed A. Fakhfakh, Moez H. Kasem, Souhir Tounsi and Rafik Neji "Thermal analysis of a PM synchronous motor for electric vehicles" Journal of Asian Electric Vehicles, Vol. 6, No. 2, Dec 2008, pp. 1145-1151.

Abstract: A model has been designed to analyze the arc-anode interaction and fluid flow in a transferred arc based system. Computational domain consists of an aluminium anode and a transferred arc plasma torch situated in cylindrical chamber, which is cooled by water. This model symmetry about its axis and it is considered as axis symmetric model. CFD commercial code FLUENT is used to model the plasma flow, solid anode and computation of vapour flow in plasma gas. Argon gas is used to form plasma. Different rates of current are used during computations and fluid flow is constant. Rate of cooling for particles for different current is measured. For 125 Amp current & 5 lpm gas flow rate, cooling rate of particle is computed to be 41,340 K/Sec.

Lowke J. J, Simple theory of free-burning arcs, Journal of Physics,1979, 121873–86. Patankar S. V., Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow(McGraw-Hill New York, 1980). Aubrecht V., Net emission coefficient in argon arc plasma, Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, 2002, Vol. 52. Heberline, The anode region of electric arc - a survey, Journal of Physics, 2010, Vol. 43. Chase M. W., JANAF Thermo chemical Tables 3rd edition (American Chemical Society), ISBN 0883184737, 1985.

Abstract: The developing country like India is facing the acute shortage of Power due to huge demand supply gap. The installed capacity in India was 1, 43,061 MW in 2008 generating almost 722626 GWh as against the requirement of 968000 GWh, which is capable to feed only 80% of the population. Power demand is likely to increase up to 1392000 GWh by the end of 2017. There is planning to add 60000 MW up to 2017.

Central Electricity Authority, Seventh electric power survey of India, Page-4. World Bank July - 2008, India: Strategies for low Carbon Growth, Residential consumption of electricity in India. K.R. Tremblay, Jr. 1 (6/09), Energy Conservation in the Home. Kachadorian, J. (1997). The Passive Solar House. White River Jct., VT: Chelsea Green Publishing Co. http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/when-turn-your-lights

Abstract: The traditional blackboard chalk dust is a common problem in the traditional blackboard-eraser-chalk architecture. It is generally known that erasers for cleaning the black boards in school rooms soon become saturated with chalk dust and have to be cleaned. In the past, this has usually been done by clapping the erasers together. This operation produced a great deal of dust that is rather objectionable both from the standpoint of health and cleanliness. For this reason, the design is based on the traditional blackboard-eraser-chalk called intelligent wipe chalk system, its connotation of "smart" includes moving, positioning, wipe.

[1] Hu, Z. Y., & Wan, H. (2006). A pressure cleaner of blackboard eraser. Journal of Wuhan Institute of Shipbuilding Technology, Wuhan. [2] Ren, Z. G. (2002). Chalk dust on the health hazards of teachers (in Chinese). Chinese Journal of School Health, 2, 189. [3] Pu, L. G., & Ji, M. G. (2001). Mechanical design (7th ed.). pp. 167-170. Beijing: Higher Education Press. Qian [4] Yang, S. Z., & Chong, Y. K. (2007). Mechanical engineering control. Wuhan: Hua zhong University of Science and Technology Press. [5] Wang, X. F., Song, X. T., & Wang, Z. (2009). Innovative Design of a New Mechanism to Clean the Blackboard.Mechanical Engineer, 10.

Abstract: Rapid Prototyping (RP) is the term given to a set of processes that can quickly fabricate any given three-dimensional object into a model or prototype, directly from a CAD file via the additive deposition of individual cross-sectional layers of the part. Over the years, RP has evolved from producing prototypes for form, fit and functional testing to producing final end products for functional use. FDM, a RP technique has made its mark for providing cost effective product along with making impossible geometries possible. It also confirms performance prior to implementation. Fused deposition Modeling is being used to shorten and simplify the product development cycle cost efficiently and act as ideal method for many applications including aerospace, medical, automobile and consumer products etc. This Paper Focus on Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Technique, Use of FDM for Aerospace applications with a case study of Aernautics Engineering depecting FDM as sole way for product cycle time reduction cost effectively. (courtsey DRDO & Stratasys).

M Stanek, D. Manas, M. Manas, J. Navratil, K. Kyas, V. Senkerik & A. Skronak, Comparision of Different Rapid Prototyping Methods, International Journal of Mathematics & Computer in Simulation Issue 6 Vol 6. Ludmila Novakova-Marcincinova, Ivan Kuric, Basic & Advanced Materials for Fused Deposition Modeling Rapid Prototyping Technology, Manuf. & Ind. Engg. 11(1), 2012, ISSN 1338-6549

Abstract:In this paper, describes how the customization (automation) of design task, in solid modelling with Pro/Engineer can be approached, by means of Ms-Excel macros (piece of code), working under the windows operating system and with the visual basic as event driven programming. The Parametric Nature of any component design makes the effective implementation of the design concept with ease and simplicity using Pro/Engineer. Using parameters and its relationship, the parametric concept is implemented for designing different modelling using Pro/Engineer software through different interface for automation of them. Data from Excel is transferred to Pro/ENGINEER via Excel Visual basic, Component trial file, and Pro/Program to update the solid geometry, which improves the Automation of Product design. In order to develop a macro in Ms-Excel sheet all we need is the inputs, outputs and necessary supporting data from the user.

[1] Xiao Xinhua, Shi Minhua, Yang Xiaofang and Li Bin. Research on Variant Design Based on Modular Product Case, China Mechanical Engineering, vol.25 No.4, pp. 5-7. [2] PSG standard data book, proportions of forged end rigid coupling IS: 3653-1966, pp 7.106-7.108 [3 Pro/ENGINEER® Wildfire® 5.0 VB API User's Guide, 2009, pp 1-428

Abstract: The latest trend of new generation is bikes and cars with new technology and high speed. Today it is a common trend. It has become a fashion for the people especially living in urban areas to ride such vehicles. Now the companies even want to launch such vehicles that attract the younger generation. This can be achieved by technology known as DTSi. Due to DTSi (digital twin spark ignition) system it is possible to combine strong performance and fuel efficiency. The improved engine efficiency modes have also resulted in lowered fuel consumption. DTSi delivered shattering performance and high levels of actual on-road fuel efficiency but bikes having DTSi system meet the Government of India's emission norms for 2005 right now itself without use of any secondary devices. Spark ignition is one of the most vital systems of an engine. Any variation in the spark timing and number of sparks per minute affects the engine performance severely. Thus a good design and control of the system parameters becomes most essential for optimum performance of an engine. Due to Digital Twin Spark Ignition system it is possible to combine strong performance and higher fuel efficiency. DTSi offers many advantages over conventional mechanical spark ignition system. In this paper we will get to know how mechatronics is useful in instrumentation.

―Automobile technology‖ – A System Approach Third Edition by ―JACK ERJAVEC‖ Page No 533 to 563. ―Automobile Engineering‖ Vol. 2-- By ―KRIPAL‖ Pg. No 516 to 607. OVERDRIVE –Vol. 6, No.1, September 2003. OVERDRIVE—Vol. 5, No 5, January 2003. ―IC Engines‖, Mathur and Sharma.

Abstract: Overlay process involves the application of a deposition on the surface of a metallic workpiece by employing a welding method such as plasma transferred arc (PTA), and has found widespread application in the steel, power, mining and in the petroleum industry .Stellite 6 has an outstanding resistance to seizing or galling as well as cavitations erosion and is extensively used to combat galling in valve trims, pump sleeves and liners. The base material used in this investigation was casting plate of duplex stainless steel of 30 mm thickness of grade S32205 UNS no.S31803, which is widely used for the fabrication of valves, valve cones, spindles, and pressure vessel parts. As per Taguchi design of experiment of L9 orthogonal array, deposits were prepared on plate as described in the design of experiments matrix and according to the WPS EN ISO 11970:2007, reinforcement, width of depositions measured during operation and after deposition the welding specimens were sliced and penetration is measured in the weld cross section 3mm from fusion line . The output shows the results of fitting a multiple linear regression model to describe the relationship between penetration, width ,reinforcement and four independent variables (Travel speed, arc current, oscillation speed, powder feed rate). Taguchi method was used to evaluate the main effects of various parameters on deposition, penetration and weld bead characteristic and to optimize PTA welding process parameter for maximum deposition rate with minimum penetration with defect free process.

Aoh Jong-Ning, Chen Jian-Cheng, The Wear Characteristics Of Cobalt-Based Hardfacing Layer After Thermal Fatigue And Oxidation, International Journal of Wear. (2001) 250, 611–620 Tarng Y.S., Juang S.C., Chang C.H., The Use Of Grey-Based Taguchi Methods To Determine Submerged Arc Welding Process Parameters In Hardfacing, International Journal Of Materials Processing Technology, (2002) 128, 1–6 Bourithis E., Tazedakis A., Papadimitriou G., A Study on the Surface Treatment of 'Calmax'' Tool Steel by A Plasma Transferred Arc Process, International Journal of Materials Processing Technology. (2002) 128, 169–177 Balasubrarnanian V., Lakshminarayanan A. K., Varahamoorthy R. , Babu S., Application of Response Surface Methodology To Prediction Of Dilution In Plasma Transferred Arc Hardfacing Of Stainless Steel On Carbon Steel. International Journal of Iron and Steel Research. (2009), 16(L), 44-53

Abstract: The present paper is a review of the past work done in the field of steady state and transient thermal analysis of steam turbine rotor using finite element method. The analysis of transient thermal stress values that are produced while the turbine is running are the key factors of study while designing the next generation turbines. The temperature gradients that can be established in the transient state are generally higher than those that occur in the steady-state and hence thermal shock is important factor to be considered relative to ordinary thermal stress. The rotor of steam turbine is subjected to temperature variations in short periods of time due to the start and stop cycles of the turbine. This causes sudden changes in the temperature with transient thermal stresses being induced into the turbine rotor. The estimate of thermal stresses induced in the turbine rotor is important in determining the start up cycle of a steam turbine. The transient effect is due to the changes in the material properties like Density, Specific heat and Young's Modulus.

[1] Zvonimir Guzović, Branimir Matijašević, Tihomir Mihalić "Characteristics Of Non- Stationary Thermal Stresses In The Low-Pressure Part Of The Rotor"15th International Research/Expert Conference TMT-2011,Prague,Czech Republic 12-18 September 2011 [2] Chunlin Zhang, Niansu Hu, Jianmei Wang, Qiping,chen,Feng He,Xiaoli " Thermal Stress Analysis for Rotor of 600MW Steam Turbine"978-1-4244-4813-5/10/&25.00c/2010/IEEE [3] G Sukhvinder Kaur Bhatti, Shyamala Kumari, M L Neelapu, C Kedarinath, Dr. I N Niranjan Kumar" Transient State Stress Analysis On An Axial Flow Gas Turbine Blades And Disk Using Finite Element Procedure". in Int. Conf. on HEAT TRANSFER, THERMAL ENGINEERING and ENVIRONMENT, Elounda, Greece, August 21-23, 2006 (pp323-330). [4] Deepak Dhar, A. M. Sharan." Transient Stress Analysis and Fatigue Life Estimation of Turbine Blades" Journal of Vibration and Acoustics OCTOBER 2004, Vol. 126 Õ 495